Addressing Techniques of Liquid Crystal Displays E-Book

Temkar N. Ruckmongathan

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Display Technology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 502

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Unique reference source that can be used from the beginning to end of a design project to aid choosing an appropriate LCD addressing technique for a given application

This book will be aimed at design engineers who are likely to embed LCD drivers and controllers in many systems including systems on chip. Such designers face the challenge of making the right choice of an addressing technique that will serve them with best performance at minimal cost and complexity. Readers will be able to learn about various methods available for driving matrix LCDs and the comparisons at the end of each chapter will aid readers to make an informed design choice.

The book will address the various driving techniques related to LCDs. Due to the non-linear response of the liquid crystal to external voltages, different driving methods such as passive and active matrix driving can be utilized. The associated theoretical basis of these driving techniques is introduced, and this theoretical analysis is supplemented by information on the implementation of drivers and controllers to link the theory to practice.

• Written by an experienced research scientist with over 30 years in R&D in this field.
• Acts as an exhaustive review and comparison of techniques developed for passive-matrix addressing of twisted nematic and super-twisted nematic (STN) LCDs.
• Discusses the trend towards "High Definition" displays and that a hybrid approach to drive matrix LCDs (combination of active and passive matrix addressing) will be the future of LCD addressing.
• Contains the author’s recent work on Bit-Slice Addressing that is useful for fast responding LCDs, as well as a chapter on driving ferroelectric LCDs
• Provides an objective comparison that will enable designers to make an informed choice of an addressing technique for a specific application.
• Includes examples of the practical applications of addressing techniques.
• Organised in a way that each chapter can be read independently; with the basic knowledge and historical background gained from the introductory chapters, adequate for understanding the techniques that are presented in the remaining chapters making it a self-contained reference.

Leseprobe

Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology

Series Editors: Anthony C. Lowe and Ian Sage

Display Systems: Design and Applications Lindsay W. MacDonald and Anthony C. Lowe (Eds.)

Electronic Display Measurement: Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation Peter A. Keller

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays Shin-Tson Wu and Deng-Ke Yang

Colour Engineering: Achieving Device Independent Colour Phil Green and Lindsay MacDonald (Eds.)

Display Interfaces: Fundamentals and Standards Robert L. Myers

Digital Image Display: Algorithms and Implementation Gheorghe Berbecel

Flexible Flat Panel Displays Gregory Crawford (Ed.)

Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection Michael G. Robinson, Jianmin Chen, and Gary D. Sharp

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices Deng-Ke Yang and Shin-Tson Wu

Introduction to Microdisplays David Armitage, Ian Underwood, and Shin-Tson Wu

Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications Achintya K. Bhowmik, Zili Li, and Philip Bos (Eds.)

Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials: Physics and Applications Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Vladimir M. Kozenkov and Hoi-Sing Kwok

Projection Displays, Second Edition Matthew S. Brennesholtz and Edward H. Stupp

Introduction to Flat Panel Displays Jiun-Haw Lee, David N. Liu and Shin-Tson Wu

LCD Backlights Shunsuke Kobayashi, Shigeo Mikoshiba and Sungkyoo Lim (Eds.)

Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects, Second Edition Ernst Lueder

Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays Zhibing Ge and Shin-Tson Wu

Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamental Physics and Technology Robert H. Chen

3D Displays Ernst Lueder

OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications Takatoshi Tsujimura

Illumination, Colour and Imaging: Evaluation and Optimization of Visual Displays Tran Quoc Khanh and Peter Bodrogi

Interactive Displays: Natural Human-Interface Technologies Achintya K. Bhowmik (Ed.)

Modeling and Optimization of LCD Optical Performance Dmitry A. Yakovlev, Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Hoi-Sing Kwok

Addressing Techniques of Liquid Crystal Displays Temkar N. Ruckmongathan

ADDRESSING TECHNIQUES OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

Temkar N. Ruckmongathan

Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ruckmongathan, Temkar N.     Addressing techniques of liquid crystal displays / by Temkar N. Ruckmongathan.             pages cm – (Wiley series in display technology)     Includes bibliographical references and index.     ISBN 978-1-119-94045-6 (hardback)   1. Liquid crystal displays–Automatic control.    2. Device drivers (Computer programs)    I. Title.     TK7872.L56R83 2014

    004.7′7–dc23

2014005236

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-119-94045-6

Dedicated to my wife Nagamani R and my brother Loknath Rao T N

Contents

Series Editor's Foreword

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

2 Liquid Crystal Displays

2.1 Matrix Displays

2.2 Display Fonts and Formats

2.3 Liquid Crystals

2.4 Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals

2.5 Basics of Electro-optic Effects with Liquid Crystals

2.6 Twisted Nematic Effect

2.7 Super Twisted Nematic (STN)-LCD

2.8 STN-LCD with a 270° Twist (STN-270)

2.9 STN-LCD with a 180° Twist (STN-180)

2.10 In-plane Switching

2.11 Ferroelectric LCD (FLCD)

2.12 Summary

3 Review of Addressing Techniques

3.1 Addressing Techniques

3.2 Matrix Addressing

3.3 Nonlinear Characteristics

3.4 Cross-Talk in a Matrix LCD

3.5 Driving Matrix Displays

3.6 Bi-phase Addressing

3.7 Line-by-Line Addressing (LLA)

3.8 Half-Select Technique

3.9 Two-Third-Select Technique (TTST)

3.10 Selection Ratio (SR) and the Maximum Selection Ratio

3.11 Limitations of Matrix Addressing

3.12 Principle of Restricted Pattern Addressing

3.13 Pulse Coincidence Technique (PCT)

3.14 Pseudo Random Technique (PRT)

3.15 Restricted Pattern Addressing Technique (RPAT)

3.16 Addressing Technique for Dial Type Displays

3.17 Frame Frequency

3.18 Large Area Display

3.19 Dielectric Relaxation

3.20 Supply Voltage of Drivers

3.21 Nonuniformity Due to Resistance Mismatches

3.22 Need for Multiline Addressing Techniques

4 Binary Addressing

4.1 Principle

4.2 Binary Addressing Technique (BAT)

4.3 Analysis of the BAT

4.4 Practical Aspects of the BAT

4.5 Drivers for Driving the LCD with the BAT

5 Orthogonal Functions and Matrix Addressing

5.1 Orthogonal Functions

5.2 Multiplexing

5.3 Matrix Addressing

5.4 Line-by-Line Addressing

5.5 Multiline Addressing

5.6 Discussion

6 Active Addressing

6.1 Principle

6.2 Active Addressing Technique (AAT)

6.3 Summary

7 Hybrid Addressing

7.1 Principle

7.2 Hybrid Addressing Technique (HAT)

7.3 Analysis of the HAT

7.4 Drivers of the Hybrid Addressing Technique

7.5 Discussion

8 Improved Hybrid Addressing

8.1 Principle

8.2 Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique (IHAT)

8.3 Analysis of IHAT

8.4 Discussion

9 Improved Hybrid Addressing Special Case 3

9.1 Principle

9.2 Analysis

9.3 Summary

10 Improved Hybrid Addressing Special Case 4

10.1 Principle

10.2 Analysis

10.3 Summary

11 Sequency Addressing

11.1 Principle

11.2 Technique

11.3 Discussion

12 Restricted Pattern Addressing

12.1 Principle

12.2 Technique

12.3 Analysis

12.4 Summary

13 Review of Methods to Display Greyscales

13.1 Greyscales in Liquid Crystal Displays

13.2 Basics of Greyscale

13.3 Frame Modulation

13.4 Pulse Width Modulation

13.5 Row Pulse Height Modulation

13.6 Data Pulse Height Modulation

13.7 Summary

14 Amplitude Modulation

14.1 Principle

14.2 Amplitude Modulation – Split Time Interval

14.3 Amplitude Modulation in Multiline Addressing

14.4 Pulse Height Modulation

14.5 Discussion

15 Successive Approximation

15.1 Principle

15.2 Technique

15.3 Analysis

15.4 Discussion

16 Cross-Pair Method

16.1 Principle

16.2 Technique

16.3 Analysis

16.4 Cross Pairing with Four Pairs of Data Voltages

16.5 Discussion

17 Wavelet-Based Addressing

17.1 Principle

17.2 Line-by-line Addressing with Wavelets

17.3 Analysis

17.4 Principle of Multiline Addressing with Wavelets

17.5 Technique

18 Bit Slice Addressing

18.1 Principle

18.2 Bit Slice Addressing Technique

18.3 Bit Slice Addressing with a Light Source

18.4 Bit Slice Addressing with Multiple Light Sources

18.5 Merits of Bit Slice Addressing

18.6 Demerits of Bit Slice Addressing

18.7 Discussion

19 Multibit Slice Addressing

19.1 Principle

19.2 Dual Bit Addressing of the LCD

19.3 Nibble Slice Addressing

19.4 Summary

20 Micro Pulse Width Modulation

20.1 Principle

20.2 Micro Pulse Width Modulation

20.3 Results

20.4 Summary

21 Comparison of Addressing Techniques

21.1 Line-by-Line Addressing

21.2 Multiline Addressing

21.3 Methods to Display Greyscales

21.4 Summary

22 Low Power Dissipation

22.1 Background

22.2 Principle

22.3 Multistep Waveform for Low Power

22.4 Static Drive with a Multistep Waveform

22.5 Power Dissipation in a Multiplexed Matrix LCD

22.6 Waveforms to Reduce Power Dissipation

22.7 Low Power Dissipation in the Successive Approximation Method

22.8 Summary

23 Low Power Consumption of Backlight

23.1 Principle of Backlight Switching

23.2 Reduction of Power with White Backlight and Monochrome Images

23.3 Power Reduction in the Colour Sequential Mode

23.4 Power Reduction of Backlight with Micro Pulse Width Modulation

23.5 Power Reduction with Micro PWM in the Colour Sequential Mode

23.6 Summary

24 Drivers for Liquid Crystal Displays

24.1 Basics

24.2 Drivers for Direct Drive

24.3 Drivers for the Matrix LCD

24.4 Drivers for Multiline Addressing Techniques

24.5 Summary

25 Active and Passive Matrix Addressing

25.1 Switched Passive Matrix Addressing (Line-by-Line)

25.2 Switched Passive Matrix Addressing (Line-by-Line) with Reduced External Connections

25.3 Multiplexed Active Matrix Addressing

25.4 An Ideal Active Matrix LCD

26 Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.4

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Table 17.5

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Chapter 20

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 20.3

Table 20.4

Table 20.5

Table 20.6

Table 20.7

Table 20.8

Table 20.9

Table 20.10

Table 20.11

Table 20.12

Chapter 21

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 21.3

Chapter 22

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 22.3

Chapter 23

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 23.3

Table 23.4

Table 23.5

Table 23.6

Table 23.7

Table 23.8

Table 23.9

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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Series Editor's Foreword

When flat panel displays first began to appear in products, they did so in areas where their flatness and relative thinness made those products at all possible to produce. They were the enabling technologies for the laptop computer and for many portable instruments, so their performance properties and their cost were of somewhat secondary importance. So slow optical response, slow address rates, low contrast, narrow viewing angles, lack of more than two colours and (for electroluminescent and LED displays) relatively high power consumption were properties which the manufacturers of products, if grudgingly, had to accept.

When flat panels began to make inroads into markets which had been the exclusive preserve of the CRT, the situation was very different because although flat panels, specifically LCDs, had the undoubted advantage of low power consumption, in order to dislodge the CRT from its dominant position, they also had to compete by providing video performance, long lifetime, full colour and, most importantly for the manufacturers, competitive cost.

It is this background of entry into two very different areas of the market that influenced the nature of LCD development from the late 1970s. At first, passive matrix LCDs – the primary subject of this book – successfully led the development effort. Active matrices of TFT switches, integrated on to the rear glass substrates of LCDs could not then be made with sufficiently high yield and low cost even to begin to compete effectively with the CRT in computer and TV displays. This situation persisted until the last decade of the 20th century. Therefore the heyday of the passive matrix LCD was in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Written by a globally acknowledged leader in the field, this book describes with great clarity and in great detail the many sophisticated methods by which liquid crystal displays may be driven and it contains content which has not previously been published. It focusses on passive matrix LCDs, and although market share of passive matrix LCDs is in slow decline, there is at present a sizeable market of the order of $1B US in technical, medical, appliance and other displays, some of which are battery powered. Although these displays do not require the ultimate performance in terms of power, speed or colour, in order to preserve their market share they must achieve the best possible performance by optimising specific display characteristics for a particular application and that is why these driving methods are important.

Although the displays discussed are predominantly passive matrix LCDs, some of the addressing techniques are also applicable to AMLCDs and to other display technologies which between them occupy by far the largest part of the display market. Bit slice and multi-bit slice addressing can be used in projection and backlit displays with bistable or fast responding optical transducers, which use fast switching light diode or laser backlight or projection sources, to reduce backlight power consumption without compromising image quality. Furthermore, nibble slice addressing can be used to drive state of the art AMLCDs with simple drivers that can apply only 16 voltage levels and yet achieve 256 greyscales and simultaneously suppress motion blur.

This book provides all the technical information a display engineer will need to decide which of the methods described here to use to best drive a particular display for a particular application. Because the concepts of wavelet-based addressing, successive approximation, cross pairing of select and data voltage to increase the number of greyscales with a small number of select and data voltages, micro-pulse width modulation, etc., are applicable not only to passive matrix LCDs but also to other display technologies, this book will also be an invaluable text for first and higher degree students.

Anthony Lowe Braishfield, UK, 2014