Active Plasmonics and Tuneable Plasmonic Metamaterials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: A Wiley-Science Wise Co-Publication
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 599

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book, edited by two of the most respected researchers in plasmonics,  gives an overview of the current state in plasmonics and plasmonic-based metamaterials, with an emphasis on active functionalities and an eye to future developments. This book is multifunctional, useful for newcomers and scientists interested in applications of plasmonics and metamaterials as well as for established researchers in this multidisciplinary area.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 1: Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPASERS AND SPASING

1.2 SPASER FUNDAMENTALS

1.3 QUANTUM THEORY OF SPASER

1.4 COMPENSATION OF LOSS BY GAIN AND SPASING

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Nonlinear Effects in Plasmonic Systems

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 METALLIC NONLINEARITIES—BASIC EFFECTS AND MODELS

2.3 NONLINEAR PROPAGATION OF SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS

2.4 LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON NONLINEARITY

2.5 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials as a Platform for Active Nanophotonics

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 NANOROD METAMATERIAL GEOMETRY

3.3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

3.4 NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN NANOROD METAMATERIALS

3.5 MOLECULAR PLASMONICS IN METAMATERIALS

3.6 ELECTRO-OPTICAL EFFECTS IN PLASMONIC NANOROD METAMATERIAL HYBRIDIZED WITH LIQUID CRYSTALS

3.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Transformation Optics for Plasmonics

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 THE CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION APPROACH

4.3 BROADBAND LIGHT HARVESTING AND NANOFOCUSING

4.4 SURFACE PLASMONS AND SINGULARITIES

4.5 PLASMONIC HYBRIDIZATION REVISITED WITH TRANSFORMATION OPTICS

4.6 BEYOND THE QUASI-STATIC APPROXIMATION

4.7 NONLOCAL EFFECTS

4.8 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Loss Compensation and Amplification of Surface Plasmon Polaritons

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SURFACE PLASMON WAVEGUIDES

5.3 SINGLE INTERFACE

5.4 SYMMETRIC METAL FILMS

5.5 METAL CLADS

5.6 OTHER STRUCTURES

5.7 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Controlling Light Propagation with Interfacial Phase Discontinuities

6.1 PHASE RESPONSE OF OPTICAL ANTENNAS

6.2 APPLICATIONS OF PHASED OPTICAL ANTENNA ARRAYS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Integrated Plasmonic Detectors

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 ELECTRICAL DETECTION OF SURFACE PLASMONS

7.3 OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Terahertz Plasmonic Surfaces for Sensing

8.1 THE TERAHERTZ REGION FOR SENSING

8.2 THz PLASMONICS

8.3 SPPs ON SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES

8.4 SSPP ON STRUCTURED METAL SURFACES

8.5 THz PLASMONIC ANTENNAS

8.6 EXTRAORDINARY TRANSMISSION

8.7 THz PLASMONS ON GRAPHENE

REFERENCES

Chapter 9: Subwavelength Imaging by Extremely Anisotropic Media

9.1 INTRODUCTION TO CANALIZATION REGIME OF SUBWAVELENGTH IMAGING

9.2 WIRE MEDIUM LENS AT THE MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

9.3 MAGNIFYING AND DEMAGNIFYING LENSES WITH SUPER-RESOLUTION

9.4 IMAGING AT THE TERAHERTZ AND INFRARED FREQUENCIES

9.5 NANOLENSES FORMED BY NANOROD ARRAYS FOR THE VISIBLE FREQUENCY RANGE

9.6 SUPERLENSES AND HYPERLENSES FORMED BY MULTILAYERED METAL–DIELECTRIC NANOSTRUCTURES

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: Active and Tuneable Metallic Nanoslit Lenses

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 POLARIZATION-SELECTIVE GOLD NANOSLIT LENSES

10.3 METALLIC NANOSLIT LENSES WITH FOCAL-INTENSITY TUNEABILITY AND FOCAL LENGTH SHIFTING

10.4 LAMELLAR STRUCTURES WITH HYPERBOLIC DISPERSION ENABLE SUBWAVELENGTH FOCUSING WITH METALLIC NANOSLITS

10.5 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Co-Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and ScienceWise Publishing Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Active plasmonics and tuneable plasmonic metamaterials / edited by Anatoly V. Zayats, Stefan A. Maier.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-09208-8 (hardback)  1. Plasmons (Physics) 2. Metamaterials. I. Zayats, A. V. (Anatoly V.), editor of compilation.II. Maier, Stefan A., editor of compilation. QC176.8.P55A32 2013 530.4′4–dc23

2012047943

Preface

Plasmonics provides unique advantages in all areas of science and technology where the manipulation of light at the nanoscale is a prominent ingredient. It relies on light-driven coherent oscillations of electrons near a metal surface, called surface plasmons, which can trap electromagnetic waves at subwavelength and nanoscales. Thus, light can be efficiently manipulated using these plasmonic excitations. In recent years, nanostructured metals have allowed unprecedented control over optical properties and linear as well as nonlinear optical processes. As a consequence, nanoplasmonics has become a major research area and is making important advances in several main fields of applications, such as information technologies, energy, high-density data storage, life sciences, and security. In parallel, in the field of metamaterials, plasmonic composites are indispensable for achieving new optical properties in the visible and infrared spectral range, such as negative refractive index, super-resolution, and cloaking. Various types of metamaterials based on split-ring resonators, fishnet-type structures, nanorods, and others have been proposed in the whole spectral range, from microwaves to visible wavelengths. A variety of passive plasmonic elements such as mirrors, lenses, waveguides, and resonators have been demonstrated. After these initial successes, the development of active plasmonic elements capable of controlling light on the nanoscale dimensions with external electronic or optical stimuli is now on the agenda. For example, the availability of tuneable metamaterials with optical properties controlled by the external signals will immensely broaden their possible field of applications.

The number of research publications in both passive and active plasmonics and metamaterials is growing very fast. We felt that it is important to provide for readers interested in these fields a “one-stop shop” with information on the fundamentals and the state of the art in this field. Active plasmonics and metamaterials are fastmoving fields of research and we could not possibly provide exhaustive coverage of all topics in this field. Instead, this book contains chapters from world-leading authorities in the field, covering active plasmonics from basic principles to the most recent application breakthroughs. The former covers quantum and nonlinear plasmonics, amplification of plasmonic signals and spasers, transformation optics for design of plasmonic nanostructures, active and nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials, and light control via designed phase discontinuities. The latter includes integrated plasmonic detectors, subwavelength imaging with anisotropic metamaterials, tuneable plasmonic lenses, as well as terahertz plasmonic surfaces for sensing.

The book begins with a review of gain in nanoplasmonics. This includes topics such as the spaser and plasmonic gain, amplification, and loss compensation. Both fundamental theoretical concepts and experimental developments have been reviewed. In Chapter 2, physical mechanisms responsible for nonlinearities in plasmonic nanostructures are discussed. Nonlinear surface plasmon polaritons, plasmon solitons, and nonlinear waveguide devices are presented, together with a survey of nonlinearities enhanced by localized surface plasmons and nanoantennas. Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials are introduced in Chapter 3: their optical properties as well as active and nonlinear properties allow tuneable optical responses. Transformation optics provides an extremely powerful tool for designing plasmonic nanostructures with a desired optical response, such as broadband light harvesting and nanofocusing structures, as well as cavities tailored for fluorescence enhancement in the vicinity of complex nanostructures. This new toolkit, as well as the impact of nonlocality on the optical properties of complex plasmonic nanostructures, is presented in Chapter 4.

The next chapter, building on the theoretical paradigms discussed earlier, reviews work conducted on SPP loss compensation and amplification in various types of SPP waveguides. Chapter 6 introduces the principles of light control via phase response engineering in plasmonic antennas. Generalized laws of reflection and refraction in the presence of linear interfacial phase distributions, demonstrations of giant and tuneable birefringence, and generation of optical vortices that carry orbital angular momentum are discussed. The integration of various types of nanoscale photodetectors with plasmonic waveguides and nanostructures is overviewed in Chapter 7. The adaptation of plasmonic concepts from the optical region of the spectrum to the THz band is briefly surveyed from the point of view of sensing applications in Chapter 8. The plasmonic guiding modalities in spectral range are realized either with semiconductors or via patterned metal surfaces. This chapter concludes with a description of possibilities offered by the exciting new material, graphene. A detailed review of subwavelength imaging using extremely anisotropic media in the canalization regime is presented in Chapter 9. Finally, Chapter 10 presents an overview of planar plasmonic diffractive focusing devices. The imaging properties of such plasmonic lenses can be externally tuned by controlling refractive index of the dielectric components of the nanostructure.

There are a variety of new and exciting developments outside the scope of this book, ranging from control over single-photon emission with quantum dots coupled to metallic nanostructures and the exploration of the quantum regime of SPPs, to more applied topics such as integrated nanobiosensors with optical or electrical readout. In general, we anticipate that the combination of plasmonic structures, be it waveguides or nanoparticle cavities, with active media, will greatly accelerate the transition of plasmonics into devices. The chapters in this book provide a snapshot of the exciting possibilities that lie ahead.

ANATOLY V. ZAYATS King's College London

STEFAN A. MAIER Imperial College London

Contributors

Francesco Aieta, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Guillaume Aoust, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Alexandre Aubry, Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France

Pavel A. Belov, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; National Research University ITMO, St. Petersburg, Russia

Pierre Berini, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Romain Blanchard, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Federico Capasso, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Wayne Dickson, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, UK

Vladimir P. Drachev, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Zeno Gaburro, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Patrice Genevet, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Pavel Ginzburg, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, UK

Stephen M. Hanham, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK

Satoshi Ishii, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Mikhail A. Kats, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Alexander V. Kildishev, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Stefan A. Maier, Experimental Solid State Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Antony Murphy, Centre for Nanostructured Media, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK

Pieter Neutens, Department ESAT—IMEC, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium

Xingjie Ni, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Meir Orenstein, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel

John B. Pendry, Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Robert J. Pollard, Centre for Nanostructured Media, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK

Vladimir M. Shalaev, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Mark I. Stockman, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Mark D. Thoreson, Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Paul Van Dorpe, Department ESAT—IMEC, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium

Gregory A. Wurtz, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, UK

Nanfang Yu, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Anatoly V. Zayats, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, UK