Alcohol-Related Violence E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 796

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

New in the Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology, Alcohol-Related Violence: Prevention and Treatment presents an authoritative collection of the most recent assessment and treatment strategies for alcohol-related aggression and violence.

• Features contributions from leading international academics and practitioners
• Offers invaluable guidance for practitioners regarding intervention to reduce alcohol-related aggression and violence
• Describes evidence-based interventions at a number of levels, including populations, bar room, families, couples, and individuals

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

WILEY SERIES IN FORENSIC CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

ABOUT THE EDITOR

CONTRIBUTORS

FOREWORD

SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

ABOUT THIS BOOK

PART I: THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

THE EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

ACTORS, CONTEXT AND CULTURE

HOW MUCH VIOLENCE CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO ALCOHOL?

IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND RESEARCH

CONCLUSION

Chapter 2 ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ALCOHOL USE AND VIOLENCE

ALCOHOL: LEGAL ASPECTS IN BRAZIL

TREATMENT

CONCLUSION

PART II: UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM

Chapter 3 ALCOHOL AND AGGRESSION: THEORIES AND MECHANISMS

THEORIES OF ALCOHOL-RELATED AGGRESSION

THE AMM AND AGGRESSION

HYPOTHETICAL ACCOUNTS BY WHICH DISTRACTION REDUCES AGGRESSION: STATE MECHANISMS

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR HOW TO REDUCE ALCOHOL-RELATED AGGRESSION

CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chapter 4 ALCOHOL AND VIOLENCE IN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE

ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE

ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

SUMMARY

Chapter 5 ALCOHOL AND VIOLENCE IN DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

EARLY CHILDHOOD EXTERNALISING DISORDERS

LATE CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADOLESCENCE

LATE ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

PART III: PREVENTION

Chapter 6 ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE AS ALCOHOL-RELATED CRIME: POLICING, POLICY AND THE LAW

INTRODUCTION

ALCOHOL AND CRIME

POLICING STRATEGIES

INTOXICATION AS A ‘DEFENCE’ TO CRIME

SENTENCING ALCOHOL-RELATED CRIME

CONCLUSION: RECOGNISING THE LIMITS OF THE LAW

Chapter 7 BARROOM APPROACHES TO PREVENTION

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCHING BARROOM VIOLENCE

BARROOM RISK AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION OBSERVED

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER

PART IV: TREATMENT

Chapter 8 INTERVENTIONS WITH CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

INTRODUCTION

EXTENT AND NATURE OF ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY

CONCEPTUAL AND DEFINITIONAL ISSUES

DOMESTIC ABUSE AND CHILD PROTECTION

IDENTIFYING ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

ENGAGING FAMILIES, VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS

HELPING FAMILIES

CONCLUSION

Chapter 9 TREATMENTS FOR OFFENDERS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

INTRODUCTION

THE DULUTH MODEL OR DULUTH DERIVATIVES OF CARE

ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS: A COMMON CO-OCCURRENCE

TREATMENTS FOR IPV

FEMALE-TO-MALE PERPETRATION OF VIOLENCE

TYPOLOGIES OF MEN WHO ARE PHYSICALLY VIOLENT AND THE ROLE OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF VIOLENCE

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 10 ALCOHOL ARREST REFERRAL

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

OVERVIEW OF THE AAR PILOT SCHEMES AND CLIENT CHARACTERISTICS

MAIN FINDINGS: THE IMPACT ON OFFENDING

WHICH MODELS OF AAR INTERVENTIONS, REFERRAL ROUTES AND CLIENT CHARACTERISTICS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER OUTCOMES?

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

Chapter 11 TREATMENTS FOR OFFENDERS IN PRISON AND THE COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF RESEARCH

TARGETS FOR REDUCING ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

DEVELOPING SERVICES TO REDUCE ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

CONCLUSION

Chapter 12 TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE

INTRODUCTION

THE EXTENT OF ALCOHOL USE IN SEXUAL OFFENDERS

ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT ON OTHER SEXUAL RECIDIVISM RISK FACTORS

MODELS OF THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN SEXUAL OFFENDING

ADDRESSING ALCOHOL USE IN TREATMENT PROGRAMMES FOR SEXUAL OFFENDING

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 13 TREATMENTS FOR OFFENDERS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION

IMPACT OF DUAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

OVERALL “STATE OF THE SCIENCE”

DEFINITIONS AND TERMS

SUBTYPES OF DUALLY DIAGNOSED OFFENDERS

TREATMENT NEEDS AND PROBLEMS

POINTS OF INTERVENTION IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SETTING

PREDOMINANT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR TREATMENT OFFENDERS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSIS

PROMISING TREATMENTS FOR OFFENDERS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSIS

ORGANIZATIONAL/STRUCTURAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT TREATMENT

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Chapter 14 ALCOHOL USE AND OFFENDING IN PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

INTRODUCTION

PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL USE IN PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

RISK FACTORS IN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION FOR PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

ALCOHOL USE IN OFFENDERS WITH ID

EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE WITH ID WHO MISUSE ALCOHOL AND DRUGS

EDUCATION AND TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOL PROBLEMS

ISSUES IN TREATMENT

AN ALCOHOL MODULE FOR A VIOLENCE PROGRAMME

A CASE OF ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 15 TREATMENTS FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED IMPAIRED DRIVING

INTRODUCTION

ASSESSMENT OF DWI OFFENDERS

REMEDIAL PROGRAMS FOR DWI OFFENDERS

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

PART V: CONCLUSION

Chapter 16 ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE: AN ENDNOTE

INDEX

WILEY SERIES IN FORENSIC CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Edited by

Clive R. Hollin

School of Psychology, University of Leicester, UK

and

Mary McMurran

Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK

For other titles in this series please visit www.wiley.com/go/fcp

This edition first published 2013

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Alcohol-related violence: prevention and treatment / Edited by Mary McMurran.

pages cm

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-119-95274-9 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-119-95273-2 (pbk.) 1. Alcoholism and crime. 2. Violence. 3. Crime. 4. Alcoholism–Prevention. I. McMurran, Mary.

 HV5053.A463 2013

 364.2'4–dc23

2012029598

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Bottles background © John_Woodcock/iStockphoto

Cover design by Nicki Averill Design

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Mary McMurran, BSc, MSc, PhD, CPsychol, FBPsS, is Professor in the Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK. She worked for 10 years as a prison psychologist in HM Young Offenders’ Centre Glen Parva. After qualifying as a clinical psychologist, she worked in Rampton Hospital, a maximum secure psychiatric facility, and then at the East Midlands Centre for Forensic Mental Health, which consisted of a medium secure psychiatric facility and a community forensic mental health service. In 1999, she was awarded a 5-year Senior Baxter Research Fellowship by the National Health Service’s (NHS) National Programme on Forensic Mental Health Research and Development and has been an academic ever since. Her research interests are (1) social problem-solving theories and therapies for understanding and treating people with personality disorders, (2) the assessment and treatment of alcohol-related aggression and violence, and (3) understanding and enhancing readiness to engage in treatment. She has written over 150 academic articles and book chapters. She is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society and a former Chair of the Society’s Division of Forensic Psychology. She was founding co-editor of the British Psychological Society journal Legal and Criminological Psychology and is currently co-editor of Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. In 2005, she was recipient of the Division of Forensic Psychology’s Award for a Significant Lifetime Contribution to Forensic Psychology.

CONTRIBUTORS

Danilo Antonio Baltieri, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Ambulatory for the Treatment of Sexual Disorders (ABSex), ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs of the Psychiatric Institute of the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Thomas G. Brown, PhD Director and Principal Investigator, Addiction Research Program, Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Head of Research, Foster Addiction Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Elin K. Bye, PhD Researcher, SIRUS, the Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway

Fernanda Cestaro Prado Cortez, MD, MSc Department of Psychiatry and Ambulatory for the Treatment of Sexual Disorders (ABSex), ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil

Amy Cohn, PhD Center on Co-Occurring Disorders, Justice, and Multidisciplinary Research and Assistant Professor, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy/Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

Gavin Dingwall, LLB, MPhil Professor of Criminal Justice Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, England

Russil Durrant, PhD Lecturer, Institute of Criminology, School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Caroline J. Easton, PhD Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Medhat Emara, MB, ChB Consultant Psychiatrist, Castlebeck, Darlington, England

Mark Farmer, MSocSci, MSt, CQSW Head of the West of Midlands Regional Sex Offender Unit, Staffordshire and West Midlands Probation Trust, Birmingham, England

Donald Forrester, CQSW, PhD Professor of Social Work Research, Director of Tilda Goldberg Centre for Social Work and Social Care Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, England

Alasdair J.M. Forsyth, PhD Senior Research Fellow, Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, and the Institute for Society and Social Justice Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland

Peter R. Giancola, PhD Professor and Director of the Violence and Alcohol-Related Violence Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Georgia Glynn, MSc Research Fellow, Institute of Applied Social Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, England

Rick Howard, PhD Associate Professor and Reader in Personality Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England

William R. Lindsay, PhD Clinical Director (Scotland), Castlebeck, Darlington, England; Professor of Forensic Psychology, University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland; Honorary Professor, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, and Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia

Ruth E. Mann, PhD Head of Evidence and Offence Specialism Commissioning Strategies Group, National Offender Management Service, London, England

Katie McCracken, MSc Director, OpCit Research (opcitresearch.com), London, England

Mary McMurran, PhD Professor of Personality Disorder Research, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England

Kim T. Mueser, PhD Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, and Executive Director, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Marie Claude Ouimet, PhD Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada

Ingeborg Rossow, PhD Senior Researcher, SIRUS, the Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway

Franco Sassi, PhD Senior Health Economist, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France (Note: FS was affiliated with the London School of Economics and Political Science when this project started. The project is not part of OECD institutional work.)

Samantha Tinsley, BSc Assistant Psychologist, Castlebeck, Darlington, England

FOREWORD

I first met Mary McMurran in 2003 in Perth, Scotland, where we were part of a workshop on alcohol and violence. In her presentation, she described a new program that she had developed for counseling violent offenders whose offenses were linked to their drinking. I was very impressed with her work. Although the relationship between alcohol and violence has been recognized for millennia, hers is one of the few offender programs to incorporate knowledge about the dynamics of the alcohol–violence relationship. This book expands her thoughtful approach to combining theoretical and applied research to addressing alcohol-related violence.

The relationship between alcohol and violence is a fascinating area of research because this relationship often involves a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. For alcohol researchers, it is important to recognize that individual, social, and cultural factors not only determine the drinking pattern of the individual but also affect whether he or she will become aggressive when drinking. From a violence research perspective, because the link with alcohol is pervasive across time and cultures, examining alcohol’s role in violence can help increase the understanding of violence generally.

The fact that violence often results from complex interactions of factors means that there are many points of entry into prevention and treatment. Specifically, one can focus on (1) the effects of alcohol, (2) personality/attitudes of the violent person, (3) the situational context, and/or (4) the sociocultural environment. Sometimes, changing only one of these contributors may be sufficient to prevent some instances of violence. Changing several might be expected to have an even bigger impact.

For example, O’Farrell and colleagues (O’Farrell et al., 2004) found that be­havioral couples therapy for married and cohabiting male alcoholic patients significantly reduced partner violence with this association partly mediated by reduced problem drinking. This finding does not mean that eliminating alcohol would eliminate all IPV, which is clearly not the case. However, it does mean that for some perpetrators of IPV, alcohol is a key component in the mix leading to their violence, and addressing this one factor can have an impact on reducing their violence.

Thus, the more we know about the complex interactions of factors involved in the process leading to alcohol-related violence, the better our ability to identify the levers most likely to short-circuit this process. For example, for some especially violent individuals, the key factor in the person’s aggression may be their personality and attitudes, with alcohol, context, and culture having relatively small influences other than as possible precipitators and potential deterrents. Individually targeted interventions would be essential for this kind of violence. However, for other persons who are not generally violent but engage in occasional violence in particular contexts such as bars, addressing the context may be the most effective strategy for prevention (e.g., the Safer Bars program; Graham et al., 2004).

The broad scope of this book nicely addresses the complexity of the alcohol–violence relationship. The first part of the book contains a wealth of insights for helping to sort out the various factors influencing different types of alcohol-related violence and points to new directions for addressing such violence. For example, Rossow and Bye make the important point that interventions need to address both heavy and non-heavy drinkers because, although alcohol-related violence is more common among heavy drinkers, violence by non-heavy drinkers may be the larger problem due to their greater numbers. They also suggest that alcohol policy is an important strategy for reducing alcohol-related violence because such policy can affect both the amount of alcohol consumed and the context in which alcohol is consumed.

In his chapter, Durrant reframes the problem of alcohol-related violence using an evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary theory has been increasingly prominent in violence research but has not yet had an impact on our understanding of the alcohol-related violence. His discussion of implications provides examples of how known approaches to preventing alcohol-related violence can be enhanced by taking into consideration possible evolutionary factors. Thus, this reframing can help to stimulate new and innovative approaches to prevention and treatment.

Durrant’s and other chapters highlight the importance of masculinity identity concerns and how these are related to alcohol-related violence (see Wells, Graham, and Tremblay, 2007). Across a range of different cultures, alcohol-related aggression is much more likely to involve men (Graham et al., 2011), primarily young men, as is violence generally. Thus, while alcohol can influence the aggressive behavior of women as well as of men, the role of gender and age is a key element in addressing alcohol-related violence.

The second part of the book focuses on prevention and treatment. As with the preceding chapters, these help to reinforce the multifactorial nature of alcohol-related violence and the various avenues for addressing this problem, including policing and legal issues, addressing the drinking context, and various interventions focused on individuals and their families.

Although these chapters are not always able to point to effective solutions, they provide a useful way of conceptualizing how to address the complex interaction of factors linking alcohol and violence. For example, the findings reported by McCracken and Sassi describing an experimental alcohol intervention with offenders suggest that focusing only on alcohol use may not be enough for these individuals; however, a subsequent chapter by McMurran explores ways to enhance this individual approach by taking into consideration how alcohol affects the drinker, the expectations that link alcohol to violence and the role of provocation in the drinking context. Similarly, the chapter by Mann and Farmer describes the multifaceted linkages between alcohol and sexual violence that need to be taken into consideration in order to individualize treatment for sexual offenders and to maximize treatment effectiveness.

In sum, this excellent book provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policy specialists working in the area of alcohol-related violence.

Kathryn Graham, PhDSenior Scientist and Head, Social and Community Interventions and Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthAdjunct Research Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaAssociate Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, CanadaProfessor (Adjunct), National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia

REFERENCES

Graham, K., Bernards, S., Knibbe, R. et al. (2011) Alcohol-related negative consequences among drinkers around the world. Addiction, 106, 1391–1405.

Graham, K., Osgood, D.W., Zibrowski, E. et al. (2004) The effect of the Safer Bars programme on physical aggression in bars: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Review, 23, 31–41.

O’Farrell, T.J., Murphy, C.M., Stephan, S.H. et al. (2004) Partner violence before and after couples-based alcoholism treatment for male alcoholic patients: The role of treatment involvement and abstinence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 202–217.

Wells, S., Graham, K., and Tremblay, P. (2007) Beliefs, attitudes, and male-to-male bar-room aggression: Development of a theoretical predictive model. Addiction Research and Theory, 15, 575–586.

SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

ALL THINGS MUST PASS

This is the 19th and final book in our Forensic Clinical Psychology Series. The first book in the Series was published in 1999 (William L. Marshall, Dana Anderson and Yolanda Fernandez, Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Sexual Offenders), so we have been going at better than a book a year for over a decade. The impetus for the Series came at a time when there was renewed enthusiasm for applying psychological theory and research to working with offenders in order to reduce crime. In the years that span the first text appearing and the present day, there are good grounds for thinking that the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders is now mainstream business within the criminal justice systems of many countries. Indeed, a recent American text has strongly argued for a reassertion of social science in order to inform crime reduction policies (Dvoskin et al., 2012). In a country with a prison population of over two million people, an alternative to punishment is clearly an attractive option.

The starting point for the Series was, of course, the research that gave rise to the What Works? literature and the defining characteristics of effective treatments in terms of crime reduction (Andrews and Bonta, 1994; McGuire, 1995). The subsequent development and influence of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model and its emphasis on evidence-based practice is evident throughout the Series. Indeed, the robustness of this model and need for evidence is a cornerstone of effective practice. It is the case that other models of practice may come and go, but the RNR remains at the forefront of practice (Andrews, Bonta, and Wormith, 2011).

We were clear from the outset that our aim in developing this Series was to produce texts that both reviewed research and drew on clinical expertise to advance effective work with offenders. Further, we were clear that the books published in the Series would not be practice manuals or ‘cookbooks’; rather, we wanted to encourage authors and editors to produce texts that would offer readers authoritative and critical information to enable practice and research into practice to develop.

The full list of titles below reflects the range and diversity of forensic clinical psychology. The range is reflected in the highly specialised nature of some books, the emphasis of clinical practice in others, while some are concerned with systems and organisation of service delivery. The diversity is evident in the range of topics, from sex offenders, mentally disordered offenders, violent offenders, and so on.

So we come to the end of the Series. We have worked together on this Series and several other projects for more years than either of us would care to count. We should mention the role of the publishers in the development of the Series. We worked with several publishing editors and they were always responsive to our ideas, thorough in their approach and constructive in their comments. The quality of the published books is excellent and, as is the way of things, the cover design for the Series, lined up on the shelf, has gone through several rather natty incarnations.

There will be many more books written about forensic clinical psychology, but we feel, after some angst, that this Series has made its contribution. In the words of the late, great George Harrison, all things must pass, and now it is our turn.

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Our earliest venture into book publishing together was on alcohol-related crime – Mary McMurran and Clive R. Hollin (1993), Young Offenders and Alcohol-Related Crime: A Practitioner’s Guidebook, Chichester: Wiley. Our final book in the Series is on alcohol-related violence. Over the years, concern about alcohol-related crime, violence and disorder has not abated; if anything, it has increased. Yet, our experience has been that all along the line in criminal justice, the treatment of alcohol problems has been a poor relation to the treatment of drug problems. This is despite the truth that alcohol problems and alcohol-related crimes are more prevalent than drug problems and drug crimes, and just as damaging to individuals and to society – perhaps even more damaging.

It is our desire that the prevention and treatment of alcohol-related crime, particularly violent crime, should receive the attention it deserves from commissioners, researchers and practitioners. To this end, matters to do with alcohol need to be distinct from those subsumed under the generic term ‘substance misuse’. Alcohol is distinguished not least by the fact that its use is not illegal in many countries. This leads to commercial, licensing, policing, social and contextual factors that need to be addressed when tackling associated problems.

There are a number of eminent researchers and clinicians who have focused their work specifically on aspects of alcohol-related violence for many years. There are others who have specialised in the study of particular crimes, for whom alcohol is but one important contributory factor to be taken into account. We are grateful to these researchers and clinicians for their exceptional contributions to this volume. By writing such outstanding chapters on this perennial and important topic, they have allowed us to finish the Series in a blaze of glory!

Clive HollinMary McMurranMarch 2012

REFERENCES

Andrews, D.A. and Bonta, J. (1994) The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J., and Wormith, J.S. (2011) The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 735–755.

Dvoskin, J.A., Skeem, J.L., Novaco, R.W., and Douglas, K.S. (2012) Using Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McGuire, J. (ed.) (1995) What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

WILEY SERIES IN FORENSIC CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE COMPLETE LIST

1999. William L. Marshall, Dana Anderson, and Yolanda Fernandez, Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Sexual Offenders.

2000. Sheilagh Hodgins and Rüdiger Müller-Isberner (eds), Violence, Crime and Mentally Disordered Offenders: Concepts and Methods for Effective Treatment and Prevention.

2001. Gary A. Bernfeld, David P. Farrington, and Alan W. Leschid (eds), Offender Rehabilitation in Practice: Implementing and Evaluating Effective Programs.

2002. James McGuire (ed.), Offender Rehabilitation and Treatment: Effective Programmes and Policies to Reduce Re-offending.

2002. Arnold P. Goldstein, The Psychology of Group Aggression.

2002. Arnold P. Goldstein, Rune Nensén, Bengdt Daleford, and Mikael Kalt (eds), New Perspectives on Aggression Replacement Training: Practice, Research, and Application.

2002. Mary McMurran (ed.), Motivating Offenders to Change: A guide to Enhancing Engagement in Therapy.

2004. William R. Lindsay, John L. Taylor, and Peter Sturmey (eds), Offenders with Developmental Disabilities.

2005. Mary McMurran and James McGuire (eds), Social Problem Solving and Offending: Evidence, Evaluation and Evolution.

2006. William L. Marshall, Yolanda M. Fernandez, Liam E. Marshall, and Gerris A. Serran (eds), Sexual Offender Treatment: Controversial Issues.

2006. Tony Ward, Devon L.L. Polaschek, and Anthony R. Beech, Theories of Sexual Offending.

2006. Kelly Blanchette and Shelley Lynn Brown, Assessment and Treatment of Women Offenders: An Integrative Perspective.

2006. Clive R. Hollin and Emma J. Palmer (eds), Offending Behaviour Programmes: Development, Application, and Controversies.

2007. Theresa A. Gannon, Tony Ward, Anthony R. Beech, and Dawn Fisher, Aggressive Offenders’ Cognition: Theory, Research and Practice.

2009. Mary McMurran and Richard Howard (eds), Personality, Personality Disorder and Violence.

2009. David Thornton and D. Richard Laws (eds), Cognitive Approaches to the Assessment of Sexual Interest in Sexual Offenders.

2010. Michael Daffern, Lawrence Jones, and John Shine (eds), Offence Paralleling Behaviour: A Case Formulation Approach to Offender Assessment and Intervention.

2011. Peter Sturmey and Mary McMurran (eds), Forensic case formulation.

2012. Mary McMurran (ed.), Alcohol-Related Violence: Prevention and Treatment.

PART ITHE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

INGEBORG ROSSOW AND ELIN K. BYE

SIRUS, the Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway

INTRODUCTION

An Epidemiological and Public Health Perspective

Violence constitutes a significant health problem globally (Krug et al., 2002). It is widely recognized that alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for violent perpetration and violence victimization (Abbey, 2011; Chermack and Giancola, 1997; Leonard, 2008; Lipsey et al., 1997; Roizen, 1997). We will in this chapter present an overview of research evidence on how and to what extent alcohol consumption is related to violence within an epidemiological and public health perspective. More specifically, we will show that alcohol use is a common ingredient in violent acts, that the risk of being involved in a violent act is higher among those who consume alcohol frequently and in large quantities, that the amount of violent acts in a society varies systematically with the overall alcohol consumption in that population and with the drinking pattern in that population.

Defining the Problem

What do we mean by ‘violence’? While self-inflicted injuries and collective violence (e.g., riots or acts of war) are often included in the term violence (Krug et al., 2002), we have limited the focus here to that of interpersonal violence. According to the World Health Organization, interpersonal violence can be divided into the following subcategories: family and intimate partner violence (between family members and intimate partners, usually taking place in the home) and community violence (between individuals who are unrelated and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home) (Krug et al., 2002). These subcategories are again divided by the nature of violent acts: physical, sexual, psychological and involving deprivation or neglect. We will in this review address only the former two (physical and sexual violence) in relation to alcohol use.

This leads us to the question of what we mean by alcohol use in relation violence. The term ‘alcohol use’ covers a wide range of behaviours and is assessed by different types of measures across studies. Examples of the latter are presence of alcohol at the time of the event as measured by breathalyzer or blood sample analysis; self-report in surveys or clinical interviews; assessment of alcohol intoxication by health personnel, police officers and so on; and aggregate measures of alcohol consumption such as sales figures. The various types of behaviour comprise, for instance, any drinking in the few hours prior to the violent event; annual alcohol consumption; frequency of intoxication; and indicators of alcohol dependence or abuse.

Alcohol-related violence is not only a problem for those who suffer violent injuries in terms of health and economic costs, but it has also a wide range of consequences at the societal level, for instance, in terms of its burden on health services, police forces and economic costs to society, and by generating fear and insecurity in the family, neighbourhood and community. While these consequences of alcohol-related violence are indeed part of the problem, a societal analysis is beyond the scope of this review.

THE EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

The scientific literature on the alcohol–violence association is overwhelming. A quick search in various literature databases reveals thousands of publications that – based on the title only – address this topic. We will therefore provide a review partly drawing on previous, preferably recent, review studies but also refer to primary studies, when no fairly recent reviews are available or when primary studies add to previous reviews. Given the epidemiological and public health perspective, the literature review mainly covers studies that refer to the general population and that are of relevance to public health strategies.