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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Capture the value of cutting-edge AI while mitigating its most salient risks AI For Humanity: Building a Sustainable AI for the Future delivers an incisive and timely discussion of how to design, build, and implement cutting-edge AI in for-profit firms and other organizations in a responsible, sustainable, and ethical way. The book walks you through the three pillars of human-focused AI development--governance, technology, and commercialization--and dives deep into each one, showing you how to create AI products and services that better humanity and advance universally held values. You'll find methodologies and frameworks that mitigate against some of the most profound and unsettling risks of unchecked artificial intelligence development, and roadmaps to help you avoid the numerous pitfalls and traps awaiting unsuspecting companies, managers, and executives. You'll also discover: * Real-world case studies, from companies including SAP, Huawei, and Tencent, demonstrating the actual dilemmas and questions firms face when developing and implementing this extraordinary tech * Actionable commitments you can make to help ensure you and your company avoid the ethical and reputational risks associated with AI * Strategies for AI product and service development consistent with sustainable growth Perfect for managers, executives, directors, and other business leaders with a stake in responsible artificial intelligence design, development, and implementation, AI For Humanity will also interest regulators, academics, thought leaders, and policy makers doing their best to capture AI's substantial potential value while mitigating its most serious risks.
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Seitenzahl: 388
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
WHY AI FOR HUMANITY MATTERS
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
CHAPTER 1: The AI Debate
AI'S VIRAL SUCCESS: CONTROVERSIES AND DEBATES
THE AI DEBATE
“ORGANIC” AI: UNPREDICTABLE EVOLUTION OF SELF-ADAPTING AI
SHIFTING POSITIONS IN THE AI DEBATE
THE RIGHT AI DEBATE: A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR HUMANITY
NOTES
CHAPTER 2: The AI Trap
DEEP FAKES: AI'S WMD
THE AI TRAP
AI AND THE INFINITY MIRROR
THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AI
CONFRONT THE AI TRAP
NOTES
CHAPTER 3: AI History
AI VUCA'S HISTORY: BEYOND HYPE AND MISDIRECTION
2. AI IN DISGUISE: THE TRUE NATURE OF AI WINTERS
BEYOND THE HYPE CYCLE: AI'S UNIQUE EVOLUTION
AI'S MODERN DISGUISE: A GAME OF HYPE AND CAMOUFLAGE
ESCAPE AI'S VUCA PAST: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AI
NOTES
CHAPTER 4: The AI Dilemma
SELF-DRIVING CARS: AI'S MORAL MACHINES
THE AI DILEMMA
THE AI DILEMMA HIERARCHY
COUNTERING THE RISKS OF AUTONOMOUS MACHINES
CONFRONT THE HUMAN DILEMMA
NOTES
CHAPTER 5: Rethinking AI
ARTIFICIAL FRIENDS: REIMAGINING THE HUMAN–AI RELATIONSHIP
RETHINKING AI
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN–MACHINE RELATIONSHIP
HUMANITY-FIRST APPROACH: A TALE OF THREE CHATBOTS
MITIGATING THE RISKS OF THE AI DILEMMA
NOTES
CHAPTER 6: Sustainable AI for Humanity
THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE AI WISDOM
THE WISDOM OF BALANCE: SUSTAINABLE AI FOR HUMANITY
FROM “AI AS USUAL” TO “AI FOR HUMANITY”
WHY TECHNOLOGY-FIRST AND PROFIT-ABOVE-ALL FAILS US
SUSTAINABLE AI: THE CONSTANT SEARCH FOR EQUILIBRIUM
NOTES
CHAPTER 7: Sustainable AI Governance
THE AI TRUST GAP
AI GOVERNANCE REIMAGINED
SUSTAINABLE AI GOVERNANCE: NURTURE AI TO TRUST AI
INFUSING AI WITH RISK WISDOM
SUSTAINABLE AI GOVERNANCE: A GLOBAL CALL FOR ACTION
NOTES
CHAPTER 8: Sustainable AI Technology
HARNESSING AI: SOLVING HUMANITY'S TOUGHEST PROBLEMS
REINVENTING THE HUMAN–AI RELATIONSHIP
SUSTAINABLE AI TECHNOLOGY: HUMAN–AI SYMBIOTIC INTELLIGENCE
HYBRID AI: POTENTIAL PATHWAY TO HASI
HASI: NEW PARADIGM FOR SOLVING COMPLEX PROBLEMS
NOTES
CHAPTER 9: Sustainable AI Commercialization
AI AND THE FIGHT FOR EQUALITY AND SAFETY
FROM PROFIT TO PURPOSE: A HUMANITY-FIRST COMMERCIALIZATION
DESIGN THE HUMANITY-FIRST IMPACT CANVAS
ORCHESTRATE HUMANITY-FIRST IMPACT FUNDING MODEL
AI FOR HUMANITY: UN SDG 18 PROPOSAL
NOTES
CHAPTER 10: AI for Humanity
READ AT YOUR OWN RISK: THE UNTHINKABLE AI FUTURE
SEIZE YOUR AI FUTURE: WHY CHANGE STARTS WITH YOU
THE BIRTH OF A MOVEMENT: SUSTAINABLE AI FOR HUMANITY
BUILDING SUSTAINABLE AI: OUR GOALS FOR A HUMANITY-FIRST FUTURE
ACT NOW: AI'S TICKING CLOCK
NOTES
AI for Humanity Author Long Form Bios
ANDEED MA
JAMES ONG, PH.D
SIOK SIOK TAN
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Symbolic and connectionist AI.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Four human–machine principles: Tay vs. Xiaoice vs. ChatGPT.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 AI Probability vs. Risk Matrix.
Figure 1.2 The current AI debate: Are we ready to mitigate the risks of huma...
Figure 1.3 How the “Godfather of AI” flipped his position on AI risks.
Figure 1.4 The great AI pause.
Figure 1.5 The AI risk matrix.
Figure 1.6 The right AI debate.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 AI image goes viral.
Figure 2.2 Tweet by Sinan Aral.
Figure 2.3 Misinformation: The Associated Press.
Figure 2.4 The infinity mirror effect.
Figure 2.5 Racism example on Google photos.
Figure 2.6 An infinity mirror effects loop.
Figure 2.7 A case of AI bias.
Figure 2.8 The AI trap: balancing trade-offs.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 VUCA history.
Figure 3.2 Sustainable AI epiphany moments.
Figure 3.3 The Gartner Hype Cycle.
Figure 3.4 Embrace the three insights into AI for Humanity.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The AI dilemma hierarchy.
Figure 4.2 AI Dilemma vs. Threats.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Rethinking AI: A three-step process.
Figure 5.2 Human machine.
Figure 5.3 Humanity-First philosophy.
Figure 5.4 Hinton tweet.
Figure 5.5 Humanity-first principle.
Figure 5.6 Request to AI.
Figure 5.7 The AI dilemma hierarchy.
Figure 5.8 Rethinking AI: A three-step process in detail.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Confront the three realities of “AI as Usual.”
Figure 6.2 Sustainable AI for Humanity Model: from “AI as usual” to “AI for Hu...
Figure 6.3 Balancing governance, technology, and commercialization.
Figure 6.4 Technology-first model.
Figure 6.5 Profits-above-all model.
Figure 6.6 A paradigm shift for humanity.
Figure 6.7 Rethinking AI: A three-step process.
Figure 6.8 How to build AI for Humanity.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Nurture AI to Trust AI.
Figure 7.2 Sustainable AI for Humanity Model: from “AI as usual” to “AI for ...
Figure 7.3 Confront the three realities of “AI as Usual.”
Figure 7.4 Hinton tweet.
Figure 7.5 Sustainable development goals.
Figure 7.6 Gender equality.
Figure 7.7 Reduced inequality.
Figure 7.8 Peace, justice and strong institutions.
Figure 7.9 The known-unknown risk matrix.
Figure 7.10 The right AI debate.
Figure 7.11 The four types of risk in the EU AI Act.
Figure 7.12 Nurture AI with human values and risk wisdom.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Sustainable AI for Humanity Model: from “AI as Usual” to “AI for ...
Figure 8.2 Humanity-First philosophy.
Figure 8.3 Shift to human–AI symbiotic intelligence.
Figure 8.4 Create a perpetual cycle of human–AI symbiosis.
Figure 8.5 Perpetual cycle of human–AI symbiosis.
Figure 8.6 Develop hybrid AI with the best of AI technologies.
Figure 8.7 The world's first human-AI driving test.
Figure 8.8 Request to AI: Driving test.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Sustainable AI for Humanity Model: from “AI as Usual” to “AI for ...
Figure 9.2 Humanity-First commercialization.
Figure 9.3 Sustainable AI commercialization.
Figure 9.4 Value proposition for humanity.
Figure 9.5 Humanity-First impact canvas.
Figure 9.6 Humanity-First impact funding model.
Figure 9.7 Proposed UN SDG 18.
Figure 9.8 Reduced inequality.
Figure 9.9 Champion the Humanity-First Impact Model.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The AI is “organic” epiphany.
Figure 10.2 From AI awakening to AI advocacy.
Figure 10.3 Sustainable AI for Humanity model: Maintaining a balance.
Figure 10.4 Sustainable AI for Humanity movement.
Figure 10.5 Sustainable AI for Humanity model: From “AI as Usual” to “AI for...
Figure 10.6 Shift to human–AI symbiotic intelligence.
Figure 10.7 Humanity-First Impact funding model: 4P funding model.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Begin Reading
AI for Humanity Author Long Form Bios
Index
End User License Agreement
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In the fast-evolving AI landscape, we must prioritize sustainable development by embracing principles like rationality, resilience, reproducibility, responsibility, and realism. Anticipating James's forthcoming book, co-authored with esteemed colleagues, which explores aligning AI with humanity's interests.
—Professor Ong Yew Soon, President Chair Professor of Computer Science, NTU, Chief AI Scientist, A*STAR.
“AI for Humanity” is a seminal book that explores AI's risks, potential, and the complexities of sustainable development. A leading figure in AI, Dr. James Ong adeptly analyzes how to make AI beneficial for all humanity.
—Steven Hoffman, Chairman of Founders Space and author of “Make Elephants Fly” and “The Five Forces that Change Everything”
“AI for Humanity” offers a comprehensive look at AI's potential to address pressing global challenges. It navigates AI's complexities, providing balanced insights for experts and novices alike. Whether seasoned or curious, readers will find inspiration and empowerment to engage with AI for the betterment of humanity.
—Professor Simon See, Global Head of Nvidia AI Technology Centre, Adjunct Professor at Coventry U, SJTU and NTU
This book provides compelling insights into AI's intersection with humanity, addressing current and evolving risks while advocating for AI's beneficial integration into human life. It's a must-read for those intrigued by technology's future impact. Congratulations to James, Andeed, and Siok Tin for this engaging work!
—Dr. Chong Yoke Sin, Chair of the SCS Ethics in AI Governing Committee and Independent Board Director
Congratulations on the publication of “AI for Humanity – Building a Sustainable AI for the Future.” It offers a comprehensive view of crucial AI issues, guiding responsible development. Chapters address controversies, presenting diverse viewpoints and risk frameworks. Commendable work inspiring readers to join the global AI for Humanity movement.
—Patrick Tay, Member of Parliament, Pioneer SMC, Assistant Secretary-General, NTUC.
In the late 1980s, I witnessed AI's stall during the “2nd winter.” Yet, the influx of data and generative AI in the mid-2000s sparked a new era of innovation. Concerns arose about AI's threats, but “AI For Humanity” by James, Andeed, and Siok stresses AI's role as humanity's ally, not replacement. Crafters of AI must ensure its ethical use and alignment with human rights.
—Harish Pillay: Deputy Chairman, IT Standards Committee of Enterprise Singapore, AI Verify Foundation
James and Andeed's “AI for Humanity” tackles AI's risks while promoting its integration responsibly. The book offers a comprehensive overview of AI debates, presenting diverse viewpoints and a risk framework, urging readers to join the global movement for responsible AI development.
—Victoria Wymark, Chief Of Staff, PwC
As AI becomes an integrated part of our everyday lives and changes future work and lifestyles. this book comes at the perfect timing to allow us to pause and rethink AI. This book provides valuable insight and guides us how to reshape AI so that it is beneficial for all human kind.
—Professor Tony Quek, ISTD Head of Pillar and Cheng Tsang Man Chair Professor and Director, Future Communications R&D Programme, SUTD
In 2023, at 100, Henry Kissinger emphasized AI's profound influence on humanity's future. James' latest book, with whom I have had both professional and personal acquaintance for many years, is essential for future leaders, raising awareness and preparing them to build a safer, more sustainable future with AI.
—Dr. David Ong, Chairman of Singapore Mentorship Committee (SMC)
As Executive Director at ForHumanity, I endorse this book. It echoes our mission of ensuring AI benefits humanity, advocating for independent audits to foster trust and manage risks. Its focus on governance parallels our work, offering a roadmap to address ethical dilemmas and privacy breaches, promoting a future where AI serves with integrity and empathy.
—Ryan Carrier, Executive Director, ForHumanity
The book is a thoroughly accessible attempt to make sense of what is possibly the most impactful technology to humankind since the splitting of the atom.
—Woei Yuan Seng, Director Technology Cluster, MP International and Co-Founder of AIMX Summit
This book explores the intersection of AI and humanity, shedding light on AI's future impact and advocating for its betterment. It inspires a human-centered approach to AI, offering valuable insights. Kudos to Andeed Ma, James Ong, and Tan Siok Siok for their collaborative effort in crafting this insightful resource.
—Dr. Stephen Yee: Deputy Executive Director, SNEF, Honorary Treasurer of SIM Society Governing Council, and Chairman of ASEAN Future of Work Council.
James Ong's “Building a Sustainable AI for the Future” provides a comprehensive exploration of AI's critical facets, from its history to present ethical dilemmas. Delving into governance, technology, and human-centricity, Ong navigates AI's spectrum, urging readers to shape its responsible future. This essential work ensures AI's sustainability for generations.
—Professor David Lee, SUSS and Chairman, GFI
Dr. James Ong, Andeed Ma, and Siok Siok Tan's “AI for Humanity” offers a timely contribution to responsible AI development. It moves beyond technological marvels, providing a roadmap to harness AI's potential for humanity's benefit. Emphasizing sustainability, governance, and ethical balance, it guides us through AI's societal and environmental impacts.
—Dr. Meng-Chow Kang, Adjunct Assoc Prof. at NTU, Smart Nation Fellow at GovTech, Cybersecurity Advisor to MAS
“AI for Humanity” by Dr. Ong and colleagues is crucial in preventing AI from becoming a runaway train. The authors advocate for a Right Mindset, emphasizing the importance of an ethical foundation to ensure AI benefits humanity.
—Dr William Wan JP., PhD., Former General Secretary and Senior Consultant, Singapore Kindness Movement
In the chaos of today, from genocide to global warming, humanity feels adrift. Sensationalized AI news adds to our uncertainty. Yet, “AI for Humanity” offers hope for understanding and enlightenment, prompting introspection on what it means to be human.
—Kuo Jian Hong, Artistic Director of The Theatre Practice (Singapore) and award winning director, designer and filmmaker
“AI for Humanity” is timely in our digital era. As AI reshapes our lives, it shouldn't divide or categorize us. It must serve humanity, fostering inclusion, empowerment, and better quality of life.
—TAY Woon Teck, Senior Advisor, RSM Singapore and Chairman, Chartered Management Institute Singapore Board
AI is our generation's defining technology, amplifying progress. Are we AI “boomers” or “doomers”? The book emphasizes choice: embracing responsible AI, confronting risks, shaping a future benefiting all humanity. It's a call to collective action, offering a blueprint for a brighter tomorrow where everyone can contribute.
—Ivan Ng, Chief Technology Officer, City Developments Limited
“AI for Humanity: Build a Sustainable AI for the Future” discusses AI's evolution since 2012, highlighting its pivotal role akin to steam and electricity in past industrial revolutions. The book's focus on AI for sustainability is essential for shaping a mindset conducive to its responsible use for humanity's benefit.
—Dr. Ng Aik Beng, Senior Regional Manager, NVIDIA AI Technology Center
AI, a pivotal technology and regardless whether you are an “boomer” or “doomer”, prompts a choice: embrace responsibly or succumb to risks. This book is a call to our collective action, a blueprint for a brighter tomorrow and one where each of us can make a difference.
—William Lee, Associate Director at NUS Advanced Robotics Centre
James Ong was an AI pioneer in considering the human cost of AI and the sustainable long term outcomes. His perspective balances AI's advance with a mandate for equitable benefits. Whether an expert or observer, his book prompts reflection on humanity's role in AI's evolution.
—Dr. Leung Mun Kew, AI Lecturer, Renowned University in Singapore
“AI for Humanity” timely explores human and artificial intelligence's trajectories, offering lenses like the AI matrix and trap. It balances optimism with real AI risks, guiding readers through new territories of this brave new world.
—Dr Peter Leong, Senior Specialist, Institution of Higher Learning in Singapore
AI for Humanity
Building a Sustainable AI for the Future
Andeed Ma
James Ong, Ph.D
Siok Siok Tan
This edition first published 2024
Copyright © 2024 by Ma Cheng Wei and Kayliang James Ong. All rights reserved.
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The right of Ma Cheng Wei and Kayliang James Ong to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is Available
ISBN 9781394180301 (Hardback)
ISBN 9781394180318 (ePDF)
ISBN 9781394180325 (ePub)
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Asya_mix/Getty Images, Tartila/ShutterstockPhoto credit: Courtesy of Andeed Ma, James Ong and Siok Siok Tan
“To my wife and daughter, Reeanne and Wenjing, my endless loves. This book is for you, my guiding lights.”
Andeed Ma
To Yun, Damon, Kieron and Naomi: my steadfast companions through the booms and busts of my AI journey for four decades
James Ong, Ph.D
To the hidden figures of AI: the women scientists, programmers, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and educators, whose brilliance and resilience have shaped the field of artificial intelligence.
Siok Siok Tan
Acknowledgments
The creation of this book has been a profound journey, one that would not have been possible without the invaluable contributions of those around me. Dr. James Ong, my co-author, has been an unwavering source of inspiration and guidance. Together, we've delved into the depths of AI's future, sharing a vision that propels us forward with purpose. Ms. Siok Siok Tan, with her expertise and dedication, has been instrumental in shaping the book's content, adding layers of depth and clarity.
The journey of sharing our insights with the global AI community has been transformative. Conferences like the World AI Conference (WAIC) have provided platforms for us to exchange ideas and perspectives. At the heart of this endeavor lies the AI International Institute (AIII), founded by James Ong, where collaboration thrives and innovation flourishes. I'm proud to stand alongside esteemed partners like Renee Tan, whose contributions have been invaluable.
I owe a debt of gratitude to my members at the Risk and Insurance Management Association of Singapore (RIMAS), whose support and expertise have lent invaluable insights from the realm of risk management. These include Sean Chan, Er. Lee Chuen Fei, Dennis Poh, Ivy Wong, Ryan Seah, Ryan Goh, Adeline Ho, Max Lee, Tianyu Xu, Clarence Chong, Christoph Burgdorfer, Alson Boo, Ms. Nonie, and many more.
The academic community, represented by institutions like the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) and Singapore Management University (SMU), has embraced our work with open arms. Professors such as Nicholas Sim and Liu Wenting have not only supported our endeavors but have also integrated our book into their curriculum, enriching the educational landscape. Many others who have participated in shaping the landscape includes Professor Lye Che Yee, Yeo Lay, Guan Chong, Nicholas Gabriel Lim, Jimmy Wong, Priscilia Koh, Kenneth Yap, Ellen Goel, and all of my students from SUSS, and Michael Low, Poon Yew Keong, Sarah Yip, Valerie Wong, Jaclyn Mah, and many more from SMU, and Max Ee from Institute of Blockchain Singapore (IBS), and Samuel Teo from Aventis Graduate School.
The AI startup community that has followed me and evolved with me throughout my journey into the mission on AI for Humanity. I would like to call out and acknowledge to Ting Wei Ling, CEO and Founder of JoyForm, Koen Munneke, CEO and Founder of Ara App, Terence Mahier, Co-founder and CEO of VirtualBrain, and Professor Zhu Huafei (Andy), CEO and Founder of CipherPlus.
The global network of partners and mentors has been instrumental in shaping the book's trajectory as well as the support and encouragement they have given to me. From India to the United States, from the United Kingdom to South Africa, each voice has added a unique perspective, enriching the narrative with diversity and depth. These include Vibhav Mithal from Anand and Anand in India, Ryan Carrier at ForHumanity in United Kingdom, Will Snell at Fairness Foundation in United Kingdom, Njabulo Nzimande, Managing Director at Exponential Tech South Africa, Curt Doty, Founder of RealmlQ in the United States, George Wong, Country Manager for The Sandbox in Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia, Galeno Chua, Founder of Leading with Empathy in New Zealand, Wendy Clarke, Senior Consultant at Farrow Jamieson in New Zealand, Justin Lim, CEO and Co-founder of Quashed in Auckland, and some of my ex-colleagues in ByteDance who has supported me such as Sean Chan, Eric Moo, and Divyanshu Jimmy. A special thanks to my mentor, boss and friend, Lawrence Chua who has been a great source of inspiration as well as a guiding light to me during days when it is tough.
To my dear friends, Melvin Ang and Aloysius Ang, your unwavering support has been a beacon of light on this journey. And to my beloved wife, Reeanne, and daughter, Wenjing, your unwavering belief in me has fueled my determination to see this project through. Reeanne, your tireless efforts in managing our household and our migration have afforded me the focus needed to bring this book to fruition. Wenjing, your creativity and encouragement, evidenced by your endorsement video and curated soundtracks, have infused this project with renewed energy and inspiration.
To each and every individual mentioned, and to countless others not named, your support, guidance, and belief in this endeavor have been the driving force behind its completion. This book is a testament to our collective effort and unwavering commitment to shaping the future of AI. Thank you, from the depths of my heart, for being a part of this journey.
–Andeed Ma
This book is a testament to the profound impact of the incredible individuals I've had the privilege of interacting with over the past four decades, spanning continents and disciplines. From my formative years at the University of Texas at Austin to my endeavours across various organizations and institutions, their wisdom, mentorship, and collaboration have shaped both my personal and professional trajectory.
At UT Austin, I owe an immense debt of gratitude to my Ph.D. advisor, Professor Ronald Lee, and the members of my doctoral committee, Michael Mannino and Eleanor Jordan. Additionally, I am indebted to my Master advisor, Krzysztof Apt, and the esteemed professors who imparted invaluable knowledge during my tenure, including Elaine Rich, John Werth, Avi Silberschatz, Hank Korth, Gordon Novak, Kanianthra Mani Chandy, Glenn Downing, and many others. My fellow Ph.D. students, KT Chen, Jim Baty, Young Ryu, Ho Guen Lee, Sandy Dewitz, and Thomas Lin, with whom I engaged in countless brainstorming sessions, also deserve acknowledgment for their camaraderie and intellectual exchange.
During my tenure at the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), I was fortunate to work alongside world-class scientists who served as guiding lights in my AI journey. My mentors, Carlo Zaniolo, Shalom Tsur, Tony O'Hale, Danette Chimenti, and Darrel Woelk, along with esteemed colleagues such as Ruben Gamboa, Faiz Natraj Arni, C. Unnikrisnan, Pat Lincoln, Roger Nasr, Kevin Greene, Sergio Greco, Leona Slepetis, Haixun Wang, Wei-Min Shen, Bharat Mitbander, Christine Tomlinson, Nigel Jacob, Michael Huhns, Phil Cannata, Tomasz Ksiezyk, Greg Meredith, Munindar P. Singh, Nigel Jacobs, Greg Lavender, Hemendra Talesara, Amit Sheth, and Christopher Wood, played instrumental roles in shaping my understanding of AI research and its applications. Other prominent scientists at MCC who have indirectly and profoundly impacted me include Ravi Krishnamurthy, Shamim Naqvi, Francois Bancilhon, Catriel Beeri, Oded Shmueli, Doug Lenat, Won Kim, Herb Schwetman, Francesca Rossi, and Raghu Ramakrishnan, serving as great references and role models for dedication to world-class scientific research.
Transitioning to Trilogy marked a pivotal moment in my career, where I immersed myself in the entrepreneurial world of AI startups. The collaborative spirit and relentless dedication of the founding team—Joe Liemandt, Chris Porch, Christine Jones, Tom Carter—and a multitude of talented colleagues propelled me to new heights in AI commercialization, including John Price, Steve Milton, Wade Monroe, Pat Kelly, Ajay Argawal, Emil Hatz, David Frank, Paul Vaugh, Ahmed Gheith, Tom Wilbur, Marc Smith, Larry Selig, Scott Francis, Marc Davis, Laural Dholakia, Raymond Beaumont, Dave Middleton, Seth Krauss, Doug Gray, David Newton, Win Bo, Rohit Namjoshi, Timothy Darr, Amit Malhotra, Lee Xiang Shen, Kevin Gilpin, Tom Dillon, Scott Sehlhorst, Jim Rudden, Wanda Kay Rudden, Darin Hicks, Christine Hicks, Jason Weiss, Scott Snyder, Stu Liebowitz, Nirad Sharma, Shawn Smith, Paul Rogers, Stephan Schwarze, Chris Hyams, Paul Andersen, Neeraj Gupta, Matthew Glotzbach, Adam Cotner, Marc Ostryniec, Cyrus Mystery, Jeff VanDyke, Sachin Patodia, Misha Weinberg, Ben Kutler, Matt Sigman, Lelah Manz, Jonathan Berkowitz, Jade Roysill, Richard Barnett, Gary Owens, Rocky Smith, Safwan Aly, Ali Sheriff, Magd Dona, Brent VerWeyst, Joseph Yang, Kevin Teo, Keith Toh, Sebastian Good, Danielle Royston, Sudhir Kandula, Chad Bockius, Kevin Willis, Jeff Bolke, Heather Brunner, Debrorah Vollmer Dhalke, Phil Gilbert, Brian Driesse, Sameer Dholakia, Sonu Panda, Kama Kirpalani, Cindy Lo, Bobbi Khommineni, Jimmy Ogden, Chris Connors, Rui Wang, Thad Hwang, Damion Heredia, Jamie Buckley, Kim Le, Sue Nelson, Linda Cortes, Bijoy Goswami, Abraham Ray, Scott Royston, Amy Torri, Jeff Daniel, Graham Hasselroth, Jamie Sidey, Leo Ramirez, Alex Bentley, Patrick Nichols, Matthew Zubiller, Farhan Thawar, Runako Godfrey, Leon Gullermo, Jay Kamm, Kirsta Glotzbach, Jeremy Wacksman, Truman Fenton, Dan Caroll, Chris Taylor, Ben Cohen, Ryan Cush, Vinaya Valloppillil, Michael Norman, Allan Drummond, Lance Jones, Ben Zaniolo, Alex Victoria, Hope Best, Rich Rao, Eric Futoran, Curt Richtermeyer, Steve Goldsmith, Andy Maag, Scott Brighten, Eve Phillips, Davin Cushman, and many others, whose names, although numerous, are each a testament to their vital contributions. They have all possessed the energy and perseverance to dream audaciously and consistently execute and deliver on many ambitious and innovative AI enterprise software projects.
At the Artificial Intelligence International Institute (AIII), I've had the privilege of engaging with a diverse array of thinkers, innovators and executors, whose insights and actions continue to inform and advance our collective pursuit of Sustainable AI for Humanity. Among these exceptional individuals, I must extend special gratitude to my esteemed co-authors of this book, Andeed Ma and Siok Siok Tan. Their invaluable contributions and unwavering dedication have been pivotal in shaping my thinking and navigating the complexities of this interdisciplinary project. I deeply appreciate their courage, resilience, and insightful viewpoints, which were instrumental not only in laying the foundation of our collaboration before the launch of ChatGPT but also in adeptly maneuvering through the surge of AI interest that accompanied its release. Their steadfast commitment has been integral to the success of this endeavor, and I am profoundly grateful for their partnership.
Additionally, I am indebted to a multitude of individuals whose names fill the annals of my journey. From industry leaders to academic luminaries, each one has left an indelible mark on my understanding and vision. Their collective wisdom and unwavering support have contributed immensely to the evolution of my thinking and the articulation of the concepts within this book. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to every individual mentioned, including John Cai, Renee Tan, Woei Yuan Seng, George Lu, Saiya Deng, Alan Lim, Vicki Chen, Patient Lu, Jenny Zhu, Daryl Lee, Sim Chee Tiong, Darren Khoo, Derek Chia, Bill Tan, Sim Yah Bing, Liao Ming, Chen Tao, Di Yao, Ben Wong, Julien Lai, Li Ming, Samuel Tan, David Ong, Chua Lee Beng, Ong Yew Soon, Tony Quek, Kang Ming Chow, Roy Lee, Lim Kwan Hui, Simon See, Yan Shui Cheng, Ng Aik Beng, Ho Seng Beng, Huang Guang-Bin, Francesca Rossi, David Lee, Otthein Herzog, Ben Tian Feng, Hu Zheng Kun, Ron Howard, Tao Yong, Ivor Tsang, Li Xiaoli, Chong Yoke Sin, Lim Chwee Teck, Terence Hung, Terence Ow Thong-Hwee, Wong Tien Yin, Yow Wei Quin, Chiew Ming Hui, Clemence Tan, Felix Tan, Harish Pillay, Steve Hoffman, Kevin Teo, Elaine Liew, Catherine Khaw, Leung Mun Kew, Clara Lee, William Lee, Ng Hwee Tou, Maisy Ng, Cheong Wei Yang, William Wan, Toh See Kiat, Jeffrey Lim, Pauline Erica Tay, Eugene Noh, Cindy Ngiam, Logaiswaran Chandrasegaran, Qiu Hao Min, Jason Ng, George Qiao, Michael He, Michael Low, Jack Sim, Boh Wai Fong, Elaine Liew, Catherine Khaw, Koo Seng Meng, Gustavo Liu, Harry Huo, Kevin Leung, Yew Hock Meng, Anthony Chong, Michael Tan, Mohamad Nor Azman Hassan, Aini Zuzana Arrifin, Tenku Azul, Victor Lo, Mac Hep, Stephen Lai, Tim Low, On Lee, Hammam Riza, Hermawan Kartajaya, Iwan Satiawan, Nurul Qomariyah, Wulan Danoekoesoemo, Neil Zhu, Duan Wei Wen, Duan Yu Cong, Chen Yi Xiang, Nancy Chen, and Iris Guan, and countless others who have generously shared their knowledge and insights.
To all those mentioned and the countless others whose names fill the annals of my journey, I offer my heartfelt appreciation. Your influence, support, and unwavering commitment to excellence have been the driving force behind this endeavor. May this book serve as a tribute to our collective pursuit of knowledge and progress and contribute to the advancement of AI for Humanity!
–James Ong, Ph.D
Years ago, I had the idea to crowdsource a documentary about Twitter (now X) using social media. It seemed a brilliant idea–until it wasn’t. What I thought would take six to nine months stretched into three years. Crowdsourcing a film is hard, especially in the late 2000s before ‘crowdsourcing’ became mainstream.
Interdisciplinary collaboration is hard too, particularly if the subject is as complex and rapidly evolving as AI. I owe a debt of gratitude to my co-authors, James Ong, Ph.D., and Andeed Ma, for embracing me as a partner on this adventure. I have been amazed and humbled by their openness, curiosity, and grit.
Learning about AI through this collaboration with James has been an extraordinary privilege. His four decades of AI expertise infuse every element of this book with time-tested wisdom, from text to visual, from grand vision to core concepts. His dedication to sharing his insights with everyone has been profoundly moving. Similarly, Andeed transformed my understanding of AI risk and governance. Thanks to our conversations, I now see governance not as mere compliance but as a vibrant, interdisciplinary field with the potential to transform AI.
I would be remiss if I failed to mention my ‘non-human’ collaborators. Rest assured, I am not talking about aliens, monsters, or extra-terrestrial beings, but AI technologies like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s Bard (now Gemini), Perplexity for advanced search, Consensus, and Ellcit for scholarly insights—among countless others. My heartfelt thanks go to the innovators behind these AI tools that have augmented every facet of our research and creative process.
Mastering these generative AI tools was daunting, yet exhilarating. The steep learning curve brought to life the concept of Human-AI Symbiotic Intelligence (HASI), a theme we explore in Chapter 8, illustrating the synergy between human creativity and AI innovation.
Interdisciplinary collaboration, of the human or AI kind, is filled with challenges but also endlessly rewarding. I would like to thank the teachers who sparked my curiosity, particularly my Brown University professor, Dr. Meera Viswanathan, whose encouragement to engage in a lifelong ‘pursuit of understanding’ continues to guide me.
Prof V’s voracious curiosity mirrors the AI scientists we celebrate in this book, from Alan Turing to Marvin Minsky, Geoffrey Hinton to Dr. Fei-Fei Li. I am equally in awe of those pioneers who did not live to see their vision fulfilled but made seminal contributions to our understanding of AI. I think of Frank Rosenblatt, creator of the Perceptron, an early prototype of a neural network, and Douglas Lenat, founder of the symbolic AI project Cyc, and many others.
My gratitude overflows for my lifelong friends, Sera Kuek and Dr. Pamela Lim. They always regard my ‘impossible projects’ with incredulous bemusement yet offer unconditional support whenever things threaten to fall apart. And a special shoutout to Donna Yang, whose pragmatic wisdom keeps me grounded. Referring to my notorious lack of interest in food, her favorite question to me has been, “Did you remember to eat today”?
Amidst the creative storm of writing this book, I've indeed skipped a few meals. However, my heart is full of gratitude for the intellectual and creative banquet that has been our 'impossible project'—the AI for Humanity movement. With your help, we hope the ideas within these pages will touch every corner of our world, one human being at a time.
–Siok Siok Tan
Preface
1AI for Humanity
We wanted to open this book with a joke. It's not just any joke. But an AI-generated joke. And not just any AI, but those powerful large language models trained on a gazillion terabytes of data.
What is the joke? It is about an AI scientist, risk guru, and filmmaker walking into a bar and debating whether AI will become super intelligent and take over the world.
We tried and tried and tried. No less than dozens of times. Experimenting with different prompts. Tweaking the outcome with follow-up prompts. Nothing worked. In the end, the joke was on us.
We learned three things from this botched Generative AI experiment:
1. OpenAI’s ChatGPT model was not good at telling jokes yet.
2. All three of us did not have to… . how shall we put this delicately… The technical term is ‘domain expertise’ to guide ChatGPT to come up with better jokes.
3. To contain the risks of suboptimal outcomes, human experts need to know their stuff and understand how these ‘black box’ AI models work.
By the way, number 3 is reason enough for you to read the rest of this book.
So here we are. No joke to offer, but we are still excited to introduce ourselves. We're Andeed, James, and Siok. Contrary to any deep fake rumors, we didn't meet in a bar at the crossroads of destiny. Our paths crossed because we're all deeply involved in innovation and social impact. James and Siok have been collaborators in the China innovation scene for years. James and Andeed bonded over AI governance and how to mitigate tech risks across diverse ecosystems from Asia to Europe and Africa.
Yes, we have debated and argued about the future of AI, but not in a hipster bar. Since early 2022, well before ChatGPT's launch that November, we have engaged in spirited debates through countless Zoom calls. We've questioned our collective sanity for daring to tackle a subject as complex and ever-shifting as AI.
Sadly, we became no better at generating jokes by prompting AI chatbots. But we did grow increasingly convinced that AI for Humanity matters more than ever. And that is what we hope you’ll take away from this book.
WHY AI FOR HUMANITY MATTERS
Climate change. Pandemics. Global poverty. Humanity's future faces many daunting challenges. Amidst these, you may wonder, why should 'AI for Humanity' matter? What impact could you have on such a complex and rapidly evolving field? Fair questions. But hear us out.
AI isn’t just for tech experts and sci-fi buffs anymore. It's transforming our world in ways both exciting and terrifying. And as AI becomes ever more powerful, it touches every facet of our lives, from our jobs to our relationships and identities.
Why should you care? Because today’s AI decisions will shape the future of humanity for generations to come. AI can help us solve our most pressing challenges, but if unchecked, it can also wreak tremendous havoc.
That's where you come in. By learning about AI and its impact on society, you can be part of a movement for change. You can advocate for responsible development and demand transparency and accountability. You can help shape the future of this powerful technology. And ensure it benefits all of humanity, not just a privileged few.
You might think I'm no AI expert. How can I make a difference? Or you're an AI developer or tech executive in the trenches of the AI arms race. Pausing to ponder AI's future might feel like a luxury. Fear not. Anyone can learn about the issues and advocate for change. Your voice is more vital than you realize.
Building AI for Humanity requires different voices from various fields—computer science, engineering, ethics, governance, arts, humanities, and more. As AI permeates our lives, it's clear that no single discipline holds all the answers.
The coauthors of this book represent diverse backgrounds and expertise. Our authors’ team includes James Ong, Ph.D., an AI scientist with nearly four decades of experience working in the US, China, Southeast Asia, and Europe; Andeed Ma, an AI governance expert and risk management leader. And Siok Siok Tan, a filmmaker and innovator whose works often explore the intersection of human interest, social change, and technology.
Our interdisciplinary approach enables us to see the big picture. AI is already a vibrant interdisciplinary field. Breakthroughs often arise from collaborations among diverse experts, not research efforts within a single silo.
Consider computer vision, an AI field that enables computers to interpret visual data from the world around us. From self-driving cars to facial recognition, computer vision enables AI systems to ‘see,’ learn, and adapt. Advances in this field stem from insights in neuroscience, psychology, and computer science. The same holds for other AI fields, from natural language processing to robotics.
By drawing from diverse disciplines, we can inspire innovation, tackle complex challenges, and ensure AI reflects human values. We hope to act as catalysts for this initiative. We will share our insights on how we can bring about a paradigm shift toward AI for Humanity. We do not claim to have all the answers. Instead, we want to ask the right questions and stimulate the right debate about the future of AI.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
You will find a guide to Sustainable AI for Humanity in this book. We have put together frameworks, checklists, and tools to help you make sense of the promise and peril that AI poses to humanity.
We aim to cut through the constant din of AI hype and controversy to present you with the stark realities and hard choices we face. Our goal is not to demonize AI or oversell its potential. Instead, we encourage the thoughtful development of AI systems that amplify human potential and reduce inequities. We promise not to drown you in AI jargon. Instead, we offer practical steps to maximize AI's benefits while tempering its risks.
The book unfolds in three sections, each with three chapters, culminating in a final chapter on what we can do together to build a Sustainable AI for Humanity.
Section I(Chapters 1-3) explains WHY AI for Humanity matters. We urge you to confront the “3 Realities” of ‘AI as usual.’ We ask if we are focusing on the right AI debate with all the talk about sentient AI taking over the world. We argue that by ignoring the evolution of digitally ‘organic’ AI, we will always be caught in The AI Trap. Then we bring you lessons from AI History on how we might escape the AI hype cycles of boom and bust.
Section II (Chapters 4-6) shows you WHAT AI for Humanity is about. We present the “3 Insights” into AI for Humanity, highlighting the need to rethink AI. We introduce the AI Dilemma Hierarchy, a Humanity-First approach to human-machine relationships, and a model that balances AI governance, technology, and commercialization.
Section III (Chapters 7-9) explores HOW we can build AI for Humanity. Raise the “3 Pillars” of AI for Humanity by nurturing AI with human values and risk wisdom, pivoting to Human-AI Symbiotic Intelligence, and championing Humanity-First Impact.
Finally, in Chapter 10, we call for a movement toward AI for Humanity, urging both individual action and collective advocacy.
If all this sounds too overwhelming and you don’t know where to start, you are in good company. As co-authors, we have often felt intimidated by the enormity of the challenge. We have designed this book to be approachable and helpful for experts and non-experts alike.
Each chapter is anchored by a visual framework that synthesizes the chapter, like the 2x2 matrix on The AI Debate with which we open this first chapter.
Engage with these tools in three ways. First, use them as a reference for understanding the current state of AI. Second, reflect on where you stand concerning the challenges. Place yourself or your organization in the AI Debate matrix, for instance. Third, create a checklist of action items using the tools and frameworks as a starting point.
Don't be daunted by the magnitude of the AI for Humanity challenge. This book will guide you through the real-world impacts of AI, both good and bad. You will soon discover that you are not just a reader. You are part of the conversation and the movement for an AI that benefits humanity.
Dive in, engage, and together, we can find a path toward AI for Humanity and build a Sustainable AI for the future.
CHAPTER 1The AI Debate
The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.
— Isaac Asimov
AI4Humanity's prompt and ChatGPT's response.
AI'S VIRAL SUCCESS: CONTROVERSIES AND DEBATES
Dangerous Liaisons of the AI Kind
This Valentine's Day started like any other. Romantic. Sweet. Ordinary.
14 February 2023. New York Times technology writer Kevin Roose had a romantic dinner with his wife to celebrate Valentine's. Then, he sat in front of his computer and fired up Bing AI, the beta version of Microsoft's search engine powered by OpenAI's chatbot, ChatGPT.
Kevin had been blown away by the demo at Microsoft's headquarters just a week prior, giving it rave reviews. He even declared it his new favorite search engine, surpassing Google.
