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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

Covers the most recent topics in the field of environmental management and provides a broad focus on the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of environmental management

Provides an up-to-date survey of the field from the perspective of different disciplines
Covers the topic of environmental management from multiple perspectives, namely, natural sciences, engineering, business, social sciences, and methods and tools perspectives
Combines both academic rigor and practical approach through literature reviews and theories and examples and case studies from diverse geographic areas and policy domains
Explores local and global issues of environmental management and analyzes the role of various contributors in the environmental management process
Chapter contents are appropriately demonstrated with numerous pictures, charts, graphs, and tables, and accompanied by a detailed reference list for further readings

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Seitenzahl: 1986

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

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COVER

TITLE PAGE

ABOUT THE EDITORS

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

ENDORSEMENTS

SECTION I: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: THE NATURAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE

1 GEOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 VOLCANIC HAZARDS

1.3 EARTHQUAKE-RELATED HAZARDS

1.4 COASTAL PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF RIVERS AND LAKES

1.6 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AND KARST HAZARDS

1.7 GEOLOGICAL FACTORS IMPACTING WASTE MANAGEMENT

1.8 ENERGY RESOURCE EXTRACTION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

1.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS

APPENDIX 1.A GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES OF THE EXAMPLES PRESENTED

REFERENCES

2 BIOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 STAGE 1: DEFINE THE SYSTEM

2.3 STAGE 2: IDENTIFY TARGET CONDITIONS

2.4 STAGE 3: COLLECT DATA AND DETERMINE DISTANCE TO TARGET

2.5 STAGE 4: PRESERVATION OR RESTORATION?

2.6 STAGE 5: MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES

3 SOIL SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 COMPOSITIONS, PROPERTIES, AND PROCESSES

3.3 SOILS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES

4 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AS A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 GREEN CHEMISTRY

4.2 GREEN ENGINEERING

4.3 MATERIAL EFFICIENCY

4.4 UNLOCKING CONDEMNED RESOURCES

4.5 ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

4.6 CASE STUDY 1: WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS AS MICROCOSMS OF ECO-SYSTEM

4.7 CASE STUDY 2: INTEGRATING NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR UPGRADATION OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS

4.8 CASE STUDY 3: SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING OF OBSOLETE SHIPS THROUGH ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

4.9 NEXUS BETWEEN TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT

4.10 CLOSURE: STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINABLE FUTURES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

EXERCISE

REFERENCES

5 GREEN ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES AND TYPES OF GREEN ENERGY

5.2 GREEN ENERGY AND PUBLIC POLICY

5.3 EMISSION REDUCTION IMPERATIVES

5.4 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DYNAMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE

5.5 INDUSTRY FORUMS ACTIVE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

5.6 COMMITMENTS AND COLLECTIVE ACTION TO MAINSTREAM RENEWABLES

5.7 SOME IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS

5.8 THE WAY FORWARD

REFERENCES

RECOMMENDED CURRICULUM: GREEN ENERGY: SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE EFFICIENCY

List of Tables

Chapter 02

TABLE 2.1 Land Cover Change by Biome

TABLE 2.2 Anderson et al.’s (1976) Land Use/Land Cover Classification Scheme for the United States as Compared to Tateishi et al.’s (2011) Global Land Cover Classes

TABLE 2.3 Protection Categories and Objectives for Preservation Areas Developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature

TABLE 2.4 Boundaries and Attributes of System to Be Managed or Restored, Illustrated by the Florida Everglades Ecosystem

Chapter 03

TABLE 3.1 Examples of Soil Organisms and Their Classification Using Size

Chapter 04

TABLE 4.1 Different Concepts Utilized in Green Chemistry and Their Respective Principles and Potential Applications

TABLE 4.2 Most Advance Wastewater Treatment Technologies

TABLE 4.3 Case Examples and Literature on Green Chemistry, Green Engineering as well as GC&E Applications

TABLE 4.4 Types of NTSs Practiced for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in India: Case Studies from India

TABLE 4.5 Strategies for Transitioning to Sustainable Futures

Chapter 05

TABLE 5.1 Policy Considerations

TABLE 5.2 Opportunities and Challenges in Using Resources of Energy

TABLE 5.3 Presents UNEP Global Trends in Energy Investments on Renewable Energy Technologies

Chapter 06

TABLE 6.1 Fundamental Principles and Canons of Engineering

TABLE 6.2 Secondary Treatment Standards Established by the USEPA

Chapter 09

TABLE 9.1 Greendex Results 2012—Percentage of Green Consumers and Green “Others”

TABLE 9.2 Part 260—Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims

Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 ESG Funds in the United States (1995–2012)

TABLE 10.2 Faith-Based Funds/Summary Statistics

TABLE 10.3 A Quick View of the ESG ETF Sector

TABLE 10.4 Performance Statistics: ESG ETFs versus SPY

TABLE 10.5 Risk Statistics: ESG ETFs versus SPY

EXHIBIT 10.1 Southern Baptist Funds/Summary Statistics

EXHIBIT 10.4 Muslim Funds/Summary Statistics

Chapter 12

TABLE 12.1 Ecosystem Service Typology, Millennium Ecosystem Service Assessment (2005)

Chapter 16

TABLE 16.1 Predicted

-Intercept and Slope for 12 Individual Regression Lines, One for Each of Quadrates 1–12

TABLE 16.2 Software Output from R (version 2.14.1) from a Mixed Effects Model

TABLE 16.3 Predicted

-Intercept and Slope for 12 Quadrates from the Mixed Model

Chapter 19

TABLE 19.1 Examples of Functional Units in Life Cycle Assessment

TABLE 19.2 Life Cycle Inventory Inputs and Outputs of Soft Drink Containers from the Greek Market (Georgakellos, 2005)

TABLE 19.3 Important Issues in Design for the Environment (Jensen et al., 1997)

Chapter 20

TABLE 20.1

TABLE 20.2

TABLE 20.3 Classification of Impacts

TABLE 20.4 Example of one aspect and impact

TABLE 20.5 Practical Example

TABLE 20.6 Register of legal and other requirements

TABLE 20.7 Example of an EMP

TABLE 20.8

TABLE 20.9

TABLE 20.10

TABLE 20.11

TABLE 20.12 Practical Example: Key Personnel

TABLE 20.13 Practical Example: Audit Plan

TABLE 20.14 Practical Example: Audit Plan Timings

TABLE 20.15 A Sample of an EMS System Audit Checklist

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

FIGURE 1.1 Plaster casts of victims of the disastrous AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

FIGURE 1.2 Map showing the proximity of the Mt. Vesuvius volcanic crater to the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the present Naples metropolitan area. Base: natural color Landsat image from 1999, US Geological Survey. North is at the top of all maps in this chapter unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 1.3 Map showing disruption to European air travel during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland. Green lines enclose area impacted by the ash cloud on April 18, 2010 (Met Office, 2014). On that day, airspace was completely closed in countries colored red and partially closed in those in orange (Wikipedia, 2014b). Black circles mark major airports closed on the previous day (New York Times, 2010).

FIGURE 1.4 Map showing the lahar hazards in the region south of Seattle, Washington, in the event of a volcanic eruption at Mt. Rainier. Solid pink, large lahars with a 500–1000-year recurrence interval; cross-hatched pink, moderate lahars with a 100–500-year interval; speckled blue, old lahars buried by younger sediment; gray, lava or pyroclastic flows.

FIGURE 1.5 The 2007 Ruapehu lahar in New Zealand. For scale, note the green picnic table in the lower left corner.

FIGURE 1.6 The powerful tsunami following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake stranded a ferry boat atop a building in Otsuchi, Japan.

FIGURE 1.7 A street sign near the Pacific Ocean beach in San Francisco, California, indicating the tsunami evacuation route heading inland toward higher ground.

FIGURE 1.8 Map showing the zones (in green) within the city of San Francisco that are prone to liquefaction during an earthquake. Blue zones are prone to landslides.

FIGURE 1.9 Aid workers carrying supplies past a collapsed building in San Francisco’s Marina District in the aftermath of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Soils in the Marina District are prone to liquefaction (Fig. 1.8).

FIGURE 1.10 A series of three aerial images showing the landslide-prone coastal district of Daly City, California, where the San Andreas Fault Zone (SAFZ, traced approximately in orange) intersects the Pacific coast. (a) Taken in 1956, prior to the construction of the housing developments. The major landslide along the SAFZ southeast of the fault’s intersection with the ocean appears dark gray. Zones 1–3 mark the sites of future problems seen in (c). (b) The view taken in 1968 shows the densely clustered single-family homes that were recently completed. (c) In the view from 2011, houses are missing in zones 1, 2, and 3 (along with a portion of the street in zone 1) as the landslide scarp (in blue) encroached upon the development.

FIGURE 1.11 Enlargements of the 2011 aerial image (Fig. 1.10c) showing details of the Daly City, California, landslide area in the San Andreas Fault Zone. Smaller houses are ca. 8 × 14 m. (a) Zone 1 showing missing houses and street (traced in yellow) at the head of the scarp. (b) Zone 3 showing a gap (yellow arrow) wide enough for five houses and the encroaching scarp. House X is also marked in Fig. 1.12.

FIGURE 1.12 Photographs (Daly City, California, 2013) showing the area of missing houses at zone 3 in Figs. 1.10c and 1.11b. For reference, the house marked with the red X is the same in all three photos. (a) View from the street looking southwestward toward the ocean showing an odd gap in the pattern of closely spaced homes. (b) View at the site itself showing the advancing head of the scarp. (c) View of the gap (marked in yellow) looking upward and eastward from the base of the landslide.

FIGURE 1.13 Aerial view of Atlantic Beach, New York, in 2010 showing how groins perturb patterns of sand deposition on the beach. The four groins in this photo are the dark, linear features perpendicular to the shoreline about 70 m long, constructed by piling large boulders. Sand is being transported westward by the longshore current (from right to left in the photo) and accumulates preferentially on the east sides of the groins, while the west sides are correspondingly starved of sand.

FIGURE 1.14 At Montauk Point, New York, the historical landmark lighthouse is protected from the Atlantic Ocean by a massive revetment of large boulders. (a) Aerial view from a 2010 high-resolution orthophoto (US Geological Survey). (b) View looking northward from the beach in 2011.

FIGURE 1.15 Satellite view of south-central Long Island, New York, in 2013 showing Fire Island. This barrier island was breached (where marked by yellow oval) in 2012 during Hurricane Sandy.

FIGURE 1.16 Oblique low-altitude airphoto looking westward at Mantoloking, New Jersey, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, 2012. The houses in the foreground face the Atlantic Ocean. The streets between the rows of houses are flooded and littered with debris. The flooded houses in the background are on the lagoon (Barnegat Bay) side of the narrow peninsula, only about 200 m wide at this location.

FIGURE 1.17 Oblique low-altitude aerial view showing the flooded industrial zone along the Naugatuck River in Derby, Connecticut, in the aftermath of back-to-back Hurricanes Connie and Diane in August 1955.

FIGURE 1.18 Aerial images of Ansonia, Connecticut, showing (a) the conditions in 1949, before the devastating 1955 Naugatuck River flood, and (b) the same area in 1972, after completion of the flood control projects undertaken in response to the 1955 flood. River flow is from north to south (top to bottom in these images). r, railroad; s, large factories; t, low-lying zone demolished and redeveloped as a shopping center and industrial park after the flood; u, flood plain largely vacant before 1955, but later the site of a sewage treatment plant; v, bridge over the Naugatuck River that was replaced after the flood; w, small tributary creek with a flood wall constructed after 1955; x, west bank of the river armored with a concrete and rock revetment after the flood; y, massive concrete flood wall on the river’s east bank built after 1955; z, clips used during photographic processing.

FIGURE 1.19 View of the Naugatuck River in Ansonia, Connecticut, in 2001, looking upriver, just north of the area depicted in Fig. 1.18, showing the continuation of the rock and concrete revetment on the west bank and the high concrete flood wall on the east bank.

FIGURE 1.20 Satellite view of Mono Lake, California, and environs in July 1999. In the false-color scheme employed, water appears black, the bare desert surface appears tan shading to mauve in the dry outer margins of the lake bed, vegetation appears green, patches of snow lingering on the high Sierra Nevada mountain peaks along the west side are turquoise blue, and clouds appear white. The shrinkage of the lake due to declining water levels is most visible on its northeastern margin.

FIGURE 1.21 Fluctuations in Mono Lake water levels from 1850 to 2010.

FIGURE 1.22 Two aerial images documenting the increased use of center pivot irrigation on southwestern Kansas farms (near Haskell, about 83 km southwest of Dodge City) with water withdrawn from the High Plains aquifer. For reference, the same three irrigated circles are marked in yellow on both images. (a) View in 1991. (b) View of same area in 2010.

FIGURE 1.23 (a) Central pivot irrigation system in operation. (b) High Plains aquifer monitoring well data documenting a progressive 10 m drop in water level from 1947 to 2013, Colby, Kansas.

FIGURE 1.24 Oblique aerial photograph of an irrigated zone within a dry river valley in the Nevada desert, 38 km northwest of Tonopah, September 2013. The large center pivot field (marked by green arrow) is about 800 m in diameter. Note the large thermal solar electrical generating station (red arrow) under construction in the background.

FIGURE 1.25 Cross section illustrating groundwater problems on Long Island, New York, in 1961. Three saltwater wedges (shallow, intermediate, and deep, shown in dark gray) invaded the Upper Glacial, Jameco, and Magothy freshwater aquifers (light blue) due to overpumping, which also resulted in a cone of depression (highlighted in yellow). The section goes from Atlantic Beach (Fig. 1.13) northward to Valley Stream.

FIGURE 1.26 Satellite image of Winter Haven, Florida, taken in 1994. The “Swiss cheese” landscape is pockmarked with flooded sinkholes forming lakes of varying sizes. In this false-color image, water appears dark gray to black and vegetation appears red, while streets and larger buildings appear pale bluish gray.

FIGURE 1.27 This building at the Summer Bay Resort in Clermont, Florida, suddenly collapsed in 2013 when a sinkhole opened beneath it.

FIGURE 1.28 Aerial images showing the distribution of sinkholes on the land surface in the vicinity of the Summer Bay Resort collapse site (red rectangle) in Clermont, Florida (Fig. 1.27). For reference, three smaller sinkholes (here, labeled X, Y, and Z) are marked on both images. (a) In 1952, the area was almost entirely undeveloped. A large lake (W) with two embayments on its southern end dominates the center of the image. (b) In 2010, while much of the land remains undeveloped, the Summer Bay Resort complex occupies the eastern third of the image, constructed upon what appeared to be a solid swath of land in 1952 (1.28a). The large lake (W) has shrunk and the sinkholes X, Y, and Z are less apparent in the later image.

FIGURE 1.29 Geophysical methods used in the investigation of a large active sinkhole, Zaragoza, Spain. (a) Ground-penetrating radar profile. (b) Profile of excavated trench. (c) Electrical resistivity profile.

FIGURE 1.30 Abandoned Malanka Landfill, Secaucus, New Jersey.

FIGURE 1.31 Cross section of a landfill lined with clay and synthetic materials (geogrid, geomembrane, geotextiles, etc.) to prevent groundwater contamination, with piping systems engineered to collect leachate for treatment. In addition, the decomposing waste can be tapped to produce methane gas, which can be used beneficially as a fuel.

FIGURE 1.32 Proposed high-level nuclear waste storage site, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. (a) Oblique aerial photograph of the mountain. (b) Plan of the underground storage site.

FIGURE 1.33 Open-pit coal mine, Wilmington, Illinois. (a) Active mining in 1938. (b) “Moonscape” of barren spoils piles and flooded pit after the mine was abandoned shortly thereafter.

FIGURE 1.34 Aerial image of the abandoned Will Scarlet open-pit coal mine in Williamson County, Illinois. The unreclaimed pits have flooded with water, multicolored due to the high acidity. Forests and fields appear dark green in contrast.

FIGURE 1.35 Oblique aerial photo of a “mountaintop removal” coal mining operation in January 2006, Kayford Mountain, West Virginia.

FIGURE 1.36 Average distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in West Virginia coals.

FIGURE 1.37 Subsidence of an abandoned underground coal mine in an Indiana farm field.

FIGURE 1.38 (a) The Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform caught fire and sank with the loss of 11 crew members in 2010, as the well was being closed pending later production. (b) Cumulative oil spill map for the Deepwater Horizon incident for which the darker gray colors indicate more days of sea surface oiling reported.

FIGURE 1.39 World petroleum production history and predictions showing peak oil production occurring in about the year 2000 (in red, as predicted by Hubbert, 1956) and in about 2015 according to more recent modeling (green, Nashawi et al., 2010). Dark colors indicate actual production data. Light colors indicate model predictions.

FIGURE 1.40 Marcellus Shale “tight gas” exploitation. (a) Map of the northeastern United States showing the extent of shales of Devonian age in the Appalachian Basin (outlined in green), of which the Marcellus Shale (in gray) constitutes a major part. (b) Schematic of the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) techniques used to exploit natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale.

FIGURE 1.41 Oil sand refinery on the banks of the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada. Dikes separate the river from the ponds of oily water used in the refining process.

FIGURE 1.42 (a) Map of solar energy potential in the United States. The desert southwest has the greatest potential, as indicated by its red and orange colors on the map. (b) Tower and surrounding field of mirrors at the experimental thermal solar electrical generating plant “Solar Two” in the Mojave Desert, California.

Chapter 02

FIGURE 2.1 A historical and current view of the Florida Everglades ecosystem. Note the significant land use/land cover change from wetland habitats to agricultural (Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA)) and urban land uses and the drainage canals partitioning the Water Conservation Areas (WCA) into isolated fragments.

FIGURE 2.2 Stages of environmental management.

FIGURE 2.3 Scales of ecological processes. Note that human activities have increased the rate of climate change in the recent millennium. This is especially apparent with greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels and land use/land cover change.

FIGURE 2.4 Images of strip mining (top) and mountaintop removal (bottom). Note how this remotely sensed data can detail the change in both land cover and topography.

FIGURE 2.5 A trend map (years 1966–2011) was developed from volunteer observations for the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Sauer et al., 2012) for wild turkey (

Meleagris gallopavo

) populations around the United States and Canada. Across most of its range, the wild turkey has been quickly increasing in numbers.

FIGURE 2.6 Detection of harvests on nonindustrial private forests is illustrated with Landsat imagery, which is overlain with private property boundaries. Black pixels indicate a large negative change in biomass (decrease in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from 1 year to the next, indicating intensive harvesting. Black lines are property boundaries. Top, harvests between years 2005 and 2006; bottom, harvests between years 2007 and 2008 (Tortini and Mayer, unpublished data).

FIGURE 2.7 Hysteresis can occur between different biomes. In this figure, forest, savanna, and grassland states are dynamic due to the interplay between forest area, fire regimes, seasonality, and precipitation (overall and during the dry season). Figure adapted from Sternberg (2001) and Mayer and Henareh Khalyani (2011). Grasslands are not considered in Sternberg’s (2001) original analysis, and there is likely a second hysteresis between savanna and grasslands to the right of his original hysteresis curve.

Chapter 03

FIGURE 3.1 Textural triangle for soil classification.

FIGURE 3.2 Typical soil profile.

FIGURE 3.3 Example of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms.

FIGURE 3.4 Overview of soil transport processes.

FIGURE 3.5 Total, pressure, and elevation head at any point in the subsurface.

FIGURE 3.6 Illustration of spatial distribution of a contaminant subject to advection and dispersion.

FIGURE 3.7 Overview of soil–contaminant interaction processes.

FIGURE 3.8 Overview of common soil remediation technologies.

FIGURE 3.9 Soil organic carbon transformations.

Chapter 04

FIGURE 4.1 Material efficiency flow chart.

FIGURE 4.2 Framework for integrated waste to energy.

FIGURE 4.3 The ecology integration technology of CaSO

decomposition.

FIGURE 4.4 Types of gasifiers.

PLATE 4.1 (1) 0.5 MLD CW, Ropar, India, (2) 14.5 MLD WSP, Mathura, India, (3) 8 MLD SFA, Karnal, India (4) 0.5 MLD DP, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, (5) 14 MLD PP, Agra, India, and (6) 1.79 MLD KT Ujjain, India.

PLATE 4.2 Upgradation of aquatic systems throuh integrating natural treatment systems at Jal Mahal monument, Jaipur, India. (1) Jal Mahal monument before restoration, (2) Jal Mahal monument after restoration, (3) Natural Treatment system installed for fulfillment of daily Lake water requirements, and (4) Some of identified bird species in Lake habitat.

PLATE 4.3 Alang ship recycling yard.

FIGURE 4.5 Number of ships recycled in Alang ship recycling yards from the year 1982 to 2012.

FIGURE 4.6 Quantity of steel recycled from obsolete ship recycling in Alang ship recycling yards from the year 1983 to 2012. 1 Light Displacement Tonnage (LDT) = 1000 Metric Tons.

PLATE 4.4 Plate cutting activity in Alang ship recycling yards using hand-held Oxygen-LPG torch.

PLATE 4.5 Reusable materials recovered from obsolete vessels before breaking and stored in the yard.

Chapter 05

FIGURE 5.1 A schematic symbolizing the potential of solar energy.

FIGURE 5.2 Solar parabolic trough: (a) concept and (b) photograph of an actual plant.

FIGURE 5.3 Linear Fresnel lens: (a) concept and (b) Puerto Errado 2 (PE2) by Novatec Solar, Spain.

FIGURE 5.4 Central receiver technology: (a) concept and (b) Solar One at California, United States.

FIGURE 5.5 Parabolic dish technology: (a) concept and (b) solar sterling engine at California, United States.

FIGURE 5.6 Possible scales of photovoltaic applications: (a) a calculator using milliwatt-scale solar cells, (b) a barn using a solar lantern at Kharaghoda, Gujarat, using 10 kW photovoltaic module, (c) a solar streetlight using two photovoltaic modules, (d) a rooftop solar photovoltaic installation on an office building in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, (e) a kilowatt-scale grid-connected ground-mounted 1 MW solar photovoltaic power plant at Gandhinagar, Gujarat, (f) a view of the multideveloper solar park at Charanka, Gujarat, which hosts more than 300 MW.

FIGURE 5.7 Cost trends in photovoltaic technology as a function of production capacity.

FIGURE 5.8 Cumulative photovoltaic market growth, 1992–2013.

FIGURE 5.9 Market penetration trend of solar energy technologies.

FIGURE 5.10 Evolution of photovoltaic electricity generation by end-use sector, 2010–2050.

FIGURE 5.11 Wind power global capacity, 1996–2012.

FIGURE 5.12 Project share by source of annual global energy production.

FIGURE 5.13 Smart grid technology areas.

Chapter 06

FIGURE 6.1 Mass balance during dilution of wastewater in a stream.

FIGURE 6.2 Types of basic reactors. (a) Batch reactor; (b) completely mixed flow reactor; and (c) plug flow reactor.

FIGURE 6.3 Water resource system.

FIGURE 6.4 An example of water supply subsystem.

FIGURE 6.5 Flowcharts of three types of water treatment plants. (a) Simple disinfection; (b) filter plant; and (c) softening plant.

FIGURE 6.6 An example of wastewater disposal subsystem.

FIGURE 6.7 Sewer lines.

FIGURE 6.8 A conventional septic system.

FIGURE 6.9 Degrees of different wastewater treatment.

FIGURE 6.10 Schematic of an activated sludge wastewater treatment process.

FIGURE 6.11 MSW generation rates in the United States during 1960–2011. .

FIGURE 6.12 Composition of MSU generated within the United States in 2011 (by weight). .

FIGURE 6.13 Recycling rates of different MSW products. .

FIGURE 6.14 Cross section of a landfill.

FIGURE 6.15 Landfill leachate collected from a Caribbean MSW landfill.

FIGURE 6.16 Spray chamber.

Chapter 07

FIGURE 7.1 Solar canopy at TD bank.

FIGURE 7.2 Rainwater harvesting at the Holmes–Rulli residence.

FIGURE 7.3 Outdoor courtyard at Holmes–Rulli residence.

FIGURE 7.4 Salvaged wood floors and mantel at the Morgan residence.

FIGURE 7.5 VOC free paint, daylighting, and natural ventilation at the Holmes–Rulli residence.

FIGURE 7.6 Tree and we.

FIGURE 7.7 Linear Design Process.

FIGURE 7.8 Wholistic/Holistic Design Process.

FIGURE 7.9 Opportunity vs Cost: changes made in the design phase are less costly than during construction.

FIGURE 7.10 Net Zero Energy Building Design Formula.

FIGURE 7.11 Energy end uses in typical office building

FIGURE 7.12 Ideal building orientation (North eastern United States).

FIGURE 7.13 Light shelfs at School of the Future, Philadelphia, PA (LEED™ Gold Certified).

FIGURE 7.14 Light shelf at School of the Future, Philadelphia, PA.

FIGURE 7.15 Thomas Edison State College, Trenton, NJ, day-lit interior “great hall” with entropy cooling.

FIGURE 7.16 Morris County School of Technology, Denville, NJ, day-lit gymnasium with 100% outside air displacement ventilation system, FSC wood floors, and zero VOC paint.

FIGURE 7.17 Holmes–Rulli residence net zero electric solar.

FIGURE 7.18 Microsoft School of the Future, Philadelphia PA, Solar electric glass (tinted areas) in the cafeteria.

FIGURE 7.19 End uses of water in office buildings.

FIGURE 7.20 Microsoft School of the Future Rainwater Catchment for flushing 100% of all toilets ~ 56% of all water usage and over 1,000,000 gallons of water annually conserved.

FIGURE 7.21 Morgan residence addition salvaged wood floors, fireplace mantel, and daylighting.

FIGURE 7.22 Morgan residence addition salvaged wood floors, fireplace mantel, and daylighting.

FIGURE 7.23 Holmes–Rulli recycled glass backsplash by Oceanside, recycled glass and concrete counters by icestone, cork flooring, sustainably harvested wood cabinets, daylighting, and energy/water efficient appliances.

Chapter 08

FIGURE 8.1 The value chain to create customer value.

FIGURE 8.2 Business actions to create customer value: greening the value chain.

Chapter 09

FIGURE 9.1 Success factors of cooperation for ecological sustainability in logistics.

FIGURE 9.2 ISO 14001 plan–do–check–act model.

Chapter 12

FIGURE 12.1 Marginal benefits and marginal costs.

FIGURE 12.2 Forest timber marginal benefits and marginal costs.

FIGURE 12.3 Forest timber optimum market quantity and price.

FIGURE 12.4 Forest timber optimum quantity and prince with negative externality.

FIGURE 12.5 Pollution reduction marginal benefits and costs.

Chapter 16

FIGURE 16.1 A portion of a large study area overlain with 1-m

quadrates. The study area is shaded, and in the lower left corner, the quadrates extend outside the study area.

FIGURE 16.2 Stratified sampling for cockles in an estuary. The sandy areas have highest cockle densities (light areas), the muddy areas have medium densities (dark areas), and the water channels (very dark areas) have very few cockles.

FIGURE 16.3 An illustration of a survey design that is balanced in both geographic and temporal space. The

- and

-coordinate axes are longitude and latitude (geographic space), and the third axis is time measured in years (temporal space).

FIGURE 16.4 Adaptive cluster sampling with an initial sample of

= 8 (top left corner). With the neighborhood defined as the north and south quadrates

= 12 (top right corner), and

= 19 when the neighborhood defined as the north, south, east, and west quadrates (lower left corner). With this neighborhood definition and a threshold value of greater than 1,

= 12.

FIGURE 16.5 An index plot of grassland cover for the 12 quadrates over 10 years. There are 120 observations in total, and the points are indexed by the year of the study. Grass cover appears to have increased over the 10 years.

FIGURE 16.6 Boxplots for the 12 quadrates over the 10 years. There is a general trend that grass cover is increasing and, within each year, the quadrates are quite different from each other.

FIGURE 16.7 Scatterplots of grass cover over the 10 years for each of the 12 quadrates.

FIGURE 16.8 Scatterplot of predicted intercepts and slopes for the 12 quadrates.

FIGURE 16.9 Standardized residuals plotted against the fitted values.

FIGURE 16.10 Normal Q–Q plots for the predicted intercept and slope.

Chapter 17

FIGURE 17.1 Conceptual diagrams showing the difference between (a) across-track scanning and (b) detector array systems that use charge-coupled devices, one linear array for each multispectral band. IFOV, instantaneous field of view: the IFOV element (or “ground-projected IFOV”) is the area that is contributing EMR to the sensing device at any given moment. Note that IFOV elements are shown to be square in these diagrams but are usually elliptical (circular only at nadir, viewing straight down toward the center of the Earth).

FIGURE 17.2 Photographs of a desert grassland landscape in southern New Mexico (a) viewing in the solar direction (Sun in front of viewer) and (b) viewing in the antisolar direction (Sun behind viewer). Note the degree to which shadowing by shrubs, smaller plants, and even soil elements darkens the image in (a), even though the landscape in (b) is almost identical. Shadows are hidden behind these elements when looking 180° from the Sun direction—and they are all hidden when also viewing at zenith (i.e., as if viewing along a wire from the Sun to the target; this is called the “hot spot” geometry).

FIGURE 17.3 (a) Landsat 8 orbital tracks (courtesy of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Space Science and Engineering Center). (b) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager true color image near the Copper River Delta, Alaska, acquired on May 28, 2013. Image width is approximately 20 km. The spring thaw swells the river with water loaded with glacial sediment from the Childs and Miles glaciers that is clearly visible. The sediment is a source of nutrients for phytoplankton and marine plants, which in turn support abundant salmon runs.

FIGURE 17.4 (a) Visualization of the ICESat satellite transmitting a green beam of laser light toward a true color surface map of the Earth and a vertical slice of the atmosphere from Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) measurements, showing the height and thickness of clouds and aerosols. (b) Greenland 8-day repeat pattern. The returns over ice provide elevation data.

FIGURE 17.5 (a) AMSR-E Arctic sea ice extent in September 2007. (b) AMSR2 minimum in September 2012. (c) Seasonal variation of the Arctic sea ice extent (updated on August 24, 2012). (d) Detail of the area in (c). A record minimum sea ice coverage of 4.21 million km

was observed by satellite on August 24, 2012, one month earlier than previous minimum record set on September 24, 2007. Based on AMSR-E and AMSR2 microwave imagery.

FIGURE 17.6 An example of discontinuities in Google Earth imagery near the New Jersey–New York state boundary in the vicinity of Greenwood Lake. Note that these differences are owing to differential atmospheric effects, as well as the season of image acquisition, and can obscure interannual changes that we might want to isolate in an environmental management exercise.

FIGURE 17.7 High-resolution (0.6 m) panchromatic QuickBird satellite image chip over forest in California’s Sierra Nevada, showing tree location and shadow length measurements by the CANAPI algorithm (Chopping, 2011). The Sun is in the SE; shadows are cast toward the NW. With knowledge of the Sun elevation angle, tree heights can be estimated.

FIGURE 17.8 (a) High-resolution spectra for scene components (endmembers). (b) Mapped increase in water hyacinth cover in Stone Lake from 2004 to 2008, using HyVista HyMap imaging spectroscopy data.

FIGURE 17.9 Waveform lidar operation. The column represents pulsed coherent laser light, resulting in a “waveform” from the returns that can be interpreted to give canopy height, crown shape, and woody biomass.

FIGURE 17.10 Aboveground biomass map for Howland Forest (HF) site (a) and (b) and Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF) site in Maine. (c and d) In 2003 and 2009 at 1.0 ha level by the combined RH50 models. A color of orange to dark green indicates an increase of biomass. At HF site, the pink polygon is near-matured old-growth forest; and dark blue polygon is the outline of reserve area.

FIGURE 17.11 Extent of surface melt over Greenland’s ice sheet on July 8 (40% of area) and July 12 (97% of area) 2012. Based on measurements from the Indian Space Research Organization Oceansat-2, NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and US Air Force Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder.

FIGURE 17.12 Latitudinal 532 nm (green laser) lidar profile through the lower atmosphere from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite, a joint NASA/French Space Agency mission.

FIGURE 17.13 (a) Summer (June–July–August) albedo anomaly in 2012 relative to the 2000–2011 average. Data were derived from the MODIS MOD10A1 product. (b) Area-averaged albedo of the Greenland ice sheet during June through August each year of the period 2000–2012.

FIGURE 17.14 NASA Advanced Land Imager true color image of flooding in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, on July 12, 2012.

FIGURE 17.15 Extents and spatial configuration of nighttime lights in the vicinity of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, in (a) 1992 and (b) 2003. These maps are from the Version 2 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) nighttime lights series. Similar maps can be made with the “day–night band” of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite launched in October 2011. Low levels of light can be detected partly because all light in the green to near-infrared wavelengths is used.

FIGURE 17.16 Groundwater storage changes in northwestern India between 2002 and 2008, relative to the mean for the period expressed as the height of an equivalent layer of water, ranging from −12 cm (deep red) to 12 cm (dark blue). These maps were derived via analysis of gravity anomalies using data from NASA’s twin satellite Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) system, launched in 2002.

FIGURE 17.17 Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI) for the conterminous United States on June 25–July 1, 2012, showing the extent of the drought (NOAA, 2012). The VegDRI integrates satellite-based observations of vegetation condition, climate data, and information on land cover/land use type, soil characteristics, and ecological setting.

FIGURE 17.18 Regional model representation of five deep-seated structures in northern-central Turkana County, Kenya. These deep-seated aquifers (100–3000 m) were detected with the Radar Technologies International WATEX

Deep Aquifer Model (DAM) that uses Landsat imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission topographic maps, and C- and L-band synthetic aperture radar imagery.

FIGURE 17.19 Aerosol loadings (including airborne particulate pollution) over Beijing and the surrounding region from the NASA/JPL Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) flown on the Terra satellite. High aerosol concentrations (poor air quality) are brown, while low concentrations (good air quality) are cream.

Chapter 18

FIGURE 18.1 Fixed (a) and adaptive (b) weighting schemes in GWR.

FIGURE 18.2 MCP (top) and KDEs with 95 and 50% isopleth contours (bottom) for an individual snake tracked in 2010. These home range estimates were generated using ArcGIS and the Geospatial Modeling Environment extension. The different techniques result in multiple estimates of home range (MCP = 95 ha; 50% KDE = 10 ha; 95% KDE = 61 ha) that allow for greater comparison with other studies. Each point on the maps represents a snake relocation.

FIGURE 18.3 Average daily movement, weight and temperature data plotted over time for an individual snake tracked in 2009. Note the peak in ADM immediately following a sharp drop off in weight (indicating egg laying). This was a common phenomenon among gravid females during the course of our study.

Chapter 19

FIGURE 19.1 Life cycle stages.

FIGURE 19.2 Life cycle assessment origins.

FIGURE 19.3 Framework for life cycle assessment

FIGURE 19.4 An LCA system illustration concerning soft drink containers (Georgakellos, 2006).

FIGURE 19.5 LCA schematic steps from inventory to midpoints and endpoints

FIGURE 19.6 The elements of the life cycle interpretation phase

FIGURE 19.7 A proposed tag (here for three packaging materials) as an illustration of LCA-based ecolabeling (Bersimis and Georgakellos, 2013).

Chapter 20

FIGURE 20.1 Survival?

FIGURE 20.2 What is an EMS?

FIGURE 20.3

FIGURE 20.4 Initial Environmental Review.

FIGURE 20.5 Environmental Policy Inputs and Outputs.

FIGURE 20.6 Plan.

FIGURE 20.7 Do.

FIGURE 20.8 Check.

FIGURE 20.9 Act.

FIGURE 20.10 PDCA Loops.

FIGURE 20.11 The heart of an EMS.

FIGURE 20.12

FIGURE 20.13

FIGURE 20.14 How to define significance.

FIGURE 20.15 The use of objectives and targtets to improve performance.

FIGURE 20.16

FIGURE 20.17

FIGURE 20.18

FIGURE 20.19

FIGURE 20.20

FIGURE 20.21

FIGURE 20.22

FIGURE 20.23

FIGURE 20.24

Chapter 21

FIGURE 21.1 Principal elements of a risk assessment.

Guide

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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Edited by

DIBYENDU SARKAR

Professor of Environmental Geochemistry

Founding Director of the PhD Program in Environmental Management

Montclair State University, New Jersey

RUPALI DATTA

Associate Professor of Environmental Remediation

Department of Biological Science

Michigan Technological University, Michigan

AVINANDAN MUKHERJEE

Dean, College of Business

Clayton State University

Georgia

ROBYN HANNIGAN

Founding Dean, School for the Environment

University of Massachusetts at Boston

Massachusetts

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

An integrated approach to environmental management / edited by Dibyendu Sarkar, Rupali Datta, Avinandan Mukherjee, Robyn Hannigan. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-74435-2 (cloth)1. Environmental management. I. Sarkar, Dibyendu, editor. II. Datta, Rupali, editor. III. Mukherjee, Avinandan, editor. IV. Hannigan, Robyn, editor. GE300.I583 2015 333.7–dc23 2015006397

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Dr. Dibyendu Sarkar is a professor of environmental geochemistry and the founding director of the environmental management PhD program (2009–2015) at Montclair State University, New Jersey. Prior to joining Montclair State, Dibs served as an assistant and associate professor and associate dean of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Texas at San Antonio (2000–2008), after graduating with a PhD in geochemistry from the University of Tennessee (December 1997) and working as a postdoctoral researcher in Soil and Water Science at the University of Florida (1998–2000). Between 2000 and 2015, he advised 10 PhD students and 15 MS students and trained 14 postdoctoral research associates. Dibs has so far published over 300 journal articles, book chapters, conference proceedings, and technical abstracts. He has authored a research monograph, edited two books, and has generated more than $5 million in grant funding to support his research activities and those of his students/postdocs. His research has appeared in a wide range of environmental journals, such as Environmental Science and Technology, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal of Environmental Quality, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Chemosphere, Environmental Pollution, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, etc. Dibs is a member of several scientific and professional organizations, including Geological Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, American Geophysical Union, and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, and has received many research and teaching awards from them. He has served on numerous committees and organized many symposia and theme sessions for these organizations. Dibs is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and a principal of SIROM Scientific Solutions, LLC. He is the editor-in-chief of a Springer journal, Current Pollution Reports; the technical editor of another Springer journal, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; and an associate editor of Geosphere (online journal of the Geological Society of America), Environmental Geosciences (quarterly journal of the Division of Environmental Geosciences of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists), and Soil Science Society of America Journal. Dibs serves on the editorial board of the Environmental Pollution, an Elsevier journal, and as a reviewer for more than 60 journals and several grant funding agencies, including NSF and NIH.

Dr. Rupali Datta is an associate professor and the graduate program director of the Department of Biological Sciences at Michigan Technological University. Rupali’s primary research interest lies in the application of plant biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and microbiology in solving environmental problems, using phytoremediation, plant–microbe interactions, and bioremediation. Her research involves the study of interactions between plant, soil, microbial, and water systems to understand the mechanisms of uptake and detoxification of specific environmental contaminants in biota from two broad angles—biochemistry and genetics. She has close to 100 research publications and more than 150 technical abstracts and conference proceedings and has generated more than two million dollars in research funding. Her research is strongly related to student experiential learning. So far, she has graduated four PhD students and eight MS students and supervised four postdoctoral fellows. Prior to joining Michigan Tech, Rupali was an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Rupali is an associate editor of two Springer journals—namely, Current Pollution Reports and International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology—and serves as a reviewer for more than 50 journals and several grant funding agencies. She is also a principal of SIROM Scientific Solutions, LLC.

Dr. Avinandan Mukherjee is professor of marketing and international business and dean of the College of Business at Clayton State University, Metro Atlanta, Georgia. Avi is a doctoral faculty in the PhD program in environmental management at Montclair State University. He is also the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing. Prior to joining Clayton State, Avi was professor and department chair of marketing at the School of Business in Montclair State University. Other than Montclair State, Avi has taught at Penn State University, Rutgers University, and New Jersey Institute of Technology (United States), University of Bradford (United Kingdom), Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), and Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (India). He has authored more than 100 articles in refereed journals, conference proceedings, and edited books and has more than 1000 citations of his published work. His research has appeared in the Journal of Retailing, Journal of Business Research, Service Industries Journal, Communications of the ACM, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Journal of Services Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, International Journal of Advertising, International Journal of Bank Marketing, etc. Avi has been guest editor for European Journal of Marketing and Journal of Services Marketing, editorial board member of Hospital Topics and Asia-Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, and ad hoc reviewer for a variety of journals. Avi has so far advised 5 PhD students and a host of master’s degree students and postdoctoral scholars over his academic career.

Dr. Robyn Hannigan is professor and founding dean of School for the Environment at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. A graduate of the University of Rochester, Robyn’s research centers on coastal ecosystem and resource management and evaluation of past climate to inform adaptation in coastal systems. Specifically, her work focuses on the impact of ocean acidification on fish and shellfish and the reconstruction of ocean acidification events in Earth’s deep past. Robyn has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles across fields of geochemistry and environmental science. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Geological Society of America and an Aldo Leopold Leadership fellow. She served as the chair of the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc. In addition to Robyn’s academic achievements, she and her students hold several patents in areas of sample introduction technologies for mass spectrometric identification of important metals in biological samples. Robyn started a company with former students, GeoMed Analytical, which uses geochemical methods to study human health and seafood resource issues such as food sourcing and metals in disease treatment and diagnosis.

The editors were assisted in the Social Science subsection by Dr. Neeraj Vedwan, associate professor of anthropology at Montclair State University.

CONTRIBUTORS

Asante-Duah, Kofi, Ph.D., Chief Science Advisor—Risk Assessment/Toxicology, Environmental Protection Administration, District Department of the Environment, Washington, DC, USA

Asolekar, Shyam R., Ph.D., Professor, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India

Brown, Jennifer A., Ph.D., School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Buchanan, Scott W., M.S., Ph.D., Student, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

Chopping, Mark J., Ph.D.,

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