Advanced Bioelectronic Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 783

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book covers the recent advances in the development of bioelectronics systems and their potential application in future biomedical applications starting from system design to signal processing for physiological monitoring, to in situ biosensing. Advanced Bioelectronic Materials contributions from distinguished international scholars whose backgrounds mirror the multidisciplinary readership ranging from the biomedical sciences, biosensors and engineering communities with diverse backgrounds, interests and proficiency in academia and industry. The readers will benefit from the widespread coverage of the current literature, state-of-the-art overview of all facets of advanced bioelectronics materials ranging from real time monitoring, in situ diagnostics, in vivo imaging, image-guided therapeutics, biosensors, and translational biomedical devices and personalized monitoring.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Part 1: Recent Advances in Bioelectronics

Chapter 1: Micro- and Nanoelectrodes in Protein-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Nanomedicine and Other Applications

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Microelectrodes

1.3 Nanoelectrodes

1.4 Integration of the Electronic Transducer, Electrode, and Biological Recognition Components (such as Enzymes) in Nanoscale-Sized Biosensors and Their Clinical Applications

1.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2: Radio-Frequency Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecular Binding Systems

2.1 Overview

2.2 Introduction

2.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based RF Biosensor

2.4 Resonator-Based RF Biosensor

2.5 Active System-Based RF Biosensor

2.6 Conclusions

Abbreviation

References

Chapter 3: Affinity Biosensing: Recent Advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance for Molecular Diagnostics

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Artists of the Biorecognition: New Natural and Synthetic Receptors as Sensing Elements

3.3 Recent Trends in Bioreceptors Immobilization

3.4 Trends for Improvements of Analytical Performances in Molecular Diagnostics

3.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Electropolymerized Materials for Biosensors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Electropolymerized Materials Used in Biosensor Assembly

4.3 Enzyme Sensors

4.4 Immunosensors Based on Redox-Active Polymers

4.5 DNA Sensors Based on Redox-Active Polymers

4.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part 2: Advanced Nanostructures in Biosensing

Chapter 5: Graphene-Based Electrochemical Platform for Biosensor Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Graphene

5.3 Synthetic Methods for Graphene

5.4 Properties of Graphene

5.5 Multi-functional Applications of Graphene

5.6 Electrochemical Sensor

5.7 Graphene as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors

5.8 Conclusion and Future Outlooks

References

Chapter 6: Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Bioimaging

6.1 Introduction

6.2 CDs as Fluorescent Probes for Imaging of Biomolecules and Cells

6.3 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 7: Enzyme Sensors Based on Nanostructured Materials

7.1 Biosensors and Nanotechnology

7.2 Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

7.3 Biosensors Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles

7.4 Biosensors Based on Quantum Dots

7.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Biosensor Based on Chitosan Nanocomposite

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Nanomaterials

8.3 Application of Chitosan Nanocomposite in Biosensor

8.4 Emerging Biosensor and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Part 3: Systematic Bioelectronic Strategies

Chapter 9: Bilayer Lipid Membrane Constructs: A Strategic Technology Evaluation Approach

9.1 The Lipid Bilayer Concept and the Membrane Platform

9.2 Strategic Technology Evaluation: The Approach

9.3 The Dimensions of the Membrane-Based Technology

9.4 Technology Dimension 1: Fabrication

9.5 Technology Dimension 2: Membrane Modelling

9.6 Technology Dimension 3: Artificial Chemoreception

9.7 Technology Evaluation

9.8 Concluding Remarks

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 10: Recent Advances of Biosensors in Food Detection Including Genetically Modified Organisms in Food

10.1 Electrochemical Biosensors

10.2 DNA Biosensors for Detection of GMOs Nanotechnology

10.3 Aptamers

10.4 Voltammetric Biosensors

10.5 Amperometric Biosensors

10.6 Optical Biosensors

10.7 Magnetoelastic Biosensors

10.8 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Biosensors for Odor Detection

10.9 Quorum Sensing and Toxoflavin Detection

10.10 Xanthine Biosensors

10.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Numerical Modeling and Calculation of Sensing Parameters of DNA Sensors

11.1 Introduction to Graphene

11.2 Numerical Modeling

References

Chapter 12: Carbon Nanotubes and Cellulose Acetate Composite for Biomolecular Sensing

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Background of the Work

12.3 Materials and Methodology

12.4 Characterisation of Membranes

12.5 pH Measurements Using Different Membranes

12.6 Conclusion

Reference

Chapter 13: Review of the Green Synthesis of Metal/Graphene Composites for Energy Conversion, Sensor, Environmental, and Bioelectronic Applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Metal/Graphene Composites

13.3 Synthesis Routes of Graphene

13.4 Green Synthesis Route of Metal/Graphene Composites

13.5 Green Application of Metal/Graphene and Doped Graphene Composites

13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Ion Exchangers – An Open Window for the Development of Advanced Materials with Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Characteristics of IER and Methods of Characterization

14.3 Resinate Preparation

14.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

14.5 Conclusions

References

Index

Advanced Bioelectronic Materials

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Advanced Materials SeriesThe Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, supramolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

Series Editor: Dr. Ashutosh TiwariBiosensors and Bioelectronics CentreLinköping UniversitySE-581 83 LinköpingSwedenE-mail: [email protected]

Managing Editors: Revuri Vishnu and Sudheesh K. Shukla

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-99830-4

We dedicate this book to Prof. Anthony P. F. Turner on the occasion of his 65th birthday. It is because of his persistence, foresight and proficiency in establishing biosensor principles that millions of patients worldwide are benefiting.

To Tony forfathering biosensors and bioelectronics&for every kidwho walks with him.

AshuHirak

Preface

The interface between electronics and medicine has resulted in extraordinary benefits for recent generations in clinical practice. The development of electrocardiography nearly a century ago can be considered a key milestone for chronicling the electrical activity of the heart, thus providing one of the defining moments in the field of cardiology. A similarly important advance was the development of the heart pacemaker, which has transformed the lives of millions of people and continues to serve an ever-aging population. The legacy of biomedical research at the interface between electrical engineering and human physiology has empowered these discoveries.

In recent times, however, “bioelectronics” has diversified into a multifarious and cross-disciplinary field. In this book, a selection of leading scientists and technology experts describe advances in nanoscale electronics and how they mesh with the bioengineering community to deliver specific applications. The contributors chronicle a wide span of opportunities, possibilities and challenges for this diverse interdisciplinary field. The principal themes of this volume on advanced bioelectronic materials are: miniaturization of bioelectronics, smart biosensing, and a systemic approach for the development of bioelectronics. The machinery and procedures that will facilitate these areas will also have a significant impact on other areas such as advanced security systems, forensics and environmental monitoring. The evolution of all these segments entails innovations in cross-cutting disciplines ranging from fabrication to application.

We hope that this collection of articles will help convince stakeholders from academia, government and industry to cooperate in developing a comprehensive bioelectronics roadmap to accelerate the commercialization of bioelectronic materials for novel biomedical devices. This work provides a comprehensive description of some of the emerging opportunities in bioelectronics facilitated by the development of novel materials. While it is challenging to evaluate the exact economic benefits from this technology at the current stage, a clear sense of the magnitude of the benefits to mankind and society are apparent.

In order to reflect the promise of bioelectronics at this time, we have endeavored to include research that crosses several disciplines, including electronics, materials science, human physiology, chemistry and physics. It is intended for a wide spectrum of readers, offering perspectives on aspects of both fundamental and advanced materials of the field and covering:

Molecular-electronic interfaces;

Stimuli-responsive (mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal) materials;

Real-time monitoring of essential parameters to assess the state of biomolecules; and

Smart biosensing.

The successful translation of this multidisciplinary research to commercial reality needs a deep understanding at a very early stage of the interface between electronics and biology. This book addresses researchers in a range of sectors and disciplines who do not necessarily speak with the same ‘language,’ but who are willing to commit to a collaborative effort in areas such as this, where interdisciplinary contributions are key for success.

The EditorsAugust 22, 2015Ashutosh TiwariHirak K. PatraAnthony PF Turner

Part 1: RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOELECTRONICS

Chapter 1

Micro- and Nanoelectrodes in Protein-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Nanomedicine and Other Applications

Niina J. Ronkainen*

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL, USA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensors have gradually decreased in size from devices containing electrodes with micrometer critical dimension to nanoelectrodes over the past 35 years. Nanoelectrodes are now also being used both in vivo and in vitro, in the quantification of various analytes of biological interest such as dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, lactate, glucose, and cancer biomarkers. Their small size is an advantage, allowing the study of biological analytes in small intracellular and extracellular environments to be less invasive, compared to larger electrodes. Micro- and nanoelectrodes have been used in applications such as single-cell or single-molecule studies, point-of-care clinical analysis, coordinated biosensor development, and fabrication of microchips. Indeed, biosensor applications in medicine utilizing nanoelectrodes and nanoelectrode arrays are a rapidly developing research area due to significant advancements in materials science, more cost-effective and reproducible nanomaterial fabrication methods. The electrochemistry, common applications as well as integration of the electronic transducer, and the biological recognition components into the appropriate biosensors will be described.

Keywords: Biosensors, electroanalytical methods, microelectrodes, nanoelectrodes, nanomaterials, voltammetry, amperometry, clinical analysis

1.1 Introduction

Electrochemical biosensors may be divided into biocatalytic devices such as enzyme electrodes and affinity biosensors based on a highly specific immunochemical reaction between an antibody and an antigen. Over the past 35 years, electrochemical biosensors have gradually decreased in size from devices containing electrodes with micrometer critical dimension to nanoelectrodes. In addition, since single micro- or nanoelectrodes generate rather small currents that can be difficult to distinguish from background noise using standard electrochemical equipment, electrode arrays and ensembles which amplify the measured current are an active area of research. Furthermore, the fabrication of electrodes and biosensors that incorporate nanomaterials as well as their characterization once prepared have also been studied extensively. Indeed, the integration of electronic transducers and the biological recognition components into biosensors is critical in the development of highly sensitive, nanobiosensors suitable for clinical analysis.

Many nanobiosensors for clinically relevant analytes, to which nanomaterials have been incorporated, have shown significantly improved electrochemical performance when utilizing electroanalytical methods such as voltammetry and amperometry. Specifically, the incorporation of highly conductive nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal nanoparticles into electrochemical biosensors has led to increased signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and significantly lower limits of detection. These properties are the result of significant changes in diffusion profiles and mass transfer of redox-active species at electrodes with small dimensions. The transition from mass transport by primarily linear diffusion at larger electrodes to the domination of radial diffusion at micro- and nanoelectrodes will be described in this chapter. Another reason for the amplified sensitivity in biosensor devices is the high loading of the biological protein components (i.e., enzymes or antibodies) on the large, often three-dimensional surface areas of nanomaterials. A number of key nanoscale biosensor applications which utilize biocatalytic and bioaffinity sensors will be described in detail. The main concerns with the use of nanotechnology in the fabrication of the clinical devices include the biocompatibility and toxicity of some nanomaterials which is currently an area of research. These concerns are important because many nanomaterial-based electrodes are being considered for implantable devices to be used for real-time diagnosis, management and monitoring of certain disease states. For instance, cancer diagnosis and management are one of the most common applications for affinity biosensors, while glucose monitoring remains the largest and most profitable catalytic biosensor application. In addition, biosensor applications also exist for cardiovascular, infectious, autoimmune, psychiatric, and neurogenerative diseases. However, there remain challenges in the fabrication of protein-based nanobiosensors for clinical applications such as the low concentrations of analyte molecules in relatively complex biological sample matrix (e.g., blood), the requirement of ultralow detection limits (DLs) (nM and below) for certain analytes, the biocompatibility and safety of the nanobiosensors, a need for multiplexing capabilities, practical detection times, sample size requirements, selectivity of in vivo biosensors in the presence of multiple similar molecules as well as various interfering species, ease of use, the ability to scale up developed prototypes into mass production, and the storage stability of the biological components of nanobiosensors such as enzymes and antibodies. Some of these challenges will also be discussed.

Many well-established methods used in clinical analysis are based on spectrophotometric detection which often requires bulky light sources, monochromators, sample cells with fixed path lengths, and complex detectors to obtain adequate sensitivity. These methods usually require a fair amount of the sample and cannot be performed in colored, turbid, or complex sample matrices (such as blood) without sample preparation. Therefore, these methods are not amenable to in vivo studies of biological systems. Electrochemical detection methods, which are based on interfacial phenomenon, are better suited for detection in ultralow volumes (with samples from microliters to as low as nanoliters) because the sensitivity of these methods is independent of the sample volume [1]. The analyte molecules usually investigated in electroanalytical experiments are either freely diffusing in aqueous solution or have adsorbed or been attached to an electrode surface or a membrane. The main focus in this chapter will be on freely diffusing redox-active species in aqueous solution environments.