Advanced Internet Protocols, Services, and Applications E-Book

Eiji Oki

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 392

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Today, the internet and computer networking are essential parts of business, learning, and personal communications and entertainment. Virtually all messages or transactions sent over the internet are carried using internet infrastructure- based on advanced internet protocols. Advanced internet protocols ensure that both public and private networks operate with maximum performance, security, and flexibility.

This book is intended to provide a comprehensive technical overview and survey of advanced internet protocols, first providing a solid introduction and going on to discuss internetworking technologies, architectures and protocols. The book also shows application of the concepts in next generation networks and discusses protection and restoration, as well as various tunnelling protocols and applications. The book ends with a thorough discussion of emerging topics.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Audience

Organization

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Chapter 1: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview

1.1 Fundamental Architecture

1.2 Internet Protocol Basics

1.2.1 Packet Header

1.2.2 Internet Protocol Address

1.2.3 Internet Protocol Classification

1.2.4 Subnet and its Masking

1.2.5 Subnet Calculation

1.3 Routing

1.3.1 Routing Across Providers

1.3.2 Routing within Edge Networks

1.3.3 Routing Scalability

References

Chapter 2: Transport-Layer Protocols

2.1 Transmission Control Protocol

2.1.1 Transmission Control Protocol Header Structure

2.1.2 Three-Way Handshake

2.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol Flow Control and Congestion Control

2.1.4 Port Number

2.2 User Datagram Protocol

2.2.1 User Datagram Protocol Header Structure

2.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol

2.3.1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Packet Structure

2.3.2 Security: Prevention of SYN Attacks

2.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol

2.4.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol Header Structure

References

Chapter 3: Internet Architecture

3.1 Internet Exchange Point

3.2 History of Internet Exchange Points

3.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships

3.4 Peering and Transit

References

Chapter 4: IP Routing Protocols

4.1 Overview of Routing Protocols

4.1.1 Interior Gateway Protocol

4.1.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol

4.2 Routing Information Protocol

4.2.1 Routing Information Protocol Header Format

4.2.2 Update of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol

4.2.3 Maintenance of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol

4.2.4 Split Horizon

4.2.5 Limitations of Routing Information Protocol

4.3 Open Shortest Path First

4.3.1 Shortest-Path Algorithm

4.3.2 Hierarchical Routing

4.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Packet Format

4.3.4 Comparison of Routing Information Protocol and Open Shortest Path First

4.4 Border Gateway Protocol

4.4.1 Border Gateway Protocol Message Flows

4.4.2 Border Gateway Protocol Policy Selection Attributes

References

Chapter 5: Multiprotocol Label Switching

5.1 Overview

5.2 Functions and Mechanisms

5.3 Applicabilities

References

Chapter 6: IP Quality Of Service

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4

6.3 Integrated Services

6.3.1 Packet Scheduler

6.3.2 Packet Classifier

6.3.3 Admission Control

6.3.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)

6.4 Differentiated Services

6.5 Quality of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels

6.5.1 Drawbacks of Explicit Endpoint Admission Control with Path Selection

6.5.2 OSPF-Based Adaptive and Flexible Quality of Service Provisioning

6.5.3 Combination of Security and Quality of Service

6.5.4 Path Selection Algorithm Analysis

References

Chapter 7: IP Multicast and Anycast

7.1 Addressing

7.1.1 Multicast Addressing

7.1.2 Differences between Multicasting and Multiple Unicasting

7.2 Multicast Routing

7.2.1 Optimal Routing: Shortest-Path Trees

7.2.2 Unicast Routing

7.2.3 Multicast Routing

7.3 Routing Protocols

7.3.1 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)

7.3.2 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

7.3.3 Core-Based Tree (CBT) Protocol

7.3.4 Protocol-Independent Multicast

7.3.5 Simple Multicast Routing Protocol

7.4 Anycasting

7.4.1 Architectural Issues

7.4.2 Anycast Addresses

7.4.3 Differences between the Services Offered by IP Multicasting and IP Anycasting

7.5 IPv6 Anycast Routing Protocol: Protocol-Independent Anycast—Sparse Mode

References

Chapter 8: Layer-2 Transport over Packet

8.1 Draft-Martini Signaling and Encapsulation

8.1.1 Functionality

8.1.2 Encapsulation

8.1.3 Protocol-Specific Encapsulation

8.2 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol

8.2.1 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3

8.2.2 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge

References

Chapter 9: Virtual Private Wired Service

9.1 Types of Private Wire Services

9.1.1 Layer-2 Virtual Private Services: Wide Area Networks and Local Area Networks

9.1.2 Virtual Private Wire Service

9.1.3 Virtual Private Multicast Service

9.1.4 IP-Only Layer-2 Virtual Private Network

9.1.5 Internet Protocol Security

9.2 Generic Routing Encapsulation

9.3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol

9.4 Layer-3 Virtual Private Network 2547bis, Virtual Router

9.4.1 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

References

Chapter 10: IP and Optical Networking

10.1 IP/Optical Network Evolution

10.1.1 Where Networking is Today

10.1.2 Where Networking is Going

10.2 Challenges in Legacy Traditional IP/Optical Networks

10.2.1 Proprietary Network Management Systems

10.2.2 Complexity of Provisioning in Legacy IP/Optical Networks

10.3 Automated Provisioning in IP/Optical Networks

10.4 Control Plane Models for IP/Optical Networking

10.4.1 Optical Internetworking Forum's Optical User Network Interface: Overlay Model

10.4.2 Internet Engineering Task Force's Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: Peer Model

10.5 Next-Generation MultiLayer Network Design Requirements

10.6 Benefits and Challenges in IP/Optical Networking

References

Chapter 11: IP Version 6

11.1 Addresses in IP Version 6

11.1.1 Unicast IP Addresses

11.1.2 Multicast IP Addresses

11.2 IP Packet Headers

11.3 IP Address Resolution

11.4 IP Version 6 Deployment: Drivers and Impediments

11.4.1 Need for Backwards Compatibility

11.4.2 Initial Deployment Drivers

11.4.3 Reaching a Critical Mass

References

Chapter 12: IP Traffic Engineering

12.1 Models of Traffic Demands

12.2 Optimal Routing with Multiprotocol Label Switching

12.2.1 Overview

12.2.2 Applicability of Optimal Routing

12.2.3 Network Model

12.2.4 Optimal Routing Formulations with Three Models

12.3 Link-Weight Optimization with Open Shortest Path First

12.3.1 Overview

12.3.2 Examples of Routing Control with Link Weights

12.3.3 Link-Weight Setting Against Network Failure

12.4 Extended Shortest-Path-Based Routing Schemes

12.4.1 Smart–Open Shortest Path First

12.4.2 Two-Phase Routing

12.4.3 Fine Two-Phase Routing

12.4.4 Features of Routing Schemes

References

Chapter 13: IP Network Security

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack

13.2.1 Backscatter Analysis

13.2.2 Multilevel Tree or Online Packet Statistics

13.3 IP Traceback

13.3.1 IP Traceback Solutions

13.4 Edge Sampling Scheme

13.5 Advanced Marking Scheme

References

Chapter 14: Mobility Support for IP

14.1 Mobility Management Approaches

14.1.1 Host Routes

14.1.2 Tunneling

14.1.3 Route Optimization

14.2 Security Threats Related to IP Mobility

14.2.1 Impersonation

14.2.2 Redirection-Based Flooding

14.2.3 Possible Solutions

14.3 Mobility Support in IPv6

14.4 Reactive Versus Proactive Mobility Support

14.5 Relation to Multihoming

14.6 Protocols Supplementing Mobility

14.6.1 Router and Subnet Prefix Discovery

14.6.2 Movement Detection

14.6.3 IP Address Configuration

14.6.4 Neighbor Unreachability Detection

14.6.5 Internet Control Message Protocol for IP Version 6

14.6.6 Optimizations

14.6.7 Media-Independent Handover Services

References

Index

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Oki, Eiji, 1969–

Advanced Internet protocols, services, and applications / Eiji Oki, Roberto Rojas-Cessa, Mallikarjun Tatipamula, and Christian Vogt.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-49903-0

1. Computer network protocols. I. Rojas-Cessa, Roberto. II. Tatipamula, Mallikarjun. III. Vogt, Christian (Marketing executive) IV. Title.

TK5105.55.O54 2012

004.6-dc23

2011048524

Preface

Today, the Internet and computer networking are essential to business, learning, personal communication, and entertainment. The infrastructure that carries virtually all messages and transactions sent over the Internet is based on advanced Internet protocols. These advanced Internet protocols ensure that both public and private networks operate with maximum performance, security, and flexibility.

This book is intended to provide a comprehensive technical overview and survey of advanced Internet protocols. First, a solid introduction and discussion of internetworking technologies, architectures, and protocols is provided. The book also presents the application of these concepts into next-generation networks and discusses protection and restoration as well as various tunneling protocols and applications. Finally, emerging topics are discussed.

This book covers basic concepts in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP), Internet architecture, IP routing protocols including transport-layer protocols, IP version 6, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), networking services such as IP Quality of Service (QoS), IP Multicast, anycast, Layer-2 and Layer-3 virtual private networks (L2VPN and L3VPN), and applications such as IP over Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), IP traffic engineering, IP in mobility, and IP network security.

Although there are no strict prerequisites for reading this book, a data communication background would be helpful. All the concepts in this book are developed from basics on an intuitive basis, with further insight provided through examples of real-world networks, services, and applications. The authors are well-experienced researchers and engineers from both industry and academia.

Dr. Mallikarjun Tatipamula first offered a course on Advanced Internet Protocols to graduate students at a number of leading universities in addition to tutorials at various conferences. The positive response from students xi triggered the idea of writing this book with the objective of setting a strong foundation for students regarding Internet protocols.

The authors have developed some of the contents of this book in their graduate courses and seminars in their universities and organizations. These contents have been improved, thanks to feedback from students and industry colleagues. The courses in which this material has been used have attracted both academic and industrial practitioners, as the Internet and computer networking are key topics in the information technology industry. These are people interested in the principles of the Internet and advanced networking technologies, including designing networks and network elements and being able to consult network designers in order to satisfy their customers' needs.

Audience

This book is intended for graduate students, R&D managers, software and hardware engineers, system engineers, and telecommunications and networking professionals. This book will interest those who are currently active or anticipate future involvement in internetworking and are seeking a broad understanding and comprehensive technical overview of Internet technologies, architectures, and protocols including current status and future direction.

Organization

The book is organized as follows.

Chapter 1 describes Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP), which is an Internet protocol stack that enables communications between two computers, or hosts, through the Internet. It is a collection of different protocols. A protocol is a set of rules that controls the way data is sent between hosts.Chapter 2 explains protocols in the transport layer, which is the fourth layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. Transparent transfer of data between end users using services of the network layer is provided. The well-known protocols in this layer are TCP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), and Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).Chapter 3 describes Internet architecture, including basic Internet topology, Internet exchange points (IXPs), the history of IXPs, and the principles of Internet relationships and Internet service providers (ISPs).Chapter 4 describes IP routing protocol including an overview of Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) and Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs). Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is covered as an IGP, and Boarder Gateway Protocol (BGP) is covered as an EGP.Chapter 5 describes Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technologies, which enable networks to perform traffic engineering, resident communications, virtual private networks, Ethernet emulation, and so on. First, an overview to MPLS is given. Next, the functions and mechanisms of MPLS are described. Finally, MPLS applicabilities are discussed.Chapter 6 presents a myriad of concepts and paradigms used to provision quality of service by the Internet. It includes discussions on the implementation of mechanisms of traffic differentiators and policy and traffic policers and regulators. The discussion includes Diffserv, IntServ, and a combination of both as developed by recent research.Chapter 7 describes IP multicast and anycast. The majority of the traffic on the Internet is unicast: one source device sending to one destination device. However, where the number of receivers is more than one, multicast traffic can be transmitted over the Internet in ways that avoid loading the network with excessive traffic. The multicast mechanisms present the possibility of having multiple receivers for routing and packet delivery.Chapter 8 presents several Layer-2 encapsulation protocols. These encapsulation protocols are used to allow Layer-2 connectivity through nonadjacent networks. These protocols allow remote networks to communicate as if they were in the same network. Several examples of these encapsulation protocols are presented including Martini, Layer-2 Transport, and Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge protocol.Chapter 9 introduces point-to-point virtual connectivity and virtual broadcast access connectivity, such as virtual local area networks (LANs). Layer-2 virtual private network over transport can provide several features such as redundancy against failures and controlled connectivity through a packet-switched network or Generalized MPLS (GMPLS). Multiple Layer-2 access protocols can be virtually emulated.Chapter 10 introduces the multilayer network evolution, followed by discussion on limitations in current legacy networks, automated provisioning in IP/optical networks, the proposed control plane techniques in the industry, key design requirements for next-generation multilayer IP/optical networks, and comparisons of the proposed control plane models against these key design requirements.Chapter 11 describes the main differences between IPv4 and IPv6, investigates the reasons for the lagging uptake of IPv6 so far, and explains why, contrary to widespread belief, IPv6's large address space alone is insufficient to drive early IPv6 deployment.Chapter 12 describes several routing schemes to maximize the network utilization for various traffic demand models for MPLS and OSPF technologies. One useful approach to enhancing routing performance is to minimize the maximum link utilization rate, also called the network congestion ratio, of all network links. Minimizing the network congestion ratio leads to an increase in admissible traffic.Chapter 13 discusses some popular threats and how they exploit protocol vulnerabilities. Some counter measures, based on additional algorithms that either work as an application or as a protocol at the network or transport layers, are discussed including methods to trace back threatening hosts.Chapter 14 explains the different ways of augmenting the Internet for mobility support, as well as the security threats that need to be considered as part of this. The relationship between mobility and multihoming will be explored further. The chapter also gives an overview of auxiliary protocols that play a fundamental role in IP mobility management.

Eiji OkiRoberto Rojas-CessaMallikarjun TatipamulaChristian Vogt

Acknowledgments

This book could not have been published without the help of many people. We thank them for their efforts in improving the quality of the book. We have done our best to accurately describe advanced Internet protocols, services, and applications as well as the basic concepts. We alone are responsible for any remaining errors. If any error is found, please send an e-mail to [e-mail] and [e-mail]. We will correct them in future editions.

Several chapters of the book are based on our research works. We would like to thank the people who have contributed materials to some chapters, especially Dr. Nattapong Kitsuwan (UEC Tokyo), Mohammad Kamrul Islam (UEC Tokyo), Khondaker M. Salehin (New Jersey Institute of Technology), and Tuhina Sarkar (New Jersey Institute of Technology).

The entire manuscript draft was reviewed by Katsuhiro Amako (UEC Tokyo), Dr. Neda Beheshti (Ericsson), Komlan Egoh (New Jersey Institute of Technology), Prof. Ziqian Dong (New York Institute of Technology), Agostinho A. Jose (UEC Tokyo), Prof. Chuan-Bi Lin (Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan), Abu Hena Al Muktadir (UEC Tokyo), Ihsen Aziz Ouédraogo (UEC Tokyo), Dr. Kiran Yedavalli (Ericsson), and Dr. Ying Zhang (Ericsson). We are immensely grateful for their comments and suggestions.

Eiji wishes to thank his wife, Naoko, his daughter, Kanako, and his son, Shunji, for their love and support. Roberto would like to thank his wife, Vatcharapan, and his children, Marco and Nelli, for their unconditional understanding, love, and support. Mallikarjun is grateful to his wife, Latha, and his children, Sashank, Santosh, and Vaishnavi, for their love and support.

Eiji OkiRoberto Rojas-CessaMallikarjun TatipamulaChristian Vogt

About the Authors

Eiji Oki is an Associate Professor at the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan. He received his Bachelor and Master of Engineering degrees in Instrumentation Engineering and a Doctorate of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering from Keio University, Yokohama, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1999, respectively. In 1993, he joined Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Communication Switching Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan. He has been researching network design and control, traffic-control methods, and high-speed switching systems. From 2000 to 2001, he was a Visiting Scholar at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, New York, where he was involved in designing terabit switch/router systems. He was engaged in researching and developing high-speed optical IP backbone networks with NTT Laboratories. He joined the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan, in July 2008. He has been active in standardization of path computation element (PCE) and GMPLS in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). He wrote 11 IETF RFCs. He served as a guest co-editor for the special issue on “Multi-Domain Optical Networks: Issues and Challenges,” June 2008, in IEEE Communications Magazine; a guest co-editor for the special issue on Routing, “Path Computation and Traffic Engineering in Future Internet,” December 2007, in the Journal of Communications and Networks; a guest co-editor for the special section on “Photonic Network Technologies in Terabit Network Era,” April 2011, in IEICE Transactions on Communications; a Technical Program Committee (TPC) Co-Chair for the Workshop on High-Performance Switching and Routing in 2006 and 2010; a Track Co-Chair on Optical Networking for ICCCN 2009; a TPC Co-Chair for the International Conference on IP+Optical Network (iPOP 2010); and a Co-Chair of Optical Networks and Systems Symposium for IEEE ICC 2011. Professor Oki was the recipient of the 1998 Switching System Research Award and the 1999 Excellent Paper Award presented by IEICE, the 2001 xvii Asia-Pacific Outstanding Young Researcher Award presented by IEEE Communications Society for his contribution to broadband network, ATM, and optical IP technologies, and the 2010 Telecom System Technology Prize by the Telecommunications Advanced Foundation. He has co-authored two books, Broadband Packet Switching Technologies, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, in 2001, and GMPLS Technologies, published by CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, in 2005. He is an IEEE Senior Member.

Roberto Rojas-Cessa received a Master of Computer Engineering degree and a Doctorate of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, New York. He also received a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the Research and Advanced Studies Center (CIVESTAV) in Mexico. He received his Bachelor of Science in Electronic Instrumentation from Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey. He was an Adjunct Professor and a Research Associate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He has been involved in design and implementation of application-specific integrated-circuits (ASIC) for biomedical applications and high-speed computer communications, and in the development of high-performance and scalable packet switches and reliable switches. He was part of the team designing a 40 Tb/s core router at Coree, Inc. in Tinton Falls, NJ. His research interests include high-speed switching and routing, fault tolerance, quality-of-service networks, network measurements, and distributed systems. His research has been funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Industry. He was the recipient of the Advance in Research Excellence of the ECE Department in 2004. He has served on several technical committees for IEEE conferences and as a reviewer for several IEEE journals. He has been a reviewer and panelist for the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. He has more than 10 years of experience in teaching Internet protocols and computer communications. Currently, he is the Director of the Networking Research Laboratory at the ECE Department and the Coordinator of the Networking Research Focus Area Group of the same department.

Mallikarjun Tatipamula is Head of Packet Technologies Research, Ericsson Silicon Valley. He leads a research team and is responsible for innovation and implementation of leading-edge technologies including Openflow, next-generation routing architectures, application-aware networking, and Cloud computing, networking, and services. He closely works with leaders from universities, research and education networks, and service providers around the world. Prior to his role at Ericsson, he was Vice President and Head of Service Provider Sector at Juniper Networks, Sunnyvale, California. His team responsibilities include new technologies, architectures, standards, solutions, and creation of business strategy for the implementation of next-generation products in content delivery network/video, Cloud, IP/optical integration, security, mobility, and convergence. Prior to Juniper, he was with Cisco systems for over eight years and made active contributions to the Cisco IP NGN strategy. These contributions include Service Exchange Framework, IMS/FMC, advanced technologies such as IPv6, GMPLS, multicast, along with his contributions in the early days of VoIP, mobile wireless and IP/optical integration that led to definition and implementation plans. Prior to Cisco, Mallikarjun was a principal engineer at Motorola in the Cellular Infrastructure Group. He was responsible for defining system architecture for advanced wireless and satellite systems. From 1993 to 1997 he was a senior member of the scientific staff at BNR (now Nortel), Ottawa, responsible for development of Nortel's optical (OC12/OC48) products and involved in the development of the Nortel CDMA Base Station. From 1990 to 1992, Mallikarjun was with Indian Telephone Industries as an Assistant Executive Engineer in Optical Transmission R&D Laboratories and Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, as a Senior Project Officer in the Fiber Optics Labs, responsible for development of optical data links. He is a key note speaker at leading telecommunications and networking events. Mallikarjun obtained Doctorate of Philosophy in Information Science and Technology from the University of Tokyo, Japan, a Master of Science in Communication Systems and High Frequency Technologies from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, and a Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from NIT, Warangal, India. Mallikarjun has authored or coauthored a number of patents and publications with leaders from NRENs and service providers. He is a trusted partner, advisor, and thought leader. Mallikarjun is a lead editor for “Multimedia Communication Networks: Technologies and Services,” by Artech House Publishers. He is a senior member of IEEE and his biography appeared in Marquis Who is Who in the World, Who is Who in America, and Who is Who Science and Engineering. Mallikarjun delivered distinguished lectures at leading universities including Stanford University, the University of Tokyo, the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tsing Hua University, Beijing University, China, and IIT Delhi.

Christian Vogt is a Senior Marketing Manager at Ericsson Silicon Valley. He works on product and marketing strategies regarding the convergence of wireless and wireline networks, and their transition from IP version 4 to 6. His technical interests further include Internet routing and addressing, IP mobility and multihoming, related security aspects, as well as next-generation Internet architectures. As part of this work, Christian co-chairs the Internet Area and Source Address Validation Improvements working groups in the Internet Engineering Task Force. Christian received his doctoral degree from the University of Karlsruhe in Germany in 2007 for his dissertation on efficient and secure mobility support in IP version 6. He also holds a Master of Science in Computer Science from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and a German Diplom in Computer Science from the University of Bonn. Currently, Christian is pursuing an Executive Master of Business Administration degree at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.

Chapter 1

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview