Actuators and Their Applications E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
As demand has increased for new types of equipment that are more suited to the ever-evolving world of industry, demand for both new and traditional types of actuators has soared. From automotive and aeronautical to biomedical and robotics, engineers are constantly developing actuating devices that are adapted to their particular needs in their particular field, and actuators are used in almost every field of engineering that there is. This volume not only lays out the fundamentals of actuators, such as how they operate, the different kinds, and their various applications, but it also informs the engineer or student about the new actuators that are being developed and the state-of-the-art of actuators. Edited and written by highly experienced and well-respected engineers with a deep understanding of their subject, there is no other volume on actuators that is more current or comprehensive. Whether as a guide for the latest innovations in actuators, a refresher reference work for the veteran engineer, or an introductory text for the engineering student, this is a must-have for any engineer's or university's library. Covering the theory and the practical applications, this breakthrough volume is a "one stop shop" for any engineer or student interested in actuators.
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Seitenzahl: 395
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
Key Features
1 Piezoelectric Actuators and Their Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Actuators
1.3 Piezoelectric Actuators
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Design Considerations for Shape Memory Alloy-Based Control Applications
2.1 State of the Art in Shape Memory Alloy— An Introduction
Acknowledgment
References
3 Actuators in Mechatronics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechatronics System
3.3 Structure of Mechatronics System
3.4 Actuators
3.5 Actuator Components
3.6 Applications of Actuators in Mechatronics System
References
4 Actuators Based on Hydrogels
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogel Synthesis
4.3 Experimental: Radical Polymerizations
4.4 Mechanical Properties
4.5 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels
4.6 Thermosensitive Hydrogels
4.7 Composite Materials Containing Hydrogels
4.8 Ion-Printing
4.9 Electroosmotic Effect—Donnan
4.10 Graphene Modified Hydrogels
4.11 Actuator Geometry
4.12 Actuators as Fluid Reservoir
4.13 Actuator Based on Hydrogels for Medical Applications
4.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5 Smart Polymer-Based Chemical Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Polymer-Based Sensors
5.3 Approaches for Chemical Detection
5.4 Polymer for Detection of Various Chemical Moieties
5.5 Outlook and Perspectives
References
6 Shape Memory Actuators
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Shape Memory Actuators
References
7 Stimuli-Responsive Conducting Polymer Composites: Recent Progress and Future Prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conductive Polymers (CPs)
7.3 Consequences of CPs
7.4 Synthesis or Polymerization of Most Widely Used CPs for Actuator Applications Such as PPy and PANI
7.5 Summary and Future Perspective of CPs Composites-Based Actuators
Acknowledgements
References
8 Fluid Power Actuators
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of Actuators
8.3 Hydraulic Actuator
8.4 Pneumatic Actuator
8.5 Telescopic Cylinder
8.6 Tandem Cylinder
8.7 Research Towards the Applications of Pneumatic Fluid Power Actuators
8.8 Research Towards the Applications of Hydraulic Fluid Power Actuators
References
9 Conducting Polymer/Hydrogel Systems as Soft Actuators
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conducting Polymers as Actuators: A Brief Description
9.3 Conducting Polymer/Hydrogel Systems as Actuators
9.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Polymer-based sensor for various gases detection.
Table 5.2 Polymer-based sensor for volatile organic compound detection.
Table 5.3 Polymer-based sensors for various ions detection.
Table 5.4 Polymer-coated sensors for pH detection.
Table 5.5 Polymer-based sensors for humidity sensing.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Shape-memory alloys and their properties.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Materials used for actuators.
Table 8.2 Details of hydraulic legged robot.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 CP/hydrogel actuators in literature.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Hydraulic actuator.
Figure 1.2 Pneumatic actuator.
Figure 1.3 Electric actuators.
Figure 1.4 Mechanical actuator.
Figure 1.5 Electromechanical actuators.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Schematics of external sensed and self-sensed actuators control...
Figure 2.2 Schematics of the mapping technique.
Figure 2.3 Correlation of phase transformation in SMA with its configurati...
Figure 2.4 Types of SMA actuator configurations using one-way SMA wire (a)...
Figure 2.5 Represents valve: (a) un-actuated-martensite state “OFF”; (b) a...
Figure 2.6 SMA braces: (a) un-actuated-martensite state; (b) actuated-aust...
Figure 2.7 Medical SMA staple: (a) un-actuated-martensite state; (b) actua...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The mechatronics system [5].
Figure 3.2 Elements of mechatronics system [6].
Figure 3.3 Base structure of a mechatronics system [7].
Figure 3.4 Energy and information flow within a mechatronic system [5].
Figure 3.5 Pneumatic actuation: (a) Pneumatic Cylinder; (b) A pick-and-pla...
Figure 3.6 A typical arrangement of a pneumatic or hydraulic circuit actua...
Figure 3.7 Basic components of electric motor.
Figure 3.8 Applications of mechatronics actuators.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Soft-actuators are capable of mimicking the behavior of muscles...
Figure 4.2 Smart hydrogels: stimuli-responsive swelling behavior. Several ...
Figure 4.3 Hydrogel synthesis by free radical polymerization of vinyl mono...
Figure 4.4 Rheological test: Amplitude sweep of deformation. The determina...
Figure 4.5 Rheological test: Frequency sweep of deformation. The determina...
Figure 4.6 pH-responsive hydrogels. The presence of electric charges is re...
Figure 4.7 p-NIPAm temperature induced volume phase transition.
Figure 4.8 Ion-printing process controls the incorporation of ions into th...
Figure 4.9 Thermo-sensitive hydrogels modified with graphene.
Figure 4.10 Spring actuator obtained with alginate- p-NIPAM-co-AA.
Figure 4.11 Examples of bending in different bilayer actuators.
Figure 4.12 Example of a simple actuator for fluid control.
Figure 4.13 Schematic representation of the gears necessary to carry out a...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Most common structures of conjugated polymers. Reprinted with p...
Figure 5.2 (a) Schematic of device structure with sidewall single layer an...
Figure 5.3 (a) Schematic illustration of the procedures used to fabricate ...
Figure 5.4 (a) Schematic for fabricating and operating the smart sensor sy...
Figure 5.5 (a) Illustration describing the two-step anodization process us...
Figure 5.6 A summary of the mechanisms of polymers and organic materials-b...
Figure 5.7 (a) Experimental setup of the pH sensing system. (b) Schematic ...
Figure 5.8 (a) Experimental setup for simultaneously measuring RH. (b) Ref...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 (a) Shape memory effect cycle. (b) Morphologies of shape memory...
Figure 6.2 One-way shape memory effect.
Figure 6.3 Two-way shape memory effect.
Figure 6.4 Comparison between various actuator designs. (a) shows a crimpe...
Figure 6.5 Shape memory effect (SME) and shape change effect (SCE).
Figure 6.6 Dual-state mechanism (DSM).
Figure 6.7 Dual-component mechanisms (DCM).
Figure 6.8 Partial-transition mechanism (PTM).
Chapter 7
Scheme 7.1 The metathesis reaction for PANI production.
Figure 7.1 Schematic view to the procedure self-assembling PANI thin films...
Figure 7.2 (a) The bending movement of the Au/ESM-based actuating membrane...
Figure 7.3 (a) Flapping actuator wings positioned among two opposite magne...
Figure 7.4 Three-finger–based microgripping device developed through PPy c...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Schematic representation of hydraulic system.
Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of pneumatic system.
Figure 8.3 Single-acting cylinder.
Figure 8.4 Gravity return SAC: (a) Push type; (b) Pull type.
Figure 8.5 (a) Push and (b) pull type SAC.
Figure 8.6 DAC with piston on one side (a) Extension stroke and (b) Return...
Figure 8.7 DAC with a piston rod on one side.
Figure 8.8 Telescopic cylinder.
Figure 8.9 Tandem cylinder.
Figure 8.10 Structure of pneumatically driven micro gripper.
Figure 8.11 SEM image of silicon structure.
Figure 8.12 (a) Force generated vs driving pressure; (b) Piston displaceme...
Figure 8.13 Bipedal robot with artificial musculoskeletal system.
Figure 8.14 CAD model of HyQ Leg with on-board system.
Figure 8.15 John Deere forestry walking machine [4].
Figure 8.16 (a) Quadruped walking robot qRT-2; (b) Rotary actuators used i...
Figure 8.17 Hydraulic humanoid robots [5].
Figure 8.18 Elastic fluidic micro actuators [38].
Figure 8.19 Classification of elastic actuators [38].
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram of swelling deswelling (electrochemomechanica...
Figure 9.2 Schematic representation of bending of the bilayer actuator of ...
Figure 9.3 Schematic representation of the bending of the three-layer actu...
Figure 9.4 (a) Bending degree of film for various applied potentials [(a) ...
Figure 9.5 The mechanism for bending actuation of chitosan/polyaniline mem...
Figure 9.6 Strain profile for the contraction and expansion of chitosan/PA...
Figure 9.7 Strain profile for dual mode actuation of chitosan/PANi/SWNT fi...
Figure 9.8 Strain profiles of chitosan/PANi microfibers in HCl during: (a)...
Figure 9.9 (a) Plot of the actuation strain against applied stress. (b) El...
Figure 9.10 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process and the actua...
Figure 9.11 (a) Curve shows time-dependent bending angles for PANI/PVA act...
Figure 9.12 Time profiles of PANI–cellulose composite hydrogels in motion ...
Figure 9.13 (a) Thermal-induced shape recovery of PVA-PANi composite (comp...
Figure 9.14 Artificial muscle sample placed between two Pt electrodes in a...
Figure 9.15 Schematic representation of ion diffusion in a DNA/PPy/CNT hyb...
Figure 9.16 A schematic representation of the linear actuation of Cs/PPy m...
Figure 9.17 (a–c) Schematic diagram of conducting polymer/hydrogel system ...
Figure 9.18 Dependence of bending behavior of cross-linked 3:2 CS/CMCS hyd...
Figure 9.19 Bending response under 100 V/mm electric field of CS/CMCS hydr...
Figure 9.20 Bending angle at various CS: CMCS ratio under 100 V/mm. Reprin...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Actuators
Fundamentals, Principles, Materials and Applications
Edited by
Inamuddin, Rajender Boddula and Abdullah M. Asiri
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119661146
Cover image: Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
An actuator is a kind of part of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism/system. It can also be defined as something that converts energy into motion. The common types of actuators in automation include pneumatic, hydraulic, electromechanical, and mechanical actuators. Current technology has certain common needs for actuators designed for automotive, aeronautics, biomedical, robotics, and spatial applications. Today's technology aims towards designing of nano-, micro-, and macroscales for mechanical devices that can change their shape concerning the environmental conditions. The attention on developing actuating devices has been escalating in the past decade as a consequence of soaring demand for biomimetic multifaceted mechanisms such as implantable neuronal devices, animal-like robots, tissue substitutes, etc. In recent years, all over the world, researchers have concentrated on the development of new kinds of actuators owing to increasing demand for high-precision positioning technology in the areas of scientific and industrial research.
Actuators: Fundamentals, Principles, Materials and Applications aims to explore cutting-edge technology on actuators. The chapters discuss basics, principles, use of materials, types of actuators, and applications of actuators in mechatronics, robotics, artificial muscles, and high-precision positioning technology. It also includes actuators based on hydrogels, stimuli-responsive electroactive polymers, and smart-polymers. The challenges and prospects are also discussed. The book incorporates industrial applications and will fill the gap between the lab scale and practical applications. It will be of interest to engineers, industrialists, undergraduate and postgraduate students, faculty, and professionals. Based on thematic topics, the book contains the following nine chapters:
Chapter 1 discusses the piezoelectric actuators along with their applications in various fields. It is concluded that owing to the special properties, the piezoelectric actuators attracted much attention compared to other actuators, and research is going on to introduce new kinds of piezoelectric materials for actuator applications.
Chapter 2 reveals some of the important parameters that are to be considered while designing a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated system. The design parameters will enable us to build an efficient control mechanism and also give a broad range of basic elements that are to be decided before the developing stage, and the parameters required are quantified.
Chapter 3 captures actuators in the mechatronics system or robotics. This chapter discusses in detail the various types of actuators such as pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, and electromechanical. The various components of actuators, as well as applications of actuators, are also stated.
Chapter 4 discusses the use of stimuli-responsive hydrogels for the development of soft-actuators with main applications in automated biomedical devices due to its tissue-equivalence. Important concepts about the properties, synthesis, and characterization of hydrogels and their respective soft-actuators are presented. This chapter can help as a practical guide to consulting current fundamental reactions and manufacturing methodologies.
Chapter 5 reviews various polymer-based chemical sensors for the detection of different parameters such as gas, vapors, humidity, pH, and ions. The exploration of numerous kinds of polymers, along with the utilization of different techniques with their merits and demerits, is also elaborately discussed. This chapter also highlights the future perspective of polymerbased chemical sensors.
Chapter 6 deals with various shape memory actuators, which mainly include shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators and shape memory polymer (SMP) actuators. The classification of shape memory effects (SME), types of actuators, advantages, applications, and various design mechanisms, or strategies of these two shape memory materials (SMM) is also discussed in detail.
Chapter 7 reports the current progress of stimuli-responding conducting polymer (CP) composites to understand the mechanical behavior of these materials concerning electrical-, photo-, and thermo-responsive stimuli. An overview of the most widely used CPs composite materials with their uses and operational mechanisms, as well as a specified account of CPs as next-generation actuators, is also presented.
Chapter 8 discusses the various types of fluid power actuators like single and double acting cylinders, telescopic cylinder and tandem cylinders used for industrial applications. This chapter also discusses the application of fluid power actuators for robotics, legged robotics and MEMS application.
Chapter 9 provides an overview of conducting polymer/hydrogel systems as soft actuators, conducting polymer actuators and their actuation mechanism, their merits and demerits followed by highlighting the progress of CP/hydrogel actuators fabricated using polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene with various hydrogels, and outlines the factors affecting their actuation performance.
Key Features
A comprehensive and self-contained text covering all aspects of the multidisciplinary fields of actuators
Contains contributions from noted experts in the field
Provides a broad overview of actuators
Deliberates cutting-edge technology based on actuators
Editors
Inamuddin
Rajender Boddula
Abdullah M. Asiri
