AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure - Trayed and Packed Columns E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 186

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

AIChE manual updates and consolidates procedures for testing performance of distillation columns From classic distillation operations to air stripping to other separations processes, selecting the correct column for appropriate efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations can be an important step. The newest updated volume in AIChE's long-running Equipment Testing Procedures series, Trayed and Packed Columns: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure performance of a variety of distillation columns, including those that utilize bubble cap, sieve, valve trays, or packing material. The new book combines and updates into one user-friendly volume the best available field knowledge from previous publications on both types of distillation columns. Designed not as a single set of compulsory steps, but as a compilation of techniques, it will allow the user to select the procedure that best applies to its operating parameters. The testing steps presented can be used to assess reliable performance data on mass transfer efficiency, capacity, energy consumption, and pressure drop--information essential to effective troubleshooting of performance problems, identifying capacity bottlenecks, determining operating ranges, and a number of other routine maintenance and optimization processes. Opening with an extensive definition section, organized by topical area, the book then goes on to address: * Selection of instrumentation and identification of elements to be measured * Pre-test planning procedures * Strategies for data collection and evaluation, including sampling procedures * Pre-test, in-test, and post-test considerations (equipment, safety, process, environmental) * Computation and interpretation of results, including individual breakdowns for trayed and packed columns in terms of hydraulic and efficiency performance * Test troubleshooting analysis in twelve key areas The book concludes with appendices for relevant symbols and nomenclature, plus sample caculations generated from performance tests. With its engineer-tested procedures and thorough explanations, Trayed and Packed Columns: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition is an essential text for anyone engaged in implementing new technology in equipment design, identifying process problems, and optimizing equipment performance.

Leseprobe

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Acknowledgement

List of Tables

List of Figures

100.0 Purpose and Scope

101.0 Purpose

102.0 Scope

200.0 Definition and Description of Terms

201.0 Flow Quantities

202.0 Key Components

203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency

204.0 Operating Lines

205.0 Pinch

206.0 Maximum Throughput

207.0 Minimum Operating Rate

208.0 Operating Section

209.0 Hardware

300.0 Test Planning

301.0 Preliminary Preparation

302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation

303.0 Peripheral Equipment

304.0 Pre-test Calculations

305.0 Types of Tests

306.0 Specific Areas of Interest

307.0 Energy Consumption

308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions

309.0 Data Collection Requirements

310.0 Conditions of External Streams

311.0 Internal Temperatures

312.0 Internal Samples

313.0 Pressure Profiles

314.0 Data Requirements-Physical Properties

315.0 Auxiliary Data

316.0 Test Procedure Documentation

400.0 Methods of Measurement and Sampling

401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability

402.0 Measurement of Temperatures

403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates

404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop

405.0 Sampling Procedure

500.0 Test Procedure

501.0 Preliminary

502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput

503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure

600.0 Computation of Results

601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models

602.0 Material Balance

603.0 Enthalpy Balance

604.0 Hydraulic Performance

605.0 Efficiency Performance

700.0 Interpretation of Results

701.0 Sources of Experimental Error

702.0 Effects of Experimental Error

703.0 Design versus Performance

704.0 Hydraulic Performance

705.0 Mass Transfer Performance

706.0 Test Troubleshooting

800.0 Appendix

801.0 Notation

802.0 Sample Calculations

803.0 References

Index

AIChE Equipment Testing ProcedureTrayed and Packed Columns

Cover and book design: Lois Anne DeLong

It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive performance by the chemical processing and related industries. However, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its employees and consultants, its officers and directors, Equipment Testing Procedures Committee members, their employers, and their employers’ officers and directors disclaim making or giving any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this document. Company affiliations are shown for information only and do not imply approval of the procedure by the companies listed. As between (1) the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its employees and consultants, its officers and directors, Equipment Testing Procedures Committee members, their employers, and their employers’ officers and directors, and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequences of its use or misuse.

Copyright © 2014 by American Institute of Chemical Engineers. All rights reserved

A Joint Publication of the Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

American Institute of Chemical Engineers

   AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure : Trayed and packed columns / a guide to performance evaluation, third edition.    p. cm.   Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-62771-6 (paper)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSEQUIPMENT TESTING PROCEDURES COMMITTEE

Chair: Becky Starkweather, P.E. Scientex L.C.

Vice Chair: Prashant D. Agrawal, P.E. Consultant

Past Chair: James Fisher, P.E. Amgen, Inc.

TRAYED & PACKED COLUMNS PROCEDUREREVISION SUBCOMMITTEE

Chair: Zhanping Xu UOP LLC, A Honeywell Company

Co-Chair: Daniel R. Summers Sulzer Chemtech USA, Inc

General Committee Liaison: Prashant D. Agrawal, P.E. Consultant

WORKING COMMITTEE

Tony Cai Fractionation Research, Inc.

Lowell Pless Tracerco

Simon X. Xu Technip

Bruce Holden Dow Chemical

Michael Schultes Raschig GmbH

Ron Olsson Celanese Corp.

Frank Seibert University of Texas

CONTRIBUTING REVIEWERS

Greg Cantley Marathon Oil

Todd Marat ExxonMobil

Tim Zygula BASF

Brad Fleming Raschig USA

Paul Morehead Koch-Glitsch

Joe Flowers DuPont

Zarko Olujic Univ. of Delft, NL

Dennis Maloney CB&I Lummus

Toshiro Wakabayashi Toyo Engineering, JP

Company affiliations are shown for information only and do not imply Procedure approval by the company listed.

Acknowledgement: This procedure draws heavily on the AIChE Tray Distillation Columns Testing Procedure, 2nd Edition, 1987 and Packed Columns Testing Procedure, 2nd Edition, 1990.

Second Edition

Packed Columns: Officially approved for publication by AIChE Council in 1990Tray Distillation Columns: Officially approved for publication by AIChE Council in 1987

First Edition

Packed Columns: Officially approved for publication by AIChE Council in 1965Tray Distillation Columns: Officially approved for publication by AIChE Council in 1962

Members Participating in the Second Edition

Packed Columns

J.W. Drew, L.O. Frescoln, T.L. Holmes, C-L. Hsieh, H.Z. Kister,G.J. Kunesh, T.P. Ognisty

Tray Columns

M.L. Becker, R.M. Bellinger, O. Frank, R. Harrison, J.L. Humphrey,E.J. Lemieux, E.J. Noelke, M. Sakata, V.C. Smith

Members Participating in the First Edition

Packed Columns

C.S. Brown, R.S. Eagle, T. Liggett, O.W. Ridout, H.L. Shulman

Tray Distillation Columns

K.L. Birk, G.K. Connolly, L.H. Corn, R.S. Eagle, J.A. Gerster, E.W. Grohse, J.E. Jubin, E.T. Merrill, M.P. Nelson, R.F. Romell, E.H. Ten Eyek, T.J. Walsh

The rewrite committee would like to acknowledge Henry Kister for his contribution to a major portion of this work. Even though he was not officially on the re-write committee, his wording on test procedure from the second edition of AIChE’s Packed Columns Equipment Testing Procedure were retained nearly word for word, as can be exemplified in pages 388-419 of his 1990 book Distillation Operation. When combining both the Tray Distillation Columns and Packed Columns testing procedures, the re-write committee purposefully retained the words generated by Henry Kister in Section 500.0 from “Packed Columns” because of its extensive content and clarity.

List of Tables

Table 1. Comparison of Dynamic Pressure Drop and Static Head

Table 2. Example of Data Acquisition Table for Heat-Pumped C3 Splitter

Table 3. Packing Factors for Random Packings (Typical)

Table 4. Packing Factors for Typical Structured Packings

Table 5. Packed Column Arrangement-O/P-Xylene Distillation (Eng Units)

Table 6. Process Simulation of O/P-Xylene Distillation (Eng Units)

Table 7. Summary of Measured and Calculated Pressure Drop (Eng Units)

Table 8. Pressure Drop Estimations Using Data from Figures 13 and 15

Table 9. Estimated Percent of Flood for Each Bed Using Data from Figures 13 and 15 (Eng Units)

Table 10. Estimated Mass Transfer Efficiency of Each Bed (Eng Units)

Table 11. Values of Stripping Factors, λ (Eng Units)

Table 12. Process Computer Simulation O/P-Xylene Distillation (SI Units)

Table 13. Pressure Drop Calculation Using Figures 13 and 15 (SI Units)

Table 14. Estimated Mass Transfer Efficiencies of Each Bed (SI Units)

Table 15. HTU Method Values of Stripping Factors, λ (SI Units)

Table 16. Computer Simulation of Methanol/Water Distillation (Eng Units)

Table 17. Computer Simulation of Methanol/Water Distillation (SI Units)

List of Figures

Figure 1. Graphic Description of Terms

Figure 2. Packed Column Components

Figure 3. Logic Diagram for Column Troubleshooting

Figure 4. Scan of Trayed Columns (view from above)

Figure 5. Scan of Packed Columns (view from above)

Figure 6. Enthalpy Balance Diagram

Figure 7. Measuring Pressure Drop with Purge Gas Seal

Figure 8. Measuring Pressure Drop with Purge Liquid Seal

Figure 9. Measuring Pressure Drop with Static Liquid Seal

Figure 10. Sampling by Displacement

Figure 11. Sampling Liquids by Purging

Figure 12. Sampling Vapors by Purging

Figure 13. Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation of Eckert as Modified by Strigle[1]

Figure 14. Pressure Drop Curves for Random Packing (Typical Manufacturer’s Data for 1” Plastic Slotted Rings)

Figure 15. Pressure Drop Curves for Structured Packing (Typical Manufacturer’s Data for No. 2 Corrugated Sheet Metal Packing)

Figure 16. FCC Stabilizer Component Recovery Plot

Figure 17. Packed Column Distillation Process Flow Diagram for O/P-Xylene Distillation (Eng Units)

Figure 18. Packed Column Distillation Process Flow Diagram for O/P-Xyelene Distillation (SI Units)

Figure 19. Trayed Column Distillation Process Flow Diagram for Methanol/Water Distillation (Eng Units)

Figure 20. Fair’s Entrainment Flooding Correlation for Columns with Crossflow Trays [164]

Figure 21. Tray Efficiency using O’Connell Plot [165, reprinted from 166]

Figure 22. Trayed Column Distillation Process Flow Diagram for Methanol/Water Distillation (SI Units)