Advanced Functional Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 867

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Because of their unique properties (size, shape, and surface functions), functional materials are gaining significant attention in the areas of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. Within the chapters of this book written by well-known researchers, one will find the range of methods that have been developed for preparation and functionalization of organic, inorganic and hybrid structures which are the necessary building blocks for the architecture of various advanced functional materials. The book discusses these innovative methodologies and research strategies, as well as provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the cutting-edge research on the processing, properties and technology developments of advanced functional materials and their applications. Specifically, Advanced Functional Materials: * Compiles the objectives related to functional materials and provides detailed reviews of fundamentals, novel production methods, and frontiers of functional materials, including metalic oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, discotic liquid crystalline dimers, calixarenes, crown ethers, chitosan and graphene. * Discusses the production and characterization of these materials, while mentioning recent approaches developed as well as their uses and applications for sensitive chemiresistors, optical and electronic materials, solar hydrogen generation, supercapacitors, display and organic light-emitting diodes, functional adsorbents, and antimicrobial and biocompatible layer formation. This volume in the Advanced Materials Book Series includes twelve chapters divided into two main areas: Part 1: Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design and Applications and Part 2: Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design, and Applications

Chapter 1: Development of Toxic Chemicals Sensitive Chemiresistors Based on Metal Oxides, Conducting Polymers and Nanocomposites Thin Films

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Chemiresistor

1.3 Conducting Polymers Nanostructures for Chemiresistors

1.4 Semiconducting Nanocomposites for Chemoresistors

1.5 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: The Synthetic Strategy for Developing Mesoporous Materials through Nanocasting Route

2.1 Introduction to Nanocasting

2.2 Steps of Nanocasting

2.3 Porous Silica as Template for Inorganic Compounds

2.4 Porous Silica as Template for Mesoporous Carbon

2.5 Porous Carbon as Template for Inorganic Compound

2.6 Future Prescriptive

2.7 Limitation

2.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Spray Pyrolysis of Nano-Structured Optical and Electronic Materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Spray Pyrolysis Technology

3.3 Nanoparticles Created via Spray Pyrolysis Method

3.4 Nanopillars and Nanoporous Structures

3.5 Nanocrystalline Thin Film Deposition by Spray Pyrolysis

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 4: Multifunctional Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Ferrites

4.3 The Sol–Gel Method

4.4 Chelating Agents

4.5 Approach and Methodology

4.6 Experimental Results

4.7 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5 Heterostructures Based on TiO2 and Silicon for Solar Hydrogen Generation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Overview of Heterostructures

5.3 TiO2 Heterostructures

5.4 Silicon Based Heterostructures

5.5 Some Unaddressed Issues of Heterostructures in Relation to Photocatalysis

5.6 Summary/Conclusions and Future Outlook

Acknowledgment

Notes on Contributors

References

Chapter 6: Studies on Electrochemical Properties of MnO2 and CuO Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Electrode Materials

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Experimental

6.3 Characterization

6.4 Results and Discussion

6.5 Conclusion

References

Part 2: Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers

Chapter 7: Discotic Liquid Crystalline Dimers: Chemistry and Applications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Structure-Property Relationship of Discotic Dimers

7.3 Applications

7.4 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 8: Supramolecular Nanoassembly and Its Potential

8.1 Supramolecular Chemistry

8.2 Nanochemistry

8.3 Supramolecular Nanoassembly

8.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

Suggested Further Reading

Chapter 9: Carbon-Based Hybrid Composites as Advanced Electrodes for Supercapacitors

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Principle of Supercapacitor

9.3 Activated Carbon and their Composites

9.4 Carbon Aerogels and Their Composite Materials

9.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and their Composite Materials

9.6 Two-Dimensional Graphene

9.7 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 10: Synthesis, Characterization, and Uses of Novel-Architecture Copolymers through Gamma Radiation Technique

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ionizing Radiation

10.3 Gamma-Ray Measurements

10.4 Synthesis of Graft Polymers by Gamma-Rays

10.5 Different Architecture of Polymers

10.6 Polymer Characterization

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Advanced Composite Adsorbents: Chitosan versus Graphene

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Chitosan-Based Materials

11.3 Graphene-Based Materials

11.4 Graphene/Chitosan Composite Adsorbents

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Antimicrobial Biopolymers

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Biopolymers

12.3 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers

12.4 Metal Loading

12.5 Assessment of Antimicrobial/Antifungal Testing Methods

12.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Organometal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Fundamentals of Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

13.3 Deposition Methods and Crystal Engineering of Organometal Halide Perovskites

13.4 Commercialization Challenges and Possible Solutions

13.5 Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Index

Advanced Functional Materials

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Advanced Materials Series The Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, supramolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

Series Editor: Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden E-mail: [email protected]

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-99827-4

Preface

Functional materials are gaining significant attention in the areas of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. The parameters such as size, shape, and surface functions are critical to control the properties for different applications and, because of their unique properties, functional materials are very effective. A range of methods have been developed for preparation and functionalization of organic, inorganic, and hybrid structures, which are the necessary building blocks for the top-down as well as bottom-up architecture of various advanced functional materials. They possess unique physico-chemical properties such as large surface areas, good conductivity and mechanical strength, high thermal stability, and desirable flexibility, which together make a new type of materials phenomenon.

This book compiles the objectives related to functional materials and provides detailed reviews of fundamentals, novel production methods, and frontiers of functional materials, including metallic oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, discotic liquid crystalline dimers, calixarenes, crown ethers, chitosan, and graphene. After discussing the production and characterization of these materials, their uses and applications for sensitive chemiresistors, optical and electronic materials, solar hydrogen generation, supercapacitors, display and organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), functional adsorbents, and antimicrobial and biocompatible layer formation are highlighted.

This volume in the Advanced Materials Book Series includes 13 chapters divided into two main areas. In Part 1, Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design and Applications, distinguished researchers present recent efficient strategies such as nanocasting, spray pyrolysis, sol–gel, and wet chemical methods to develop functional metal oxides in respect to architecture, design, and applications; meanwhile, they summarize their uses as chemiresistors for sensitive detection of toxic chemicals, high-performance fuel cell electrodes of mesoporous materials through nanocasting route, spray-pyrolyzed thin-film solar cells, biomedical agent, solar hydrogen generators, and supercapacitors.

Part 2, Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers, includes several hybrid materials such as discotic liquid crystalline dimers, supramolecular nanoassemblies, carbon-based hybrid materials, organometal halide Perovskites, novel-architecture copolymers by gamma radiation, graphene, chitosan, and antimicrobial biopolymers. In this part, prominent authors present fundamental approaches for production of multifunctional hybrid materials while designating their frontier applications such as OLEDs, flexible displays, artificial receptors for detection platform, supercapacitors for advanced electrodes, photovoltaic applications, stimuli-responsive carriers for the sustained and targeted drug delivery, selective and efficient adsorbent materials, and antimicrobial surface.

The book is written for a wide readership, including university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry and chemical engineering, materials science and nanotechnology engineering, physics, life sciences, agriculture and biotechnology, petroleum and natural gas technology, forensic science, and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students but also as a review and reference book for researchers in the materials science, bioengineering, medical, physics, forensics, agriculture, biotechnology, and nanotechnology arenas. We hope that the chapters of this book will provide the reader with valuable insight into functional materials in respect to the fundamentals of architecture, design, and applications.

Editors Ashutosh Tiwari, PhD, DSc Lokman Uzun, PhD January 12, 2015

Part 1

FUNCTIONAL METAL OXIDES: ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN, AND APPLICATIONS

Chapter 1

Development of Toxic Chemicals Sensitive Chemiresistors Based on Metal Oxides, Conducting Polymers and Nanocomposites Thin Films

Sadia Ameen1, M. Shaheer Akhtar2, Hyung-Kee Seo1, and Hyung-Shik Shin*,1

1Energy Materials & Surface Science Laboratory, Solar Energy Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

2New & Renewable Energy Material Development Center (NewREC), Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Semiconductor materials in nanoscale are gaining a significant attention in the areas of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. The parameters such as size, shape, and surface characteristics are significant to control the properties for different applications and thus, semiconducting nanostructured materials of one dimension (1D) are effectively used to fabricate a variety of chemosensors. Particularly, the properties of semiconducting nanostructured materials are altered to achieve high flexibility in various applications. On the other hand, the conducting polymers like polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, and polyfuran are p-type semiconductors of unique electronic properties, low-energy optical transitions, low ionization potential, and high electron affinity, which are promising for the application of conductometric polymer sensors. The harmful chemicals such as volatile and non-volatile organics are extensively detected by the sensor technology. The sensitivity, selectivity, and stability are the most important aspects of investigation for a variety of sensors. Among several sensors, the electrochemical method provides the advantages of high sensitivity, wide linear range, economical, rapid response, portability, and ease of operating procedure.

In this chapter, we have briefly discussed the semiconducting metal oxides nanostructures like TiO2, ZnO, conducting polymers, and nano composites for the efficient detection of harmful and toxic chemicals. The chapter includes brief literature surveys, properties, and the latest research advancements for the development of various metal oxide nanostructures, nanocomposites, and conducting polymer-based nanomaterials as efficient electrode for detecting harmful chemical through the effective electrochemical technique. The modified electrodes with different inorganic, organic nanomaterials and nanocomposites are reviewed for the reliable and effective detection of harmful chemicals by electrochemical and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics.

Keywords: Semiconductor materials, nanoscale aspects, conducting polymer, nanocomposites thin films, chemiresistors, chemosensors

1.1 Introduction

In recent years, numerous intensive research efforts in the field of nanotechnology have shown great potential. There has been a significant improvement for the synthesis of desired organic/inorganic nanomaterials for the applications in areas of energy conversion, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, one-dimensional (1D) semiconducting nanostructured materials like nanotubes, nanorods, nanosheets, nanoballs, and other nanostructured materials have been widely applied for the fabrication of varieties of chemosensors. It is generally accepted that 1D nanostructure are ideal systems for exploring a large number of novel phenomena at nanoscale and investigating the size and dimensionality dependence of structure properties for potential applications [1]. Among the inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials, 1D metal oxide nanostructures are the focus of current research efforts in nanotechnology since they are the most common minerals on earth due to their special shapes, compositions, and chemical, and physical properties [2]. On the other hand, the nanocomposites generally contain more than one single component and achieve the properties which are different from those of single component nanomaterials and thus, could be widely used for the effective fabrication of chemiresistors to detect the harmful toxic chemicals. The conducting polymers like polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene, polyindol, polyaniline (PANI), and polyfuran are known p-type semiconductors with unique electronic properties, low energy optical transitions, low ionization potential and high electron affinity [3] and thus, widely used as sensitive materials for conductometric polymer sensors. The conducting polymers could be easily synthesized through simple chemical or electrochemical process and their conductivities could be altered by modifying the electronic structures through doping or de-doping procedures [4] and therefore, conducting polymers could suitably work as an effective working electrode and might offer the fast response toward the detection of various harmful chemicals. The sensor technology is popularly known for the detection of harmful chemicals and the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability are the most important aspect of investigation of a variety of sensors. Up to now, efforts have been made by controlling the sensors structures [5, 6], sensor fabrication techniques [7], and surface modification [8] to detect the toxic chemicals. Among several sensors like fluorescence based chemical sensors [9], chemically modified electrode chemical sensors [10] and chemiluminescence based sensors [11], the electrochemical method provides the advantages of high sensitivity, wide linear range, economical, rapid response, portability and ease of operating procedure [12, 13]. However, the electrochemical method is still a challenge to enhance the electron transfer rate over the surface of working electrode for sensors. Therefore, the modifications of the electrodes with different inorganic and organic nanomaterials could be promising for the reliable and effective detection of harmful chemicals by electrochemical and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. In this chapter, we have briefly discussed the semiconducting metal oxides nanostructures like TiO2, ZnO, conducting polymers, and nanocomposites for the efficient detection of harmful and toxic chemicals. The preparation methods, morphologies, the physical and chemical properties of metal oxides, nanocomposites, and conducting polymers have shown the significant impacts on the optical, electrical, and electronic properties of the nanomaterials and their performances for detecting the harmful chemicals. The chapter briefly surveys several metal oxides, nanocomposites and conducting polymers in terms of their processing, functionality, and applications in sensing the harmful chemicals. With addition, the recent literatures have been reviewed on the basis of morphology, structure, and physiochemical properties of TiO and ZnO nanostructured semiconductors with brief description on the recent literatures of their sensing applications. TiO and ZnO nanostructures based chemiresistors have shown comparable sensing performances. It has been noticed that the sensing performance are considerably affected by the preparation, morphology, and the electrical properties of semiconducting metal oxide.