Advanced Healthcare Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 848

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology. The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including: * State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health * Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors * The role of immunoassays * Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles * Diagnosis and treatment of cancer * Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery * Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease * Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue * Biodegradable porous hydrogels * Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care * Modified natural zeolites * Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane * Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials * Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

List of Contributors

Part 1: Functional Therapeutics

Chapter 1: Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology

1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems

1.3 Delivery Systems

1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis

1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles

1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers

1.7 Emulsion Polymerization

1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle

1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles

1.10 Drug Loading

1.11 Drug Release

1.12 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We are and Where We have to Go!

2.1 Cancer Pathology

2.2 Cancer Diagnosis

2.3 Treatment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems

3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications

3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications

3.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Nanoparticles

4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD

4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies

4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD

4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD

4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

Part 2: Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Chapter 5: Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles

5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles

5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood

5.5 Conclusion and Prospect

References

Chapter 6: The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays

6.3 Biosensors

6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications

6.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies

6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

Part 3: Translational Materials

Chapter 7: Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Experimental Techniques

7.3 Model Formulation

7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation

7.5 Discussion

7.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Appendix

References

Chapter 8: Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels

8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers

8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain

8.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Types of Hydrogels

9.3 Properties of Hydrogels

9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels

9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels

9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels

9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management

9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels

9.9 Conclusions

References

Part 4: Emerging Bio-Engineering Devices

Chapter 10: Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs)

10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients

10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application

10.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 11: Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo) Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels

11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels

11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels

11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels

11.6 Conclusions and Prospects

References

Chapter 12: Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applications in Biomedical Engineering

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Synthesis of PHAs

12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs

12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films

12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends

12.6 Summary

References

Chapter 13: Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care

13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology

13.2 Synthesis of MIPs

13.3 Application of MIPs

13.4 Biomimetic Molecules

13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition

13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors

13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems

13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science

13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies

13.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens

14.3 Immunoassays

14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays

14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results

14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments

Conclusion

References

Index

Advanced Healthcare Materials

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Advance Materials SeriesThe Advance Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, superamolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

Series Editor: Dr. Ashutosh TiwariBiosensors and Bioelectronics CentreLinköping UniversitySE-581 83 Linköping SwedenE-mail: [email protected]

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-77359-8

Preface

Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. Advanced Healthcare Materials summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of Advanced Materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. In this book we have highlighted the key features which enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. The latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology are also presented. In narrative outline, this volume of the Advanced Materials series includes fourteen chapters divided into four main areas: “Functional Therapeutics,” “Point-of-Care Diagnostics,” “Translational Materials” and “Up-and-Coming Bioengineering Devices.”

The chapter “Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application,” describes the synthesis and engineering of stimuli-responsive polymeric nanosystems and their use in sensors, logic operations, biomedicine, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, synthetic muscles, “smart” optical or microelectromechanical systems, membranes, electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. The chapter entitled “Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer - Where We Are and Where We Have to Go!” is an overview of new methods and technology such as functional nanoparticles-based drug delivery and diagnostics systems for overcoming obstacles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Also, exploratory fundamental and cutting-edge accounts of advanced materials including nanoparticles, nanopolymers, metal-organic frameworks and zeolites in drug delivery and diagnostics are presented in the chapter, “Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery.” Another chapter, “Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/ or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” focuses on the nanotheranostic approach to Alzheimer’s treatment.

The chapters “Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor” and “The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care,” cover the application of advanced healthcare materials for point-of-care diagnostics. The notable advantages and limitations of translational biomaterials are described in the chapters “Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization,” “Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels,” and “Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care.” Up-and-coming bioengineering devices are covered in the chapters entitled “Modified Natural Zeolites - Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application,” “Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications,” “Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applications in Biomedical Engineering,” “Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care,” and “The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening.”

This book has been written for a large readership including university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science, physics, pharmacy, medical science, and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook for both undergraduate and graduate students, but also as a review and reference book for researchers in materials science, bioengineering, medical, pharmacy, biotechnology and nanotechnology We hope the chapters of this book will provide readers with valuable insight into the important area of advanced healthcare materials, especially the cutting-edge technology in functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. The interdisciplinary nature of the topics in this book will help young researchers and senior academicians. The main credit for this book goes to the contributors who have comprehensively written their updated chapters in the field of Advanced Healthcare Materials.

Ashutosh Tiwari, PhD, DScLinköping, SwedenMarch 6, 2014

List of Contributors

Debbie P. Anderson works as a researcher in the Bioproducts and Bioprocesses National Science Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, and her research interests are centered around applications of biopolymers.

Sophia G. Antimisiaris is Professor in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras & FORTH/ICES, Patras), Greece

Peter R. Chang serves as a Research Scientist and Professor in the Bioproducts and Bioprocesses National Science Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, and his primary interests reside in functional systems derived from biopolymers.

Q.Z. Chen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Engineering at Monash University, Australia and works in the field of elastomeric biomaterials for applications in soft tissue engineering.

Aleksandra Daković is a Full Research Professor at the Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Belgrade, Serbia.

Arnab De is in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University where she obtained her PhD and researches in the interface of chemistry and biology.

Khalil Farhadi is a Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Urmia University, Iran.

Farnoush Faridbod is an Assistant Professor in analytical chemistry at the University of Tehran, Iran.

Luis P. Fonseca is an Associate Professor in the Department of Bioengineering of Institute Superior Tecnico at the University of Lisbon, Portugal and Senior Researcher of Bioengineering Research Group of the Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering in Lisbon.

Mehrdad Forough is a PhD Student in the Department of Chemistry, Urmia University, Iran.

Mohammad R. Ganjali is a Professor in the Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Tehran, Iran.

Rajiv Lochan Gaur is a Research Associate in the School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Jing Hao works as a researcher at the College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, China and her research interests focus on biomedical materials based on assembly.

Jin Huang is a full professor, College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, and his research interests include, but are not limited to, fabrication and application of assemblies and composites.

Alexander M. Korsunsky is a Professor of Engineering Science whose research group is based at Oxford and Harwell and pursues multi-scale modeling, multi-modal microscopy and “rich” tomography of biomaterials and engineered materials, including metallic alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites, and coatings.

Danina Krajišnik is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.

Chun Mao is a Professor at the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials at Nanjing Normal University, China and his research activities focus on surface modification, biomaterials and biological molecule detection.

Eleni Markoutsa is a PhD student in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece.

Jela Milić is a Full Professor at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.

Sushil Mishra is a graduate student pursuing his PhD in Dr. Mozumdar’s lab at the University of Delhi, India.

Rahim Molaei is a PhD Student in the Department of Chemistry, Urmia University, Iran.

Spyridon Mourtas is a Post-Doc Researcher in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece.

Subho Mozumdar is a pioneer of nanotechnology in India. He obtained his PhD from SUNY, Buffalo and continued his post-doctoral research at Johns Hopkins. In recognition of his discoveries, he recently became the Academic Editor of Plos One.

Parviz Norouzi is a Professor in the Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Tehran, Iran.

Stanley L. Okon is a Resident Physician in the Department of Psychiatry at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital located in Park Ridge, Illinois.

Konstantina Papadia is a PhD student in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece

Niina J. Ronkainen is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Benedictine University located in Lisle, Illinois, USA.

George E. Rottinghaus is Clinical Professor at the Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.

Yasaman Shaabani is a MSc Student at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Iran.

Jian Shen is a Leader at the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials at Nanjing Normal University, China and his current research areas are anticoagulant materials and biomaterials.

Athanassios Skouras, PhD student in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece.

M. Sirousazar is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.

Richa Srivastava works in the Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.

Chong Sun is a doctoral candidate at Nanjing Normal University of Science and Technology, China and her current research interests are nanomaterials and electrochemistry analytical methods.

Tan Sui is a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, and specializes in imaging, structural analysis and modeling of mineralized biological tissues.

Fernando Teles works as an Assistant Researcher at the Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal with the tasks of Science Manager of the Institute and Microbiology Researcher at its Unit of Medical Microbiology.

Xiaobo Wang is a doctoral candidate at Nanjing Normal University, China and her current research interests are surface modification and biomaterials.

C.H. Zhu is a PhD candidate in the Department of Materials Engineering at Monash University, Australia.

Part 1

FUNCTIONAL THERAPEUTICS

Chapter 1

Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

Arnab De2, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar1,*

1Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India

2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, USA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Biological systems consist largely of regulation systems; these natural feedback regulation systems are very important to stabilize such non-equilibrium systems like a living organism. One example is release of hormones from secretory cells, which is regulated by physiological cycles or by specific input signals. It is not surprising that regenerative medicine and drug delivery are also utilizing similar responsive strategies in a biomimetic fashion. During the last two decades, scientists have been trying to mimic nature in designing “smart” synthetic materials from various functional molecular building blocks that respond to stimuli such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, light, electric or magnetic field, chemical and biochemical stimuli in order to mediate molecular transport, shape changes, tune adhesion and wettability, or to induce signal transduction of (bio-)chemical or physical stimuli into mechanical, optical or electrical responses. Biomimetic approaches have been employed in the design, synthesis and engineering of stimuli-responsive polymeric systems, which undergo reversible abrupt phase transitions upon variation of a variable around a critical point and their use in a plethora of applications, including sensors, logic operations, biomedicine, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, synthetic muscles, “smart” optical or microelectromechanical systems, membranes, electronics and self-cleaning surfaces has been explored.

Keywords: Biological systems, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, biomedical applications

1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology has emerged in the last decades of the 20th century with the development of new enabling technologies for imaging, manipulating, and simulating matter at the atomic scale. The frontier of nanotechnology research and development encompasses a broad range of science and engineering activities directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices and systems that exploit the properties of matter that emerge at the nanoscale. The results promise benefits that will shift paradigms in biomedicine (e.g., imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention); energy (e.g., conversion and storage); electronics (e.g., computing and displays); manufacturing; environmental remediation; and many other categories of products and applications.

Amongst leading scientists, there is growing awareness about the tremendous impact this field will have on society and the economy. It is forecasted to become possibly even more important than, for example, the invention of the steam engine or the discovery of penicillin.

The landmark lecture by eminent Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman in 1959 entitled “There’s plenty of room at the bottom,” brought life (to) the concept of nanotechnology, which has been influencing all the different fields of research involving hard core science such as chemistry, physics, and other applied fields of science, such as electronics, materials science and biomedical science, agrochemicals, medicine and pharmaceutical sciences etc. [1].

Nanotechnology and nanoscience are widely seen as having a great potential to bring benefits to many areas of research and applications. They are attracting increasing investments from governments and private sector businesses in many parts of the world. Concurrently, the application of nanoscience is raising new challenges in the safety, regulatory, and ethical domains that will require extensive debates on all levels.

The prefix nano is derived from the Greek word dwarf. One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter, that is, 10−9 m. The term “nanotechnology” was first used in 1974, when Norio Taniguchi, a scientist at the University of Tokyo, Japan, referred to materials in nanometers.

At the nanometer scale, the physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials are fundamentally different from those of individual atoms, molecules, and bulk materials. They differ significantly from other materials due to two major principal factors: the increased surface area and quantum effects. A larger surface area usually results in more reactive chemical properties and also affects the mechanical or electrical properties of the materials: At the nanoscale, quantum effects dominate the behaviors of a material, affecting its optical, electrical and magnetic properties. By exploiting these novel properties, the main purpose of research and development in nanotechnology is to understand and create materials, devices and systems with improved characteristics and performances [2].

1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems

The nanoparticulate system comprises of particles or droplets in the sub-micron range, i.e., below 1 μm, in an aqueous suspension or emulsion, respectively. This small size of the inner phase gives such a system unique properties in terms of appearance and application. The particles are too small for sedimentation; they are held in suspension by the Brownian motion of the water molecules. They have a large overall surface area and their dispersions provide a high solid content at low viscosity.