Advances in Computed Tomography for Geomaterials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 646

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This title discusses a broad range of issues related to the use of computed tomography in geomaterials and geomechanics. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, including deformation and strain localization in soils, rocks and sediments; fracture and damage assessment in rocks, asphalt and concrete; transport in porous media; oil and gas exploration and production; neutron tomography and other novel experimental and analytical techniques; image-based computational modeling; and software and visualization tools.

As such, this will be valuable reading for anyone interested in the application of computed tomography to geomaterials from both fundamental and applied perspectives.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Foreword

Sand Deformation at the Grain Scale Quantified Through X-ray Imaging

1. Introduction

2. Experimental setup, testing program and materials tested

3. Continuum and discrete volumetric digital image correlation

4. Selected results

5. Conclusions

6. References

Quantitative Description of Grain Contacts in a Locked Sand

1. Introduction

2. Locked sand

3. Material and methods

4. Image analysis

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

7. References

3D Characterization of Particle Interaction Using Synchrotron Microtomography

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Particle sliding and rotation during shear

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgments

6. References

Characterization of the Evolving Grain-Scale Structure in a Sand Deforming under Triaxial Compression

1. Introduction

2. Experimental set-up and material

3. Data analysis: characterization of structural evolution

4. Conclusions

5. References

Visualization of Strain Localization and Microstructures in Soils during Deformation Using Microfocus X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Microfocus x-ray CT

3. Visualization of strain localization in soil specimens

4. Microstructures in sand specimens

5. Conclusions

6. References

Determination of 3D Displacement Fields between X-ray Computed Tomography Images Using 3D Cross-Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Cross-correlation technique for pure displacements

3. An interactive computer code to find 3D displacement fields

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Characterization of Shear and Compaction Bands in Sandstone Using X-ray Tomography and 3D Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Full field non-destructive techniques

3. Experimental work: materials studied and experimental program

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Deformation Characteristics of Tire Chips-Sand Mixture in Triaxial Compression Test by Using X-ray CT Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Deformation characteristics of rubber particle aggregate

3. Deformation characteristics of tire chips and sand mixture

4. Conclusions

5. References

Strain Field Measurements in Sand under Triaxial Compression Using X-ray CT Data and Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Summary of test procedure

3. Image analysis

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusions

6. References

Latest Developments in 3D Analysis of Geomaterials by Morpho+

1. Introduction

2. Morpho+

3. Conclusions

4. Acknowledgements

5. References

Quantifying Particle Shape in 3D

1. Introduction to particle shape in 3D

2. Measuring particle shape – experiment and mathematical analysis

3. Examples of particle shape analysis

4. Future research

5. References

3D Aggregate Evaluation Using Laser and X-ray Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Laser and x-ray scanning systems for aggregate evaluations

3. Data analysis and results

4. Conclusions

5. References

Computation of Aggregate Contact Points, Orientation and Segregation in Asphalt Specimens Using their X-ray CT Images

1. Introduction

2. Materials and characteristics of the x-ray CT equipment

3. Image processing procedure to segment aggregates

4. Calculation of aggregate-to-aggregate contact points

5. Calculation of the orientation of aggregates

6. Calculation of the segregation of aggregates

7. Conclusions

8. References

Integration of 3D Imaging and Discrete Element Modeling for Concrete Fracture Problems

1. Introduction

2. Instrumentation and experiments

3. Lattice formulation and simulation

4. Examination of specimens with spherical inclusions

5. Summary

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Application of Microfocus X-ray CT to Investigate the Frost-induced Damage Process in Cement-based Materials

1. Introduction

2. Experimental procedure

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgments

6. References

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Self-healing in Concrete by Means of µ-CT

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Quantification of Material Constitution in Concrete by X-ray CT Method

1. Introduction

2. X-ray CT method

3. X-ray CT image and CT value

4. Quantification method for material constitution in concrete

5. Application to concrete specimen

6. Conclusions

7. References

Sealing Behavior of Fracture in Cementitious Material with Micro-Focus X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Sample

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Extraction of Effective Cement Paste Diffusivities from X-ray Microtomography Scans

1. Introduction

2. Numerical results

3. Correction for unresolved submicron features

4. Conclusions

5. References

Contributions of X-ray CT to the Characterization of Natural Building Stones and their Disintegration

1. Introduction

2. Methods and instrumentation

3. Materials

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusion

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Characterization of Porous Media in Agent Transport Simulation

1. Introduction

2. X-ray CT scan of porous building materials

3. 3D image reconstruction

4. Quantitative estimate of material properties based on x-ray scans

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Two Less-Used Applications of Petrophysical CT-Scanning

1. Introduction

2. Dual energy CT for core characterization

3. Saturation calculation during multiphase flow

4. Conclusions

5. References

Trends in CT-Scanning of Reservoir Rocks

1. Introduction

2. Petroleum engineering applications of micro CT-scanning

3. Typical workflow for determining petrophysical properties using micro CT

4. Results for carbonate reservoir data

5. Discussion

6. Acknowledgments

7. References

3D Microanalysis of Geological Samples with High-Resolution Computed Tomography

1. Introduction

2. High resolution CT

3. Possible resolution and detail detectability

4. Results

5. Summary

6. Acknowledgments

7. References

Combination of Laboratory Micro-CT and Micro-XRF on Geological Objects

1. Introduction

2. Experimental setup

3. Results

4. Conclusion

5. References

Quantification of Physical Properties of the Transitional Phenomena in Rock from X-ray CT Image Data

1. Introduction

2. Employed x-ray CT scanner

3. Analysis of tracer advection and diffusion process in porous rock

4. Analysis of CO2 replacement ratio in porous rock

5. Conclusions

6. References

Deformation in Fractured Argillaceous Rock under Seepage Flow Using X-ray CT and Digital Image Correlation

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results and discussions

4. Conclusions

5. References

Experimental Investigation of Rate Effects on Two-Phase Flow through Fractured Rocks Using X-ray Computed Tomography

1. Introduction

2. Experiment design

3. Experimental procedure

4. Determination of porosity and fluid saturation

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Micro-Petrophysical Experiments Via Tomography and Simulation

1. Introduction

2. Work flow

3. Material phase segmentation

4. Registration

5. Case studies

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Segmentation of Low-contrast Three-phase X-ray Computed Tomography Images of Porous Media

1. Introduction

2. Anisotropic diffusion

3. Indicator kriging

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusion

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

X-ray Imaging of Fluid Flow in Capillary Imbibition Experiments

1. Introduction

2. Description of the selected rocks and methodology

3. Comparison of capillary parameters and microstructural interpretation

4. Influence of mechanical compaction on capillary processes

5. Influence of stress-induced compaction bands

6. Conclusion

7. References

Evaluating the Influence of Wall-Roughness on Fracture Transmissivity with CT Scanning and Flow Simulations

1. Introduction

2. Conversion of CT data to CFD models

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

In Situ Permeability Measurements inside Compaction Bands Using X-ray CT and Lattice Boltzmann Calculations

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

3. X-ray CT images and porosity measurements

4. Permeability measurements with lattice Boltzmann method

5. Conclusions and perspectives

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Evaluation of Porosity in Geomaterials Treated with Biogrout Considering Partial Volume Effect

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Results

4. Evaluation of porosity

5. Conclusion

6. References

Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Using the Finite Element Method

1. Introduction

2. Pore-scale modeling techniques

3. Image-based FEM modeling

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Numerical Modeling of Complex Porous Media For Borehole Applications

1. Introduction

2. Pore geometry and open issues for the carbonate

3. Numerical NMR relaxometry

4. Diffusion-Flow propagators

5. References

Characterization of Soil Erosion due to Infiltration into Capping Layers in Landfill

1. Introduction

2. Experimental overview

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. References

On Pore Space Partitioning in Relation to Network Model Building for Fluid Flow Computation in Porous Media

1. Introduction

2. Skeletonisation and digitisation artefacts

3. Graph and post-processing

4. Delimitation and validation

5. Conclusions

6. References

3D and Geometric Information of the Pore Structure in Pressurized Clastic Sandstone

1. Introduction

2. Inner pore structure and permeability of comparison Berea sandstone and Shirahama sandstone

3. Outline of the 3DMA method

4. Microfocus x-ray CT apparatus and geometric information of intact and stressed Shirahama sandstone

5. Conclusion

6. References

Evaluation of Pressure-dependent Permeability in Rock by Means of the Tracer-aided X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. The tracer-aided water permeation test system

3. Theoretical consideration

4. Analysis of water flow upon the image processing

5. Estimation of the permeability of rock

6. Conclusions

7. References

Assessment of Time-Space Evolutions of Intertidal Flat Geo-Environments Using an Industrial X-ray CT Scanner

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Neutron Imaging Methods in Geoscience

1. Introduction

2. Method

3. Comparing neutron and X-ray imaging

4. Applications

5. Neutron imaging world-wide

6. Summary

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

Progress Towards Neutron Tomography at the US Spallation Neutron Source

1. Introduction

2. Spallation Neutron Source and proposed VENUS tomography beamline

3. Acknowledgments

4. References

Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Tomography and Geological CO2 Sequestration

1. Introduction

2. Description of beamline 8.3.2

3. Imaging of Frio sandstone

4. Imaging of CaCO3 precipitation

5. Conclusions

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

Residual CO2 Saturation Distributions in Rock Samples Measured by X-ray CT

1. Introduction

2. Experiments

3. Results

4. Conclusions

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

X-ray CT Imaging of Coal for Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results

4. Conclusion

5. References

Comparison of X-ray CT and Discrete Element Method in the Evaluation of Tunnel Face Failure

1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Comparison and discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

6. References

Plugging Mechanism of Open-Ended Piles

1. Introduction

2. Visualization of the plugging phenomenon

3. Ground behavior around the pile toe

4. Deformation analysis using PIV

5. Expected plugging mechanism of open-ended piles

6. Conclusions

7. References

Development of a Bending Test Apparatus for Quasi-dynamical Evaluation of a Clayey Soil Using X-ray CT Image Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Experimental method

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

5. References

Author Index

First published 2010 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.iste.co.uk

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd, 2010

The rights of Khalid A. Alshibli and Allen H. Reed to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

GeoX 2010 (2010 : New Orleans, La.)

Advances in computed tomography for geomaterials / GeoX 2010; edited by Khalid A. Alshibli. p. cm.

Papers presented March 1-3, 2010 in New Orleans, La. sponsored by Louisiana Sate University and the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84821-179-7

1. Soil mechanics--Research--Congresses. 2. Rock mechanics--Research--Congresses. 3. Tomography--Congresses. 4. Three-dimensional imaging in geology--Congresses. 5. Materials--Testing--Congresses. 6. Concrete--Analysis--Congresses. 7. Radiography--Industrial--Congresses. I. Alshibli, Khalid. II. Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.) III. Naval Research Laboratory (John C. Stennis Space Center) IV. Title.

TA710.A1G475 2010

625.1'22--dc22

2009048641

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-179-7

Organizing Committee

Prof. Khalid A. Alshibli, Louisiana State University, Co-ChairDr. Allen Reed, Naval Research Laboratory, Co-ChairProf. Clinton Willson, Louisiana State UniversityProf. Karsten Thompson, Louisiana State UniversityDr. Joanne Fredrich, BP America, IncProf. Les Butler, Louisiana State UniversityProf. Jeffrey A. Nunn, Louisiana State University

International Advisory Committee

Dr. Susan Batiste, University of Colorado at Boulder, USADr. José Baruchel, Grenoble synchrotron, FranceDr. Dominique Bernard, Bordeaux University and CNRS, FranceDr. Pierre Bésuelle, Laboratoire 3S, Grenoble, FranceDr. Michel Bornert, senior scientist and part time professor, UR Navier, FranceProf. Veerle Cnudde, Ghent University, BelgiumProf. Jacques Desrues, CNRS - Laboratoire 3S, Grenoble, FranceProf. David Frost, Georgia Institute of Technology, USADr. Martin Van Geet, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, BelgiumDr. Abraham “Avrami” Grader, Ingrainrocks, Houston, USAProf. Richard Jardine, Imperial College, UKProf. Katsuhiko Kaneko, Hokkaido University, JapanDr. Richard Ketcham, University of Texas-Austin, USADr. Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Port & Airport Research Institute, JapanProf. Eric Landis, University of Maine, USAProf. Brent Lindquist, Stony Brook University, USAProf. Eyad Masad, Texas A&M University, USAProf. Balasingam Muhunthan, Washington State University, USAProf. Yuzo Obara, Head of X-Earth Center, Kumamoto University, JapanProf. Jun Otani, Kumamoto University, JapanProf. Fusao Oka, Kyoto University, JapanDr. Mark Rivers, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, USAProf. Carlos Santamarina, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAProf. Satoru Shibuya, Kobe University, JapanProf. Tim Senden, Australian National University, AustraliaProf. Stein Sture, University of Colorado at Boulder, USADr. Manabu Takahashi, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, JapanProf. Cino Viggiani, J. Fourier University - Laboratoire 3S, Grenoble, FranceProf. Linbing Wang, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USAProf. Ron Wong, University of Calgary, Canada

Foreword

Geomaterials are often the fundamental building blocks of infrastructure. They are the soil, sediment and rock upon which manufactured geomaterials, such as asphalt, composites and concrete are laid or poured. Geomaterials are also a fundamental foundation of modern society, providing energy through coal, gas, oil, etc. Working with these materials provides interesting, complex and difficult challenges, such as modification, construction, maintenance and repair of the building blocks as along with extraction of energy and sequestration of carbon dioxide. In this book, numerous techniques are presented to address issues that stem from the use and evaluation of geomaterials with computed tomography (CT) imagery.

CT imagery provides a basis by which many complex structures/feature within geomaterials can be visualized and evaluated. CT sections the scanned material into small parts and then reconstructs these parts into three-dimensional images. This process has seen widespread used in medical fields and has grown increasingly common in diagnosing ailments in humans. At the same time, CT has been applied to geomaterials, which are being studied for industrial and research purposes.

In this book, advances in CT are presented that are built upon petroleum research conducted in the late 1980s and was first addressed by a collective international group of researchers at GeoX2003 workshop (Japan) and then again addressed by a international effort at GeoX2006 (Aussois, France). GeoX2010 follows in the tradition of this great research by applying the latest tools and techniques to computed tomography in studies of geomaterials.

This book is a compilation of 49 papers presented at GeoX2010 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March 1-3, 2010. These papers address geomaterials from many perspectives by: 1) using advanced software and numerical methods to address complex geometries efficiently and more completely; 2) applying novel imaging techniques, such as neutron and nanometer scale tomography as well as traditional x-ray computed tomography; 3) addressing issues related to energy exploration and climate change; 4) flow through porous media and 5) coupling computed tomography with geotechnical testing methods to address deformations and progress of failure in sand, rock, asphalt and concrete.

Overall, this compilation is a broad-based address of CT applications to geomaterials that has been made possible by the efforts of faculty members from Louisiana State University and the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi and due to the innovation and sustained research efforts by the authors, their support and their staff.

Khalid A. ALSHIBLI

Allen H. REED

All the chairs and reviewers that helped out with these papers

Sand Deformation at the Grain Scale Quantified Through X-ray Imaging

G. Viggiani P. Bsuelle S. A. Hall J. Desrues

Laboratoire 3S-RUniversity of Grenoble CNRS38041 [email protected]@[email protected]@grenoble-inp.fr

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a study of localized deformation processes in sand with grain-scale resolution. Our approach combines state-of-the-art x-ray micro tomography imaging with 3D Volumetric Digital Image Correlation (3D V-DIC) techniques. While x-ray imaging and DIC have in the past been applied individually to study sand deformation, the combination of these two methods to study the kinematics of shear band formation at the scale of the grains is the first novel aspect of this work. Moreover, we have developed an original grain-scale V-DIC method that enables the characterization of the full kinematics (i.e. 3D displacements and rotations) of all the individual sand grains in a specimen. We present results obtained with both continuum and discrete DIC on Hostun sand, and a few preliminary results (continuum DIC only) recently obtained on ooid materials, which are characterized by spheroidal, layered grains.

KEYWORDS: strain localization, granular media, in-situ x-ray tomography, 3D volumetric digital image correlation

1. Introduction

Shear banding, the localization of deformation into thin zones of intense shearing, is a phenomenon commonly observed in sand and other granular materials. It has quite a practical relevance from an engineering standpoint, and has been thoroughly investigated in the laboratory for decades. However, it should be kept in mind that in the presence of localized deformations, the meaning of stress and strain variables derived from boundary measurements of loads and displacements is only nominal. Therefore, the most valuable experimental contributions to the understanding of shear banding are those measuring, in one way or another, the full field of deformation in the specimen which is the only means by which test results can be appropriately interpreted (Viggiani and Hall 2008). Full-field analysis of strain localization in sand possibly started in the late 1960s in Cambridge (e.g. Roscoe et al. 1963), and was continued over the last decades in the work of a number of groups, including Grenoble; see Desrues and Viggiani (2004) for a review. Most of these works were performed using specifically designed plane strain devices, and used a range of full-field methods, the more advanced of which allowed observation of the specimen throughout loading by optical methods, thereby permitting measurement of the evolving strain field. In the 1960s, x-ray radiography was first used to measure 2D strain fields in sand (e.g. Roscoe 1970). From the early 1980s, x-ray tomography was used by Desrues and coworkers (see Desrues 2004 for a review) and later by Alshibli (2000). These studies provided valuable 3D information on localization patterning in sand, and also demonstrated the potential of x-ray tomography as a quantitative tool, e.g. for measuring the evolution of void ratio inside a shear band and its relation to critical state (Desrues 1996).