An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
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- Sprache: Englisch
An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology
Learn more about the histological presentation of diseased and normal oral tissues with this high definition illustrated dental reference
An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology delivers a collection of high-definition histological and pathological images, presenting both diseased and normal oral tissues.
The book provides over 200 high-magnification histomicrographs of oral tissues, as well as definitions and explanations of key identifying histological and pathological features of oral tissues. Readers will also benefit from explanations of the clinical significance of particular features, numerous images of ground sections, haemotoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, and electron images. It also includes core topics such as:
Perfect for postgraduate dental students, An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology will also be useful to undergraduate dental students, and those looking to improve their understanding of the microscopic structure of dental tissues and their pathologies.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Sample Preparation
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) Stained Sections
Micro‐computed Tomography (Micro‐CT)
Ground Sections
Scanning Electron Microscopy
About the Editors
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
1 Tooth Development
1.1 Bud Stage
1.2 Cap Stage
1.3 Early Bell Stage
1.4 Late Bell Stage
1.5 Root Formation
1.6 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)
1.7 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI)
1.8 Dentin Dysplasia (DD)
References
2 Dental Enamel
2.1 Surface Enamel and Ionic Substitution
2.2 Enamel Striae
2.3 Enamel Lamellae
2.4 Enamel Spindles
2.5 Enamel Tufts
2.6 Enamel Dentin Junction (EDJ)
2.7 Neonatal Line
2.8 Gnarled Enamel
2.9 Enamel Caries
References
3 Dentin
3.1 Dentinal Tubules
3.2 Organic Matrix of Dentin
3.3 Primary and Secondary Curvatures of Tubules
3.4 Interglobular Dentin
3.5 Peritubular/Intratubular and Intertubular Dentin
3.6 Dead Tracts
3.7 Tertiary Dentin
3.8 Sclerotic Dentin
3.9 Tome's Granular Layer (TGL)
3.10 Dentin Caries
References
4 Cementum
4.1 Acellular Cementum
4.2 Cellular Cementum
4.3 Cementocytes and Lacunae
4.4 Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)
4.5 Hypercementosis
4.6 Cementoblastoma
4.7 Root Resorption
References
5 Dental Pulp
5.1 Odontogenic Zone
5.2 Cell‐Free Zone of Weil
5.3 Cell‐Rich Zone
5.4 Pulp Core
5.5 Pulpal Fibrosis
5.6 Pulp Stones
5.7 Periapical Granuloma
References
6 Periodontal Ligament
6.1 Gingival Fibers
6.2 Transseptal Fibers
6.3 Alveolar Crest Fibers
6.4 Horizontal Fibers
6.5 Oblique Fibers
6.6 Apical Fibers
6.7 Interradicular Fibers
6.8 Gingivitis
6.9 Periodontitis
References
7 Alveolar Bone
7.1 Compact Bone
7.2 Circumferential Lamellae
7.3 Concentric Lamellae
7.4 Interstitial Lamellae
7.5 Osteocytes and Lacunae
7.6 Haversian Canals
7.7 Volkmann's Canals
7.8 Osteons
7.9 Spongy Bone
7.10 Marrow Spaces
7.11 Osteoporosis
7.12 Osteomyelitis
7.13 Osteoma
7.14 Osteitis Deformans (Paget's Disease)
7.15 Osteosarcoma
References
8 Oral Mucosa
8.1 Fungiform Papillae
8.2 Filiform Papillae
8.3 Circumvallate Papilla
8.4 Taste Buds
8.5 Keratinized Oral Epithelium
8.6 Parakeratinized Oral Epithelium
8.7 Non‐Keratinized Oral Epithelium
8.8 Non‐Specific Ulcer
8.9 Oral Lichen Planus
8.10 Pemphigoid
8.11 Lipoma
8.12 Oral Epithelial Dysplasia
8.13 Oral Melanoma
References
9 Salivary Glands
9.1 Serous Salivary Gland
9.2 Mucous Salivary Gland
9.3 Seromucous (Mixed) Salivary Gland
9.4 Intercalated Ducts
9.5 Striated Ducts
9.6 Excretory Ducts
9.7 Sialadenitis
9.8 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
9.9 Pleomorphic Adenoma
9.10 Warthin Tumor
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 The impact of the replacement of enamel hydroxyapatite groups/ions ...
Table 2.2 Important physical properties of enamel.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Differences between enamel and dentin tissue.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Different types and subtypes of principal collagen fibers.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Showing different types of oral mucosa and their respective locatio...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 H and E stained section showing tooth development.
Figure 1.2 H and E stained section showing the bud stage of tooth developmen...
Figure 1.3 H and E stained section showing the bud stage of tooth developmen...
Figure 1.4 H and E stained section showing the cap stage of tooth developmen...
Figure 1.5 H and E stained section showing the cap stage of tooth developmen...
Figure 1.6 H and E stained section showing the early bell stage of tooth dev...
Figure 1.7 H and E stained section showing the early bell stage of tooth dev...
Figure 1.8 H and E stained decalcified section showing the late bell stage o...
Figure 1.9 H and E stained decalcified section showing the late bell stage o...
Figure 1.10 H and E stained section showing a tooth's root formation (white ...
Figure 1.11 Low‐power view of a ground section of a deciduous incisor showin...
Figure 1.12 High‐power view of a ground section of a deciduous incisor showi...
Figure 1.13 H and E stained decalcified section showing DI.
Figure 1.14 H and E stained decalcified section showing DI with a haphazard ...
Figure 1.15 H and E stained decalcified section showing DD with haphazard co...
Figure 1.16 H and E stained decalcified section showing DD with the typical ...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) image showing dental enamel....
Figure 2.2 Micro‐CT image showing surface enamel (arrow, ground and polished...
Figure 2.3 Micro‐CT image showing remineralized enamel surface (arrow, ionic...
Figure 2.4 Micro‐CT image showing enamel surface (black arrow, ground and po...
Figure 2.5 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel striae).
Figure 2.6 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel striae).
Figure 2.7 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel striae).
Figure 2.8 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel striae).
Figure 2.9 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, enamel lamellae).
Figure 2.10 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel lamellae).
Figure 2.11 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, enamel lamellae).
Figure 2.12 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel lamellae).
Figure 2.13 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel spindles).
Figure 2.14 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel spindles).
Figure 2.15 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, enamel spindles).
Figure 2.16 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel tufts).
Figure 2.17 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel tufts).
Figure 2.18 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, enamel tufts).
Figure 2.19 Micro‐CT image of enamel and dentin (arrows, EDJ).
Figure 2.20 Micro‐CT image of enamel and dentin (arrows, EDJ).
Figure 2.21 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, EDJ).
Figure 2.22 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, EDJ).
Figure 2.23 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, neonatal line in ena...
Figure 2.24 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, neonatal line in ena...
Figure 2.25 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, neonatal line in ena...
Figure 2.26 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, gnarled enamel).
Figure 2.27 Diagrammatic representation of different zones of enamel caries....
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Ground section showing enamel (brown) and dentin (black and white...
Figure 3.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of dentin (arrows, denti...
Figure 3.3 H and E stained decalcified section of dentin (arrows, dentinal t...
Figure 3.4 Ground section showing dentinal tubules (arrows).
Figure 3.5 SEM image showing organic matrix of dentin covering dentinal tubu...
Figure 3.6 Ground section showing primary curvatures (orange arrow) and seco...
Figure 3.7 Ground section showing primary curvatures (orange arrow) and seco...
Figure 3.8 Ground section of dentin showing interglobular dentin (arrows).
Figure 3.9 Ground section of dentin showing interglobular dentin (arrows).
Figure 3.10 Ground section of dentin showing interglobular dentin (arrows)....
Figure 3.11 H and E stained section of dentin (black arrow, peritubular dent...
Figure 3.12 SEM image showing dentin (black arrow, intertubular dentin; whit...
Figure 3.13 SEM image showing intertubular (blue arrow) and peritubular dent...
Figure 3.14 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, dead tracts).
Figure 3.15 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, dead tracts).
Figure 3.16 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrow, dead tracts).
Figure 3.17 Ground section of enamel and dentin (arrows, tertiary dentin).
Figure 3.18 H and E stained decalcified section of regular and tertiary dent...
Figure 3.19 Ground section showing sclerotic dentin (arrows, translucent are...
Figure 3.20 Ground section of root showing Tome's granular layer (arrow).
Figure 3.21 Ground section of root showing Tome's granular layer (arrow).
Figure 3.22 H and E stained section showing prominent dentin caries (arrows)...
Figure 3.23 H and E stained section showing prominent dentin caries (arrows)...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Ground section showing enamel (blue arrow), dentin (white arrow),...
Figure 4.2 Ground section showing dentin and cementum (arrows, acellular cem...
Figure 4.3 Ground section showing dentin and cementum (arrows, acellular cem...
Figure 4.4 Ground section of cementum and dentin (arrow, cellular cementum)....
Figure 4.5 Ground section of cementum and dentin (arrow, cellular cementum)....
Figure 4.6 Ground section of cellular cementum (arrow, cementocytes lacunae ...
Figure 4.7 Ground section of cellular cementum (arrow, cementocyte lacunae w...
Figure 4.8 Ground section of enamel, cementum, and dentin (arrow, overlappin...
Figure 4.9 Ground section of enamel, cementum, and dentin (arrow, meeting CE...
Figure 4.10 Ground section of enamel, cementum, and dentin (black arrow, ena...
Figure 4.11 Ground section of enamel, cementum, and dentin (arrow, enamel ov...
Figure 4.12 H and E stained decalcified section showing tooth apex (arrow, h...
Figure 4.13 H and E stained decalcified section tooth apex (arrow, hyperceme...
Figure 4.14 H and E stained decalcified section showing cementoblastoma asso...
Figure 4.15 H and E stained decalcified section showing cementoblastoma asso...
Figure 4.16 H and E stained decalcified section showing tooth root with prom...
Figure 4.17 H and E stained decalcified section showing tooth root with prom...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Micro‐CT image showing dental pulp.
Figure 5.2 H and E stained decalcified section showing dentin and dental pul...
Figure 5.3 H and E stained decalcified section of dental pulp (black arrow, ...
Figure 5.4 H and E stained section of dental pulp (arrow, cell‐rich zone).
Figure 5.5 H and E stained section of dental pulp showing blood vessels in p...
Figure 5.6 H and E stained section showing pulpal fibrosis.
Figure 5.7 H and E stained section showing pulpal fibrosis.
Figure 5.8 Decalcified H and E stained section of pulp (arrow, pulp stone)....
Figure 5.9 H and E stained section of pulp (arrows, pulp stones).
Figure 5.10 H and E stained section showing a pulp stone.
Figure 5.11 H and E stained section of tooth showing granulation tissue atta...
Figure 5.12 Low‐power view of inflamed and vascular granulation tissue with ...
Figure 5.13 High‐power view of granulation tissue containing chronic inflamm...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 H and E stained section showing periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers...
Figure 6.2 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, gingival fiber...
Figure 6.3 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, gingival fiber...
Figure 6.4 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, transseptal fi...
Figure 6.5 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers with transseptal fiber...
Figure 6.6 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, alveolar crest...
Figure 6.7 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, alveolar crest...
Figure 6.8 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, alveolar crest...
Figure 6.9 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, horizontal fi...
Figure 6.10 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, horizontal fi...
Figure 6.11 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, horizontal fi...
Figure 6.12 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, oblique fiber...
Figure 6.13 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, oblique fiber...
Figure 6.14 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrow, oblique fiber...
Figure 6.15 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, apical fiber...
Figure 6.16 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, apical fiber...
Figure 6.17 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, apical fiber...
Figure 6.18 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, interradicul...
Figure 6.19 H and E stained section showing PDL fibers (arrows, interradicul...
Figure 6.20 H and E stained section showing gingivitis (blue arrow, smooth g...
Figure 6.21 H and E stained section showing edematous sulcular and junctiona...
Figure 6.22 High‐power H and E stained section of gingivitis showing aggrega...
Figure 6.23 H and E stained section showing periodontitis (arrow, loss of al...
Figure 6.24 H and E stained section showing periodontitis (arrows, gingival ...
Figure 6.25 Higher magnification H and E stained section showing periodontit...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 H and E stained section showing compact bone outside tooth apex....
Figure 7.2 H and E stained section of compact bone.
Figure 7.3 H and E stained section of compact bone.
Figure 7.4 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, circumferential l...
Figure 7.5 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, circumferential l...
Figure 7.6 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, circumferential l...
Figure 7.7 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, concentric lamell...
Figure 7.8 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, concentric lamell...
Figure 7.9 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, concentric lamell...
Figure 7.10 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, interstitial lam...
Figure 7.11 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, interstitial lam...
Figure 7.12 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrow, interstitial lam...
Figure 7.13 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrows, osteocytic lacu...
Figure 7.14 H and E stained section of compact bone (arrows, haversian canal...
Figure 7.15 Ground section of bone (arrows, Volkmann's canal).
Figure 7.16 H and E stained section of compact bone (green circle, osteon)....
Figure 7.17 H and E stained section of spongy bone showing bony trabeculae....
Figure 7.18 H and E stained section of spongy bone showing bony trabeculae....
Figure 7.19 H and E stained section of spongy bone showing marrow spaces bet...
Figure 7.20 H and E stained section of spongy bone showing marrow spaces bet...
Figure 7.21 H and E stained sections showing osteoporosis (arrows, generaliz...
Figure 7.22 H and E stained sections showing osteoporosis (arrow, generalize...
Figure 7.23 H and E stained section showing necrotic bone and depletion of o...
Figure 7.24 H and E stained section showing necrotic bone, depletion of oste...
Figure 7.25 H and E stained section of compact osteoma showing mature lamell...
Figure 7.26 H and E stained section of compact osteoma showing mature lamell...
Figure 7.27 H and E stained section showing Paget's disease with chaotic tra...
Figure 7.28 H and E stained section of Paget's disease with jigsaw puzzle‐li...
Figure 7.29 H and E stained section of osteosarcoma showing bone fragments o...
Figure 7.30 H and E stained section of osteosarcoma showing malignant tumor ...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 H and E stained section showing oral mucosa (mucous membrane of c...
Figure 8.2 H and E stained section showing papillae of the tongue (arrow, ta...
Figure 8.3 H and E stained section showing papillae of the tongue (arrow, su...
Figure 8.4 H and E stained section showing fungiform papillae of the tongue....
Figure 8.5 H and E stained section showing papillae of the tongue (arrow, fi...
Figure 8.6 H and E stained section showing papillae of the tongue (arrows, f...
Figure 8.7 H and E stained section showing papillae of the tongue (arrow, ci...
Figure 8.8 H and E stained section showing circumvallate papilla of the tong...
Figure 8.9 H and E stained section (arrow, taste bud).
Figure 8.10 H and E stained section showing taste buds.
Figure 8.11 H and E stained section of keratinized oral epithelium (arrow, k...
Figure 8.12 H and E stained section of parakeratinized oral epithelium (arro...
Figure 8.13 H and E stained section of keratinized oral epithelium (arrow, s...
Figure 8.14 H and E stained section of the tissue showing deep ulcer with de...
Figure 8.15 H and E stained section showing hyperkeratosis, subepithelial ba...
Figure 8.16 H and E stained section showing hyperkeratosis, subepithelial ba...
Figure 8.17 H and E stained section of the tissue showing subepithelial vesi...
Figure 8.18 H and E stained section of the tissue showing subepithelial vesi...
Figure 8.19 H and E stained section showing round/ovoid mature fat cells app...
Figure 8.20 H and E stained section showing round/ovoid mature fat cells app...
Figure 8.21 H and E stained section of the tissue showing mild epithelial dy...
Figure 8.22 H and E stained section of the tissue showing moderate epithelia...
Figure 8.23 H and E stained section of the tissue showing severe epithelial ...
Figure 8.24 H and E stained section showing diffused proliferation of neopla...
Figure 8.25 H and E stained section showing diffused proliferation of neopla...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Illustration representing the major salivary glands of the oral c...
Figure 9.2 H and E stained section of serous salivary gland (parotid gland)....
Figure 9.3 H and E stained section of serous salivary gland (arrows, serous ...
Figure 9.4 H and E stained section of serous salivary gland (arrows, serous ...
Figure 9.5 H and E stained section of mucous salivary gland (arrows, mucous ...
Figure 9.6 H and E stained section of mucous salivary gland (arrows, mucous ...
Figure 9.7 H and E stained section of mucous salivary gland (arrows, mucous ...
Figure 9.8 H and E stained section of mixed salivary gland with serous and m...
Figure 9.9 H and E stained section of mixed salivary gland (arrows, serous d...
Figure 9.10 H and E stained section of seromucous gland with blood vessels a...
Figure 9.11 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, intercalated duc...
Figure 9.12 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, intercalated duc...
Figure 9.13 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, striated duct)....
Figure 9.14 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, striated duct)....
Figure 9.15 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, excretory duct)....
Figure 9.16 H and E stained section of serous gland (arrow, excretory duct)....
Figure 9.17 H and E stained section of serous gland (white arrow, inflammato...
Figure 9.18 H and E stained section of serous gland (white arrow, inflammato...
Figure 9.19 H and E stained section of necrotizing sialometaplasia (white ar...
Figure 9.20 H and E stained section of necrotizing sialometaplasia (white ar...
Figure 9.21 H and E stained section of pleomorphic adenoma showing a variety...
Figure 9.22 H and E stained section of pleomorphic adenoma showing a variety...
Figure 9.23 H and E stained section of a Warthin tumor (white arrows, cystic...
Figure 9.24 H and E stained section of a Warthin tumor (white arrow, oncocyt...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology
Edited by
Imran Farooq
BDS (Pak), MFGDP RCS (UK), MFDS RCPS (UK), MSc Oral Biology (UK)Department of Biomedical Dental SciencesCollege of DentistryImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammam, Saudi Arabia
Saqib Ali
BDS (Pak), MFGDP RCS (UK), MFDS RCPS (UK), MSc Oral Biology (UK)Department of Biomedical Dental SciencesCollege of DentistryImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammam, Saudi Arabia
Paul Anderson
BSc, PhD, MInstP CPhysDental Physical Science UnitInstitute of DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Imran Farooq, Saqib Ali, and Paul Anderson to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Farooq, Imran, 1984– editor. | Ali, Saqib, 1985– editor. | Anderson, Paul (Professor of oral biology), 1959– editor.Title: An illustrated guide to oral histology / edited by Imran Farooq, Saqib Ali, Paul Anderson.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020038283 (print) | LCCN 2020038284 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119669449 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119669548 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119669609 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Mouth–anatomy & histology | AtlasClassification: LCC QP146 (print) | LCC QP146 (ebook) | NLM WU 17 | DDC 612.3/1–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038283LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038284
Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Imran Farooq
Preface
It gives us great pleasure to present our book that addresses problems with respect to the teaching and learning of oral histology. The idea to write a book focused on important details of oral histological features popped up around two years ago, when we felt there are many deficient areas in the present literature concerning the said topic. This book gives information about these features in a user‐friendly format. It contains high‐definition (HD) histological images of oral tissues with integrated text containing their introduction, key identifying histological features, and clinical significance. The textbook is intended for dental undergraduate and postgraduate students, license examination aspirants, and oral histology instructors. We strongly believe that the book will suit the needs of professionals in each of these disciplines.
We would like to mention here that we do not wish the present book to be a substitution of more general textbooks in oral histology. It is our belief that a good dental practitioner not only needs strong clinical skills, but also a solid understanding of basic sciences. Consequently, our book should be considered as providing the first step of the ladder in learning oral histology. This book is aimed at encouraging students to pursue a more exhaustive appreciation of the subject. To counter technology needs and in‐line with the digital age, a companion website for the book has also been developed.
Finally, we do not imagine ourselves to be error‐free, and would always be open to criticism. Your suggestions to improve the book are greatly appreciated.
Imran FarooqSaqib AliPaul Anderson
Sample Preparation
This atlas contains images obtained through hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), ground sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The steps for the preparation of samples and collection of images are as follows.
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) Stained Sections
The tissues were stored in 10% buffered formalin prior to their use. The hard tissue samples were decalcified in 8% formic acid. The tissues (hard and soft) were washed with distilled water and then transferred into alcohol solution for the dehydration procedure. Post‐dehydration, the samples were cleared in xylene solution. The tissues after clearing were shifted into soft paraffin and hard paraffin baths. The sections were blocked by embedding in hard paraffin and thin sections of 7 μm were taken from blocked tissues using microtome. H and E staining was performed, samples were dehydrated, and cover slips were placed using DPX mounting medium.
