Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist II (NRS II) Self-Study Guide E-Book

Glenn Warnock

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2303

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The definitive resource for the NRS II exams--three complete courses in a book Alcatel-Lucent is a world leader in designing and developing scalable systems for service providers. If you are a network designer or operator who uses Alcatel-Lucent's 7750 family of service routers, prepare for certification as an A-L network routing specialist with this complete self-study course. You'll get thorough preparation for the NRS II exams while you learn to build state-of-the-art, scalable IP/MPLS-based service networks. The book provides you with an in-depth understanding of the protocols and technologies involved in building an IP/MPLS network while teaching you how to avoid pitfalls and employ the most successful techniques available. Topics covered include interior routing protocols, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), Layer2/Layer3 services and IPv6. The included CD features practice exam questions, sample lab exercises, and more. * Prepares network professionals for Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) exams 4A0-101, 4A0-103, 4A0-104 and NRSII4A0 * Covers content from Alcatel-Lucent's SRC courses on Interior Routing Protocols, Multiprotocol Label Switching, and Services Architecture * Specific topics include MPLS (RSVP-TE and LDP), services architecture, Layer2/Layer 3 services (VPWS/VPLS/VPRN/IES/service inter-working/IPv6 tunneling), and OSPF and IS-IS for traffic engineering and IPv6. * CD includes practice exam questions, lab exercises and solutions. This Self-Study Guide is the authoritative resource for network professionals preparing for the Alcatel-Lucent NRS II certification exams.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Part I: IP Networking

Chapter 1: IP/MPLS Service Networks

1.1 Internet Protocol

1.2 Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router Product Group

Chapter Review

Chapter 2: Layer 2: The Physical Components of the Internet

Pre-Assessment

2.1 Purpose and Functions of a Layer 2 Protocol

2.2 Ethernet

2.3 Ethernet VLANs

2.4 SONET/SDH, POS, and ATM

2.5 Configuring Ports

Practice Lab: Configuring IOMs, MDAs, and Ports

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 3: IP Networks

Pre-Assessment

3.1 Summary of IP Capabilities

3.2 IP Addressing Review

3.3 IP Forwarding

3.4 Configuring an IP Interface on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR

3.5 Using and Configuring Static Routes

3.6 Other Static Route Options

3.7 IPv6

3.8 ICMPv6

3.9 Configuring IPv6

Practice Lab: Configuring IP Interfaces and Static Routes

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 4: Dynamic Routing Protocols

Pre-Assessment

4.1 Overview of Dynamic Routing

4.2 Dynamic Routing Protocols

4.3 Link-State Routing Protocols

4.4 Role of BGP in Internet Routing

4.5 RTM and Route Selection

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 5: Introduction to OSPF

Pre-Assessment

5.1 Overview of OSPF Operation

5.2 The OSPF Database and OSPF Messages

5.3 Establishing OSPF Adjacencies

5.4 Flooding LSAs

5.5 Router LSA Details

5.6 The Designated Router and Network LSAs

5.7 Configuring and Verifying OSPF

5.8 Other OSPF Features

Practice Lab: Configuring OSPF in a Single Area Network

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 6: OSPF Multi-Area Networks

Pre-Assessment

6.1 OSPF Multi-Area Networks

6.2 Backbone Network and ABRs

6.3 Summary LSA Details

6.4 Route Summarization

6.5 Virtual Links

6.6 Exporting Routes to OSPF

6.7 Stub Areas

6.8 Flooding Rules Summary

6.9 Opaque LSAs

Practice Lab: OSPF Multi-Area Networks

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 7: OSPFv3

Pre-Assessment

7.1 OSPFv3

Practice Lab: OSPFv3

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 8: Introduction to IS-IS

Pre-Assessment

8.1 Overview of IS-IS Operation

8.2 The IS-IS Database and IS-IS PDUs

8.3 Establishing IS-IS Adjacencies

8.4 Flooding LSPs

8.5 The Designated IS (DIS)

8.6 Configuring and Verifying IS-IS

8.7 Configuring Other IS-IS Features

Practice Lab: Introduction to IS-IS

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 9: IS-IS Multi-Area Networks

Pre-Assessment

9.1 Hierarchy in an IS-IS Network

9.2 Implementing a Multi-Area IS-IS Network

9.3 Route Summarization and Route Leaking

9.4 Exporting Routes to IS-IS

Practice Lab: IS-IS Multi-Area Networks

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 10: IS-IS for IPv6

Pre-Assessment

10.1 IPv6 in an IS-IS Network

Practice Lab: IS-IS for IPv6

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Part II: Multiprotocol Label Switching

Chapter 11: Introduction to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Pre-Assessment

11.1 Applications of MPLS

11.2 MPLS Concepts and Components

11.3 Label Switching and Label Operations

11.4 MPLS Label Structure

11.5 Label Values and Label Space

11.6 Static LSPs

11.7 Dynamic Label Distribution

11.8 Label Distribution Modes

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 12: Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Pre-Assessment

12.1 LDP Operation and Messages

12.2 LDP Sessions

12.3 Label Distribution with LDP

12.4 LDP and IGP Interaction

Practice Lab: Configuring and Verifying LDP

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 13: RSVP-TE Operation

Pre-Assessment

13.1 Overview of RSVP-TE

13.2 RSVP-TE Operation and Messages

13.3 RSVP-TE Adjacencies and the Hello Message

13.4 RSVP-TE Path Selection

13.5 MPLS Shortcuts

Practice Lab: RSVP-TE Operation and 6PE

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 14: Constraint-Based Routing and TE-LSPs

Pre-Assessment

14.1 Purpose of Constraint-Based Routing

14.2 CSPF Algorithm

14.3 Traffic-Engineering Extensions

14.4 OSPF-TE

14.5 IS-IS TE

14.6 Traffic-Engineered LSPs

14.7 More Control over Path Selection

14.8 LDP-over-RSVP

Practice Lab: Constraint-Based Routing and TE-LSPs

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 15: RSVP-TE Resource Reservation

Pre-Assessment

15.1 RSVP-TE and Bandwidth Reservation

15.2 Bandwidth Reservation Styles

15.3 LSP Soft Preemption

15.4 DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering

Practice Lab: RSVP-TE Resource Reservation

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 16: MPLS Resiliency

Pre-Assessment

16.1 Network Resiliency Overview

16.2 RSVP-TE Secondary Paths

16.3 Fast Reroute

Practice Lab: MPLS Resiliency

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Part III: VPN Services

Chapter 17: Introduction and Overview of VPN Services

Pre-Assessment

17.1 Introduction to Services

17.2 Service Types

17.3 MPLS Transport and Service Label Signaling

17.4 Service Configuration Model on the 7750

Practice Lab: Configuring the Service Infrastructure

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 18: VPWS Services

Pre-Assessment

18.1 Overview of VPWS

18.2 Epipe SAP Encapsulations

18.3 MTU Relationships

18.4 Other VPWS Services

Practice Lab: Configuring a VPWS Service

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 19: VPLS

Pre-Assessment

19.1 VPLS Overview

19.2 Virtual Switch Behavior

19.3 VPLS Configuration and Verification

19.4 VPLS Topologies

Practice Lab: VPLS Services

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 20: Layer 3 Services

Pre-Assessment

20.1 IES Overview

20.2 VPRN Overview

20.3 VPRN for IPv6 (6VPE)

Practice Lab: Configuring Layer 3 Services

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Chapter 21: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Pre-Assessment

21.1 OAM Overview

21.2 Service Mirroring

Practice Lab: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Chapter Review

Post-Assessment

Appendix A: Chapter Assessment Questions and Answers

Assessment Questions

Answers to Assessment Questions

Glossary

Afterword

Advertisement

Lab CD: Introduction A

The Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification Program Overview

Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist II Exams

Lab CD: Introduction B

Accessing a Service Router Lab: The SRC Exam Preparation Service

Lab CD: Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Layer 2: The Physical Components of the Internet

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 3

Chapter 3: IP Networks

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 5

Chapter 5: Introduction to OSPF

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 6

Chapter 6: OSPF Multi-Area Networks

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 7

Chapter 7: OSPFv3

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 8

Chapter 8: Introduction to IS-IS

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 9

Chapter 9: IS-IS Multi-Area Networks

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 10

Chapter 10: IPv6 for IS-IS

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 12

Chapter 12: Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 13

Chapter 13: RSVP-TE Operation

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 14

Chapter 14: Constraint-Based Routing and TE-LSPs

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 15

Chapter 15: RSVP-TE Resource Reservation

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 16

Chapter 16: MPLS Resiliency

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 17

Chapter 17: Introduction and Overview of VPN Services

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 18

Chapter 18: VPWS Services

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 19

Chapter 19: VPLS

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 20

Chapter 20: Layer 3 Services

Solutions

Lab CD: Chapter 21

Chapter 21: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Solutions

Foreword

Introduction

How This Book Is Organized

Conventions Used in the Book

Audience

Feedback Is Welcome

The Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification Program Overview

Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist II Exams

Accessing a Service Router Lab: The SRC Exam Preparation Service

Standard Icons

Part I: IP Networking

Chapter 1: IP/MPLS Service Networks

Chapter 2: Layer 2: The Physical Components of the Internet

Chapter 3: IP Networks

Chapter 4: Dynamic Routing Protocols

Chapter 5: Introduction to OSPF

Chapter 6: OSPF Multi-Area Networks

Chapter 7: OSPFv

Chapter 8: Introduction to IS-IS

Chapter 9: IS-IS Multi-Area Networks

Chapter 10: IS-IS for IPv

Chapter 1

IP/MPLS Service Networks

The Alcatel-Lucent NRS II exam topics covered in this chapter include the following:

Characteristics of IPInternet overviewAlcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router product group7750 Service Router7705 Service Aggregation Router7450 Ethernet Service Switch7210 Service Access Switch

In this chapter, we describe the development of the Internet and the characteristics of the Internet protocol (IP). We see how IP networks have evolved and the requirements of networking technology today. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) addresses some of the limitations of IP networking and provides a foundation for building service networks. The chapter concludes with an overview of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Router product group.

1.1 Internet Protocol

Development of the Internet protocol (IP) started in 1974 and was formally defined in RFC 791 (“Request for Comments for Internet Protocol”) published in 1981. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) became the standard protocol of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) on January 1, 1983—many consider this the birth of the Internet. The NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created in 1986 with backbone links of 56 kb/s; these were soon upgraded to 1.5 Mb/s. Incredibly, today we’re deploying links that support 100,000 Mb/s, and we’re still using the same version of IP!

Characteristics of IP

The phenomenal growth of the Internet to date is to some extent a result of the characteristics of IP. Some of the characteristics that lead to IP’s global dominance are the following:

Simplicity—This is the most important characteristic contributing to the success of IP. It means that new hardware and software supporting IP are easily developed, more easily deployed, and more easily managed. Simplicity also leads to lower cost, another characteristic of IP networks. Accessibility—This is also a very important contributing factor to the success of IP. Development of the first Internet standards was an open and collaborative process, an approach that has continued to this day. All standards documents are freely available and usually easy to understand. In an age when the only question is whether to use IPv4 or IPv6, it’s easy to forget that 20 years ago there were many different communications protocols in use, and most were proprietary. The OSI (Open System Interconnect) protocols were open, but the standards documents were expensive, complex, and difficult to follow, making them much less accessible than IP.Resiliency—This was one of the original design goals for IP and was achieved through the connectionless nature and simplicity of the protocol. IP routing protocols react quickly to changes in the network topology and simply change the next-hop to which they forward packets for a particular destination. It is understood that IP provides an unreliable, connectionless service, thus the higher-layer protocols provide connection-oriented features as required.

The simplicity of IP results in some serious limitations as the Internet reaches a size, complexity, and diversity of applications that was unimaginable to the early developers of the protocol. Some of the major shortcomings of IP include the following:

Traffic engineering—This is the ability to use a more sophisticated approach to routing traffic across the network. IP uses a simple hop-by-hop approach to forward traffic across the most direct path, but for today’s networks and applications, this is often not the most suitable route. Traffic engineering allows for the use of other criteria and knowledge of the complete topology of the network to find an optimal path for a varied mix of traffic types.Quality of service (QoS)—This is the ability to prioritize different traffic types and provide a different service level to each. Usually these service levels relate to delivery and delay guarantees. For example, a voice-over-IP application used for a real-time conversation requires a small delay and relatively low packet loss, whereas an e-mail application can tolerate much greater delay and can easily retransmit lost packets. A simple IP network provides the same level of service to all applications (best effort).High resiliency—High resiliency, or high availability, goes beyond the resiliency of IP to provide connectivity that is nearly always on. We can build redundancy into a network with IP routing protocols so that most equipment failures result in an outage lasting only a few seconds. We hardly notice such an outage when surfing the Web or sending e-mails, but we are not nearly as tolerant when using IP-TV (broadcast television over IP) to watch our favorite sporting event. More demanding applications typically strive for failover in less than 50 milliseconds—1/20 of a second.IPv4 address space—The IPv4 address space is effectively exhausted. The number of devices connected to the Internet continues to grow exponentially, and every one needs a unique address. There are measures that have been developed to extend the IPv4 address space, but ultimately the increased address space of IPv6 is required.

QoS is a topic for another book, but this book addresses the other three issues listed above. A key technology in adding these capabilities to an IP network is Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). We will see that MPLS is effectively a tunneling technology that allows us to build a variety of different networks using the base technology of an IP network.

Although the global, public Internet is the network that interconnects us all, in reality there is an even larger demand for private networks. These private networks may interconnect corporate enterprises to their different geographical locations or to their partners and customers. Or they may be used to deliver specific services in a controlled manner, such as mobile services or IP-TV delivery.

Service providers are increasingly adopting IP/MPLS networks to provide these private network services. IP/MPLS provides a cost-effective, flexible foundation for deploying a wide variety of private network services.

The Internet

The 1980s were really the experimental years of the Internet as it grew throughout universities and American research institutions. TCP/IP was included in the free UNIX distributions of the time, which definitely helped spread the understanding and use of TCP/IP. The fact that the RFC documents that define all Internet protocols are freely available and generally easy to understand also helped spread its acceptance. Key characteristics of the Internet in the 1980s were the following:

Experimental nature of the InternetDevelopment of IP routing software (IS-IS, OSPF, BGP)Routing typically handled by general-purpose mini-computers running routing software

During the 1990s, the Internet spread into the commercial world and a much broader public awareness. Major characteristics of this decade included the following:

Development of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the World Wide WebAvailability of high-speed Internet access using ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and cable networksPurpose-built routers including specialized hardware designed specifically for IP forwardingExponential growth in size and bandwidth of the InternetMaturation of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

In the first decade of the new millennium, the Internet spread beyond the relatively simple domain of e-mail and web traffic into new domains with more demanding requirements. Characteristics of the first decade of 2000 included the following:

Continued massive bandwidth increasesThe YouTube phenomena—ubiquitous video and massive amounts of user-generated contentSupport of data services in the mobile networkThe introduction of MPLS to create a more sophisticated service layer over IPRouters capable of providing quality of service differentiation in an IP network

What can we expect in the second decade of the new millennium? More of the same—and then some:

Continued massive bandwidth increasesThe cloud—our data and applications moving to the networkVideo everywhereGreatly enhanced control plane for network components to improve and simplify management of the networkEverything anywhere—by the end of the decade, everything we manufacture will connect to the Internet, and we’ll have access to it from anywhere.

1.2 Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router Product Group

The original Alcatel-Lucent Service Router was the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, introduced in 2003. Since that time, other products have been added to the Service Router product family, all built around the SR-OS (SR Operating System) and all managed by the 5620 SAM (Service Aware Manager). Two of the products, the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and the Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS, use FP network processors developed in-house to ensure leading-edge performance, density, and advanced services, with no compromise between speed and advanced service delivery.

The 7750 SR was conceived and developed specifically for IP/MPLS Virtual Private Network (VPN) services such as Virtual Private Wire Services (VPWS), Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), and Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN). The system architecture, hardware, and software fully support the provisioning and configuration of IP/MPLS networks with Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPN services. The SR product group supports a wide range of access interfaces. Broadly, these include the following:

Ethernet interfaces from 100 Mb/s to 100 Gb/sPacket over SONET/SDH (POS) from OC-3c/STM-1c to OC-192c/STM-64cCircuit Emulation Service (CES) at OC-3/STM-1 and OC-12/STM-4Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) at OC-3c/STM-1c and OC-12c/STM-4c

The primary focus of the Service Router product group is the IP services market. This covers a broad range of IP routers and switches from small hardened devices in a remote cell site to very large routers in a central office (CO) routing thousands of connections and terabits of data into the service provider core network. Although many edge routers today are simple IP routers, service providers are increasingly recognizing the benefits of deploying IP/MPLS service routers to support the diverse connectivity requirements and applications in today’s network. Three key areas where IP/MPLS service routing is finding application today are the following:

Residential service delivery—This requires the reliable delivery of video, voice, and high-speed Internet services over an IP network. The network must provide differentiated quality of service to different traffic types and efficiently manage the service parameters for thousands of subscribers.Mobile Packet Core and backhaul—This is evolving to a fully IP-based packet network. The mobile backhaul must support the increasing demand for data in existing mobile networks in a cost-effective manner while providing a path to support the deployment of fourth-generation LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks.Business service delivery—This must provide cost-effective connectivity and bandwidth options while supporting legacy technologies. A reliable and secure service is required with defined and measured service level guarantees.

Not all of the routers in the SR product group support all the features and capabilities of the 7750 SR, but all use the same core operating system and the same command-line interface (CLI) commands for configuring and managing the network. All the examples and exercises in this book were created on the 7750 SR but will function the same way on any other router in the product group, except in the circumstances in which it does not support the specific feature.

In the sections below, we provide a brief introduction and overview of the members of the SR product family at the time of writing (June 2011). The four major product families in the Service Router product group are the following:

7750 Service Router7705 Service Aggregation Router7450 Ethernet Service Switch7210 Service Access Switch

7750 Service Router

The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router (SR) portfolio is a suite of multiservice routers that deliver high-performance, high-availability routing with service-aware operations, administration, management, and provisioning. The 7750 SR integrates the scalability, resiliency, and predictability of MPLS along with the bandwidth and economics of Ethernet and a broad selection of legacy interfaces, to enable a converged network infrastructure for the delivery of next-generation services.

The 7750 SR’s advanced and comprehensive feature set enables it to be deployed as a Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) for residential services, as a Multiservice Edge (MSE) for Carrier Ethernet and IP VPN business services, as the aggregation router in mobile backhaul applications, or as a mobile packet core for 2G, 3G, and LTE wireless networks. With support for service-enabled, high-density 10GigE, 40 GigE, and 100GigE interfaces, the 7750 SR is well suited for edge and core routing applications.

The 7750 SR is available in four chassis variants, as shown in Figure 1-1, and scales gracefully from 90 Gb/s to 2 Tb/s of capacity. From left to right with the 7750 SR-7c in the foreground, the routers are as follows:

7750 SR-127750 SR-77750 SR-12c7750 SR-7c

Figure 1-1: 7750 Service Router product family.

7705 Service Aggregation Router

The Alcatel-Lucent 7705 SAR portfolio is optimized for multiservice adaptation, aggregation, and routing, especially onto a modern Ethernet and IP/MPLS infrastructure. It is available in compact, low-power consumption platforms delivering highly available services over resilient and flexible network topologies.

The 7705 SAR is well suited to the aggregation and backhaul of 2G, 3G, and LTE mobile traffic—providing cost-effective scaling and the transformation to IP/MPLS networking. Business services modernization is supported in the transition from legacy to consolidated, packet-based operation. Hugely reduced equipment footprints are achievable with reduced energy costs. Industries, enterprises, and government organizations can achieve reliable and resilient support of legacy and advanced services.

The 7705 SAR is available in three chassis variants:

7705 SAR-187705 SAR-87705 SAR-F

The 7705 SAR family in Figure 1-2 shows the SAR-F, the SAR-8, and the SAR-18, front to back.

Figure 1-2: 7705 SAR family.

7450 Ethernet Service Switch

The 7450 ESS is a highly scalable platform designed to support residential service delivery, business VPN services, and mobile backhaul applications at the Carrier Ethernet service edge. The 7450 ESS integrates the scalability, resiliency, and predictability of MPLS, along with the bandwidth and economics of Ethernet, to enable a metro-wide, converged packet aggregation infrastructure using Carrier Ethernet to deliver next-generation services.

Designed as a service delivery platform, the 7450 ESS enables a broadly scalable service offering based on MPLS-enabled Carrier Ethernet. Comprehensive Carrier Ethernet and IP/MPLS feature and protocol support allows a full complement of residential, business, and mobile service applications across a range of topologies, from point-to-point to any-to-any, from fully meshed to ring-based. The 7450 ESS enables providers to flexibly offer any combination of Ethernet or IP-based services in a highly scalable (up to 2 Tb/s) platform that can support hundreds of thousands of end users in a metro area with ease.

The 7450 ESS is available in four chassis variants:

7450 ESS-127450 ESS-77450 ESS-67450 ESS-6v

The ESS family in Figure 1-3 shows the ESS-7 on the left and the ESS-6 on the right with the ESS-12 behind.

Figure 1-3: 7450 ESS family.

7210 Service Access Switch

The Alcatel-Lucent 7210 SAS (Service Access Switch) family of compact, Ethernet-edge, and aggregation devices enables the delivery of advanced Carrier Ethernet services to the customer edge and extends the reach of MPLS-enabled Carrier Ethernet aggregation networks into smaller network locations. Available in a wide range of compact form factors, the 7210 SAS enables fixed and wireless service providers, multiservice operators (MSOs), as well as industry and enterprise customers to build out cost-optimized Carrier Ethernet infrastructure for business, residential, and mobile services delivery.

The 7210 SAS family is available in a range of platform variants, including two that support extended temperature ranges (ETRs). The current variants are the following:

7210 SAS-X7210 SAS-M (10GigE and 10GigE–ETR)7210 SAS-M7210 SAS-E7210 SAS-D (SAS-D and SAS-D–ETR)

Figure 1-4 shows the 7210 SAS-E (on top) and the 7210 SAS-M.

Figure 1-4: 7210 SAS-E and SAS-M.

5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM)

The Alcatel-Lucent 5620 SAM (Service Aware Manager) provides end-to-end service-aware management of all-IP networks and the services they deliver, going well beyond the traditional boundaries of element- and network-management systems. The 5620 SAM manages all network domains end-to-end as well as the multiple interdependent layers on which service delivery depends. With unified element, network, and service-aware management, service providers can more effectively manage mobile, business, and residential services.

The 5620 SAM consists of four integrated modules:

5620 SAM Element Manager (SAM-E)—The 5620 SAM Element Manager (SAM-E) module provides traditional Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security (FCAPS) management functionality for element management and is the base platform for all 5620 SAM modules.5620 SAM Provisioning (SAM-P)—The 5620 SAM Provisioning (SAM-P) module provides network configuration and service provisioning.5620 SAM Assurance (SAM-A)—The 5620 SAM Assurance (SAM-A) module provides physical, network, and service topology views; and operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) service-diagnostics tools. 5620 SAM OSS Integration (SAM-O)—The 5620 SAM OSS Integration (SAM-O) module provides an open interface for integration with external applications and operations support systems (OSSs).

The 5620 SAM provides extensive management for all the products in the 7750 Service Router product group as well as many others in the Alcatel-Lucent High Leverage Network.

Chapter Review

Now that you have completed this chapter, you should be able to:

List the key strengths and weaknesses of IP.Describe the overall evolution of the Internet.List the product families making up the Alcatel-Lucent Service Router product group.

Chapter 2

Layer 2: The Physical Components of the Internet

The Alcatel-Lucent NRS II exam topics covered in this chapter include the following:

Overview of Layer 2 technologiesFormat and transmission of Ethernet framesEthernet switchingVLANsSONET/SDH and POSATM

This chapter provides a quick overview of common Layer2 technologies—the physical components that make up the Internet. The most attention is given to Ethernet, the most widely used Layer 2 technology today. We look at how Ethernet frames are transmitted and examine the fields of the Ethernet header. We also take a brief look at the operation of an Ethernet switch. Support for VLANs (virtual LANs, Local Area Networks) is an important attribute of modern Ethernet switches, and we describe the purpose and operation of VLANs. The chapter concludes with a quick survey of some other important Layer 2 technologies. SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is the most widely used technology for long-distance optical transmission and provides a foundation for both the POS (Packet over SONET/SDH) and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) protocols.

Pre-Assessment

The following assessment questions will help you understand what areas of the chapter you should review in more detail to prepare for the NRS II exam. You can also use the CD that accompanies this book to take all the assessment tests and review the answers.

1. Which of the following is a circuit switched protocol?

A. POS

B. ATM

C. IP

D. Ethernet

2. What does a switch do when it receives a frame with an unknown destination MAC address?

A. It sends an ICMP destination unreachable to the source.

B. It sends an ICMP redirect to the source.

C. It silently discards the frame.

D. It floods the frame to all ports except the one the frame was received on.

E. It holds the packet for the configured time-out value and discards it if the source is still not known.

3. How is communication accomplished between two users on separate VLANs?

A. The users must be relocated to the same VLAN.

B. A third VLAN must be created, and both users must be given membership.

C. A router must be used to route the packets at the IP layer.

D. The users on separate VLANs must use an IP address on the same subnet to trigger a direct VLAN transfer on the switch.

E. No special mechanism is required.

4. For what reason was TDM initially developed?

A. To support high-bandwidth video applications

B. As a technology to offer improvements over ATM with respect to QoS

C. To meet the demands of the emerging Internet