Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 699

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling

The engineering of materials with advanced features is driving the research towards the design of innovative materials with high performances. New materials often deliver the best solution for structural applications, precisely contributing towards the finest combination of mechanical properties and low weight. The mimicking of nature's principles lead to a new class of structural materials including biomimetic composites, natural hierarchical materials and smart materials. Meanwhile, computational modeling approaches are the valuable tools complementary to experimental techniques and provide significant information at the microscopic level and explain the properties of materials and their very existence. The modeling also provides useful insights to possible strategies to design and fabricate materials with novel and improved properties. The book brings together these two fascinating areas and offers a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on materials interfaces and technologies the engineering materials. The topics covered in this book are divided into 2 parts: Engineering of Materials, Characterizations & Applications and Computational Modeling of Materials. The chapters include the following:

• Mechanical and resistance behavior of structural glass beams
• Nanocrystalline metal carbides - microstructure characterization
• SMA-reinforced laminated glass panel
• Sustainable sugarcane bagasse cellulose for papermaking
• Electrospun scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering
• Bio-inspired composites
• Density functional theory for studying extended systems
• First principles based approaches for modeling materials
• Computer aided materials design
• Computational materials for stochastic electromagnets
• Computational methods for thermal analysis of heterogeneous materials
• Modelling of resistive bilayer structures
• Modeling tunneling of superluminal photons through Brain Microtubules
• Computer aided surgical workflow modeling
• Displaced multiwavelets and splitting algorithms

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: Engineering of Materials, Characterizations, and Applications

Chapter 1: Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral–Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings

1.3 Glass Beams in LTB

1.4 Theoretical Background for Structural Members in LTB

1.5 Finite-element Numerical Modeling

1.6 LTB Design Recommendations

1.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Room Temperature Mechanosynthesis of Nanocrystalline Metal Carbides and Their Microstructure Characterization

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Experimental

2.3 Theoretical Consideration

2.4 Results and Discussions

2.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3: Toward a Novel SMA-reinforced Laminated Glass Panel

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Glass in Buildings

3.3 Structural Engineering Applications of Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs)

3.4 The Novel SMA-Reinforced Laminated Glass Panel Concept

3.5 Discussion of Parametric FE Results

3.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Sustainable Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Papermaking

4.1 Pulp and Paper Industry

4.2 Sugar Industry

4.3 Sugarcane Bagasse

4.4 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB

4.5 Applications of SCB Wastes

4.6 Problematic of Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking

4.7 SCB as Raw Material for Pulp and Paper

4.8 Digestion

4.9 Bleaching

4.10 Properties of Bagasse Pulps

4.11 Objectives

4.12 Old Corrugated Container Pulps

4.13 Synergistic Delignification SCB–OCC

4.14 Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching of SCB Pulps

4.15 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Bio-inspired Composites: Using Nature to Tackle Composite Limitations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bio-inspiration: Bone as Biomimetic Model

5.3 Case Studies Using Biomimetic Approach

5.4 Methods

5.5 Conclusions

References

Part 2: Computational Modeling of Materials

Chapter 6: Calculation on the Ground State Quantum Potentials for the ZnS

x

Se

1-

x

(0 <

x

< 1)

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Ground State in D-Dimensional Configuration Space for ZnS

x

Se

1-

x

Zincblende Structure

6.3 Ground States in the Case of Momentum Space

6.4 Results and Discussion

6.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Application of First Principles Theory to the Design of Advanced Titanium Alloys

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basic Concepts of First Principles

7.3 Theoretical Models of Alloy Design

7.4 Applications

7.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 8: Digital Orchid: Creating Realistic Materials

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Concept Development

8.3 Three-dimensional Modeling of Decorative Light Fixture

8.4 Materials Creating and Editing

8.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Transformation Optics-based Computational Materials for Stochastic Electromagnetics

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Theory of Transformation Optics

9.3 Scattering from Rough Sea Surfaces

9.4 Scattering from Obstacles with Rough Surfaces or Shape Deformations

9.5 Scattering from Randomly Positioned Array of Obstacles

9.6 Propagation in a Waveguide with Rough or Randomly Varying Surface

9.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Superluminal Photons Tunneling through Brain Microtubules Modeled as Metamaterials and Quantum Computation

10.1 Introduction

10.2 QED Coherence in Water: A Brief Overview

10.3 “Electronic” QED Coherence in Brain Microtubules

10.4 Evanescent Field of Coherent Photons and Their Superluminal Tunneling through MTs

10.5 Coupling between Nearby MTs and their Superluminal Interaction through the Exchange of Virtual Superradiant Photons

10.6 Discussion

10.7 Brain Microtubules as “Natural” Metamaterials and the Amplification of Evanescent Tunneling Wave Amplitude

10.8 Quantum Computation by Means of Superluminal Photons

10.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Advanced Fundamental-solution-based Computational Methods for Thermal Analysis of Heterogeneous Materials

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Basic Formulation of MFS

11.3 Basic Formulation of HFS-FEM

11.4 Applications in Functionally Graded Materials

11.5 Applications in Composite Materials

11.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

References

Chapter 12: Understanding the SET/RESET Characteristics of Forming Free TiO

x

/TiO

2–

x

Resistive-Switching Bilayer Structures through Experiments and Modeling

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Experimental Methodology

12.3 Bipolar Switching Model

12.4 RESET Simulations

12.5 SET Simulations

12.6 Simulation of Time-dependent SET/RESET Processes

12.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Advanced Materials and Three-dimensional Computer-aided Surgical Workflow in Cranio-maxillofacial Reconstruction

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Methodology

13.3 Findings

13.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 14: Displaced Multiwavelets and Splitting Algorithms

14.1 An Algorithm with Splitting of Wavelet Transformation of Splines of the First Degree

14.2 An Algorithm for Constructing Orthogonal to Polynomials Multiwavelet Bases

14.3 The Tridiagonal Block Matrix Algorithm

14.4 Problem of Optimization of Wavelet Transformation of Hermite Splines of Any Odd Degree

14.5 Application to Data Processing of Laser Scanning of Roads

14.6 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Advanced Materials SeriesThe Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, supramolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

Series Editor: Ashutosh TiwariBiosensors and Bioelectronics CentreLinköping UniversitySE-581 83 LinköpingSwedenE-mail: [email protected]

Managing Editors: Sachin Mishra and Sophie Thompson

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling

Edited by

Ashutosh Tiwari, N. Arul Murugan and Rajeev Ahuja

Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-24246-8

Preface

The engineering of materials with advanced features is driving the research towards the design of innovative high-performance materials. New materials often deliver the best solutions for structural applications, precisely contributing to the finest combination of mechanical properties and low weight. Furthermore, these materials mimic the principles of nature, leading to a new class of structural materials which include biomimetic composites, natural hierarchical materials and smart materials. Meanwhile, computational modeling approaches are valuable tools which are complementary to experimental techniques and provide significant information at the microscopic level and explain the properties of materials and their existence itself. The modeling further provides useful insight to propose possible strategies to design and fabricate materials with novel and improved properties. Depending upon the pragmatic computational models of choice, approaches vary for the prediction of the structure- and element-based approaches to fabricate materials with properties of interest. This book brings together the engineering materials and modeling approaches generally used in structural materials science.

Research topics on materials engineering, characterization, applications and their computational modeling are covered in this book. In general, computational modeling approaches are routinely used as cost-effective and complementary tools to get information about the materials at the microscopic level and to explain their electronic and magnetic properties and the way they respond to external parameters like temperature and pressure. In addition, modeling provides useful insight into the construct of design principles and strategies to fabricate materials with novel and improved properties. The use of modeling together with experimental validation opens up the possibility for designing extremely useful materials that are relevant for various industries and healthcare sectors. This book has been designed in such a way as to cover aspects of both the use of experimental and computational approaches for materials engineering and fabrication. Chapters 1 through 6 are devoted to experimental characterization of materials and some of their applications relevant to the paper industry and healthcare sectors. Chapters 7 through 13 are devoted to computational materials modeling and their fabrication using atomistic- and finite-element-based approaches. Specifically discussed in Chapters 7 and 8 are first-principles-based modeling approaches to predict the structure and electronic properties of extended systems. The remaining chapters contribute with theoretical approaches to understanding hybrid materials and stochastic electromagnets and to modeling complex processes like tunneling of superluminal photons.

The book is written for readers from diverse backgrounds across chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, environmental technology, biotechnology, and biomedical engineering. It offers a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on materials engineering and modeling. We acknowledge the contributors and publisher for their prompt response in order that this book could be published in a timely manner.

EditorsAshutosh Tiwari, PhD, DScN. Arul Murugan, PhDRajeev Ahuja, PhD10 June 2016

Part 1ENGINEERING OF MATERIALS, CHARACTERIZATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS

Chapter 1Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral–Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints

Chiara Bedon1* and Jan Belis2

1University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste, Italy

2Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Laboratory for Research on Structural Models – LMO, Ghent, Belgium

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Glass is largely used in practice as an innovative structural material in the form of beams or plate elements able to carry loads. Compared to traditional construction materials, the major influencing parameter in the design of structural glass elements – in addition to their high architectural and aesthetic impacts – is given by the well-known brittle behavior and limited tensile resistance of glass. In this chapter, careful attention is paid to the lateral–torsional buckling (LTB) response of glass beams laterally restrained by continuous adhesive joints, as in the case of glass façades or roofs. Closed-form solutions and finite-element numerical approaches are recalled for the estimation of their Euler’s critical buckling moment under various loading conditions. Nonlinear buckling analyses are then critically discussed by taking into account a multitude of mechanical and geometrical aspects. Design recommendations for laterally restrained glass beams in LTB are finally presented.

Keywords: Lateral–torsional buckling (LTB), glass beams, analytical models, finite-element modeling, structural adhesive joints, composite sections, incremental buckling analysis, imperfections, buckling design methods, buckling curve

1.1 Introduction

Glass is largely used in practice as an innovative structural material, e.g. in the form of beams or plate elements able to carry loads. Often, structural glass components are used in structures in combination with other materials, such as timber [1–6] or composites [1, 7–9]. However, especially in façades, roofs, and building envelopes, the use of glass panels combined with steel frames, aluminum bracing systems, or cable nets represents one of the major configurations, for which a wide set of case studies and technological possibilities are available [1, 2, 10–15]. Compared to traditional construction materials, the major influencing parameter in the design of structural glass elements – in addition to their high architectural and aesthetic impact – is given by the well-known brittle behavior and limited tensile resistance of glass. The use of thermoplastic interlayers alternated to two (or more) glass sheets in the form of laminated glass (LG) elements – despite the high sensitivity of the bonding foils to the effects of temperature and load-duration – represents the typical solution for buildings, automotive applications, etc. due to the intrinsic ductility and post-breakage resistance.

In those cases, the typical configurations for structural glass assemblies are often derived – and properly modified, to account for the brittle behavior of glass – from practice of traditional construction materials (e.g. steel structures and sandwich structures). The connections used in such LG assemblies are traditionally properly designed and well-calibrated mechanical connections (e.g. steel fasteners and bolted joints) able to offer a certain structural interaction among multiple glass components. However, due to continuous scientific (material) improvements, technological innovations and architectural demands, recent design trends are often oriented towards the minimization of mechanical joints and toward the development of frameless glazing systems, in which glass to glass interaction is provided by chemical connections such as sealant joints or adhesives only. This is the case for beams, such as glass elements used in practice as stiffeners for façade or roof panels, where the coupling between them is often provided by continuous adhesive joints. From a structural point of view, the effect of such joints can be compared to a partially rigid shear connection, and consequently its mechanical effectiveness should be properly taken into account.

Bolted point fixings or continuous adhesive joints currently represent the two most used typologies of connections and can both be employed in glass façades or roofs, e.g. to provide the mechanical interaction between the glass beams and the supported glass roof panels. While in the first case the bolted connectors and their related effects can often be rationally described in the form of infinitely rigid intermediate restraints, the configuration of glass beams with continuous adhesive joints requires appropriate studies and related analytical methods. Adhesive joints are in fact characterized by moderate shear stiffness, and consequently they act as a continuous, flexible joint between the beams and the connected panels. Adhesives of common use in practice are also characterized by moderate shear/tensile resistance; hence, an appropriate design approach should be taken into account for them, regardless of possible LTB phenomena.

This chapter, in this context, aims to present an extended review of glass beams in LTB, including a discussion of the main influencing parameters, mechanical properties, geometrical aspects, available analytical methods, and finite-element (FE) approaches. A detailed discussion of the LTB mechanical response of glass beams, laterally unrestrained or restrained by means of continuous adhesive joints, will then be proposed.

1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings

Structural glass applications are mainly associated, in current practice, to aesthetic, architectural or thermal, and acoustic requirements. Glass is, in fact, synonymous of transparency and lightness, hence finds primarily application in building envelopes, roofs, canopies, etc. and solutions in which transparency is mandatory. Major structural glass assemblies – often of complex geometry – are obtained by appropriate conjunct use of glass elements with metal frameworks and substructures (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Example of structural glass applications in buildings, in conjunction with metal frameworks and substructures. Pictures taken from (a) [16], (b) [17], (c) [18], and (d) [19].

Structural configurations combining glass elements with timber components (Figure 1.2) also represent a solution of large interest for designers and engineers, especially in those applications aiming to strong energy efficiency [24].

Figure 1.2 Example of structural glass applications in buildings, in conjunction with timber components and assemblies. Pictures taken from (a) [20], (b) [21], (c) [22], and (d) [23].

1.3 Glass Beams in LTB

1.3.1 Susceptibility of Glass Structural Elements to Buckling Phenomena

The exposure of structural components in general to significant compression, shear, bending, or a combination of them is the first cause of buckling failure mechanisms (Figure 1.3). As far as these structural elements are slender and/or affected by several influencing parameters, such as initial geometrical imperfections, eccentricities, and residual stresses, the susceptibility to buckling phenomena increases and represents an important issue to be properly predicted and prevented. This is the case of both isotropic and orthotropic plates, beams, columns, but also laminates and composites in general.

Figure 1.3 Buckling phenomena in columns, beams, and plates.