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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Detailed reference covering all aspects of working in laboratories, including safety, fundamentals of analytical techniques, lab instrumentation, and more A comprehensive study of analytical chemistry as it pertains to the laboratory analyst and chemist, Analytical Chemistry begins with an introduction to the laboratory environment, including safety, glassware, common apparatuses, and lab basics, and continues on to guide readers through the fundamentals of analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and chromatography, and introduce examples of laboratory programs, such as Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS). This newly updated and revised Second Edition of Analytical Chemistry offers expanded chapters with new figures and the latest developments in the field. Included alongside this new edition is an updated companion teaching, reference, and toolkit program called ChemTech. Conveniently available via either app or browser, the ChemTech program contains exercises that highlight and review topics covered in the book and features useful calculators and programs, including solution makers, graphing tools, and more. To aid in reader comprehension, the program also includes an interactive periodic table and chapter summaries. Written by two highly qualified authors with significant experience in both practice and academia, Analytical Chemistry covers sample topics such as: * Basic mathematics in the laboratory, including different units, the metric system, significant figures, scientific calculators, and ChemTech conversion tools * Analytical data treatment, including errors in the laboratory, precision versus accuracy, normal distribution curves, and determining errors in methodology * Plotting and graphing, including graph construction, curve fitting, graphs of specific equations, least-squares method, and computer-generated curves * Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, including wave and particle theory of light, light absorption transitions, the color wheel, and pigments With complete coverage of the practical aspects of analytical chemistry, Analytical Chemistry prepares students for a rewarding career as a chemist or a laboratory technician. Thanks to ChemTech integration, the book is also a useful and accessible reference for the established chemist or technician already working in the laboratory.
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Seitenzahl: 1315
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
DEDICATION
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE
1 CHEMIST AND TECHNICIAN IN THE ANALYTICAL LABORATORY
1.1 INTRODUCTION—THE ANALYTICAL CHEMIST AND TECHNICIAN
1.2 TODAY'S LABORATORY CHEMIST AND TECHNICIAN
1.3 ChemTech—THE CHEMIST AND TECHNICIAN TOOLKIT COMPANION
1.4 CHAPTER LAYOUT
1.5 USERS OF ChemTech
2 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL LABORATORY
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LABORATORY
2.2 LABORATORY GLASSWARE
2.3 CONCLUSION
3 LABORATORY SAFETY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PROPER PERSONAL PROTECTION AND APPROPRIATE ATTIRE
3.3 PROPER SHOES AND PANTS
3.4 LABORATORY GLOVES
3.5 GENERAL RULES TO USE GLOVES
3.6 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
3.7 EMERGENCY EYEWASH AND FACE WASH STATIONS
3.8 EMERGENCY SAFETY SHOWERS
3.9 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
3.10 CLOTHING FIRE IN THE LABORATORY
3.11 SPILL CLEANUP KITS
3.12 CHEMICALS AND SOLVENTS
3.13 FIRST AID KITS
3.14 GASSES AND CYLINDERS
3.15 SHARPS CONTAINERS AND BROKEN GLASS BOXES
3.16 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)
NOTE
4 BASIC MATHEMATICS IN THE LABORATORY
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC MATH
4.2 UNITS AND METRIC SYSTEM
4.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
4.4 SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS
4.5 CHEMTECH CONVERSION TOOL
4.6 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
4.7 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
5 ANALYTICAL DATA TREATMENT (STATISTICS)
5.1 ERRORS IN THE LABORATORY
5.2 EXPRESSING ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE ERRORS
5.3 PRECISION
5.4 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
5.5 PRECISION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
5.6 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE OF A SAMPLE
5.7 CHEMTECH STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS
5.8 STUDENT'S DISTRIBUTION
T
TEST FOR CONFIDENCE LIMITS
5.9 TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
5.10 TREATMENT OF DATA OUTLIERS
5.11 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
5.12 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
6 PLOTTING AND GRAPHING
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHING
6.2 GRAPH CONSTRUCTION
6.3 RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
6.4 CURVE FITTING
6.5 REDRAWN GRAPH EXAMPLE
6.6 GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS
6.7 LEAST‐SQUARES METHOD
6.8 COMPUTER‐GENERATED CURVES
6.9 CALCULATING CONCENTRATIONS
6.10 NONLINEAR CURVE FITTING
6.11 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
6.12 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
7 USING MICROSOFT EXCEL
®
IN THE LABORATORY
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL
®
7.2 OPENING EXCEL IN CHEMTECH
7.3 THE EXCEL SPREADSHEET
7.4 GRAPHING IN EXCEL
7.5 COMPLEX CHARTING IN EXCEL
7.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING EXCEL
8 MAKING LABORATORY SOLUTIONS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 LABORATORY REAGENT FUNDAMENTALS
8.3 THE PERIODIC TABLE
8.4 CALCULATING FORMULA WEIGHTS
8.5 CALCULATING THE MOLE
8.6 MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATOR
8.7 EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
8.8 THE PARTS PER (PP) NOTATION
8.9 COMPUTER‐BASED SOLUTION CALCULATIONS
8.10 REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
8.11 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
8.12 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
9 ACID–BASE THEORY AND BUFFER SOLUTIONS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 ACIDS AND BASES IN EVERYDAY LIFE
9.3 THE LITMUS TEST
9.4 EARLY ACID–BASE DESCRIPTIONS
9.5 BRǾNSTED–LOWRY DEFINITION
9.6 THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
9.7 THE ACID IONIZATION CONSTANT
9.8 CALCULATING THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION
9.9 THE BASE IONIZATION CONSTANT
9.10 ION PRODUCT FOR WATER
9.11 THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT (
K
SP
)
9.12 THE PH OF A SOLUTION
9.13 MEASURING THE PH
9.14 BUFFERED SOLUTIONS—DESCRIPTION AND PREPARING
9.15 CHEMTECH BUFFER SOLUTION CALCULATOR
9.16 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
9.17 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
10 TITRATION—A VOLUMETRIC METHOD OF ANALYSIS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 REACTING RATIOS
10.3 THE EQUIVALENCE POINT
10.4 USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS FOR CALCULATIONS
10.5 DERIVING THE TITRATION EQUATION
10.6 TITRATIONS IN CHEMTECH
10.7 ACID/BASE TITRATION ENDPOINT (EQUIVALENCE POINT)
10.8 ACID/BASE TITRATION MIDPOINT
10.9 ACID/BASE TITRATION INDICATORS
10.10 TITRATIONS USING NORMAL SOLUTIONS
10.11 POLYPROTIC ACID TITRATION
10.12 CHEMTECH CALCULATION OF NORMAL TITRATIONS
10.13 PERFORMING A TITRATION
10.14 PRIMARY STANDARDS
10.15 STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE
10.16 CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATIONS (NONAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS)
10.17 PRECIPITATION TITRATION (MOHR METHOD FOR HALIDES)
10.18 COMPLEX FORMATION WITH BACK TITRATION (VOLHARD METHOD FOR ANIONS)
NOTES
10.18 COMPLEX FORMATION TITRATION WITH EDTA FOR CATIONS
10.19 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
10.20 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
11 OXIDATION–REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
11.3 THE VOLT
11.4 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
11.5 REDOX REACTION CONVENTIONS
11.6 THE NERNST EQUATION
11.7 DETERMINING REDOX TITRATION ENDPOINTS
11.8 POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS
11.9 VISUAL INDICATORS USED IN REDOX TITRATIONS
11.10 PRETITRATION OXIDATION–REDUCTION
11.11 ION‐SELECTIVE ELECTRODES
11.12 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
11.13 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
12 LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LIMS)
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 LIMS MAIN MENU
12.3 LOGGING IN SAMPLES
12.4 ENTERING TEST RESULTS
12.5 ADD OR DELETE TESTS
12.6 CALCULATIONS AND CURVES
12.7 SEARCH WIZARDS
12.8 APPROVING SAMPLES
12.9 PRINTING SAMPLE REPORTS
13 ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE (UV/VIS) SPECTROSCOPY
13.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY IN THE ANALYTICAL LABORATORY
13.2 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
13.3 ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE (UV/VIS) SPECTROSCOPY
13.4 UV/VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
13.5 SPECIAL TOPIC (EXAMPLE)—SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF DYE COMPOUNDS
13.6 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
13.7 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
14 FLUORESCENCE OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
14.1 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE
14.2 FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE THEORY
14.3 PHOSPHORESCENCE
14.4 EXCITATION AND EMISSION SPECTRA
14.5 RATE CONSTANTS
14.6 QUANTUM YIELD RATE CONSTANTS
14.7 DECAY LIFETIMES
14.8 FACTORS AFFECTING FLUORESCENCE
14.9 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND BEER–LAMBERT LAW
14.10 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE
14.11 FLUOROMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION
14.12 SPECIAL TOPIC—FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF DYE‐A007 COMPLEXES
14.13 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
14.14 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
15 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTROSCOPY
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 BASIC IR INSTRUMENT DESIGN
15.3 THE INFRARED SPECTRUM AND MOLECULAR ASSIGNMENT
15.4 FTIR TABLE BAND ASSIGNMENTS
15.5 FTIR SPECTRUM EXAMPLE I
15.6 FTIR SPECTRUM EXAMPLE II
15.7 FTIR INORGANIC COMPOUND ANALYSIS
15.8 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
15.9 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
16 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 FREQUENCY AND MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
16.3 CONTINUOUS‐WAVE NMR
16.4 THE NMR SAMPLE PROBE
16.5 PULSED‐FIELD FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR
16.6 PROTON NMR SPECTRA ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
16.7 CARBON‐13 NMR
16.8 SPECIAL TOPIC—NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOLESTERYL PHOSPHATE
16.9 CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS
16.10 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
17 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION PROCESS
17.3 ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SOURCE
17.4 SOURCE GASES AND FLAMES
17.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AAS INSTRUMENTATION
17.6 THE LIGHT SOURCE
17.7 INTERFERENCES IN AAS
17.8 ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION—GRAPHITE FURNACE
17.9 INSTRUMENTATION
17.10 FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYTICAL METHODS
18 ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
18.3 THE PLASMA TORCH
18.4 SAMPLE TYPES
18.5 SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
18.6 ICP‐OES INSTRUMENTATION
18.7 ICP‐OES ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION EXAMPLE
19 ATOMIC MASS SPECTROMETRY
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 LOW‐RESOLUTION ICP‐MS
19.3 HIGH‐RESOLUTION ICP‐MS
20 X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF) AND X‐RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)
20.1 X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE INTRODUCTION
20.2 X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE THEORY
20.3 ENERGY‐DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE (EDXRF)
20.4 WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE (WDXRF)
20.5 APPLICATIONS OF XRF
20.6 X‐RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)
21 CHROMATOGRAPHY—INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
21.1 PREFACE
21.2 INTRODUCTION TO CHROMATOGRAPHY
21.3 THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
21.4 THE THEORETICAL PLATE NUMBER
N
21.5 RESOLUTION
R
S
21.6 RATE THEORY VERSUS PLATE THEORY
21.7 RETENTION FACTOR k′
REFERENCES
22 HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)
22.1 HPLC BACKGROUND
22.2 DESIGN AND COMPONENTS OF HPLC
23 SOLID‐PHASE EXTRACTION
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 DISPOSABLE SPE COLUMNS
23.3 SPE VACUUM MANIFOLD
23.4 SPE PROCEDURAL BULLETIN
24 PLANE CHROMATOGRAPHY: PAPER AND THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
24.1 PLANE CHROMATOGRAPHY
24.2 THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
24.3 RETARDATION FACTOR (
R
F
) IN TLC
24.4 PLATE HEIGHTS (
H
) AND COUNTS (
N
) IN TLC
24.5 RETENTION FACTOR IN TLC
25 GAS‐LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.2 THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF GC
25.3 MOBILE‐PHASE CARRIER GASSES IN GC
25.4 COLUMNS AND STATIONARY PHASES
25.5 GAS CHROMATOGRAPH INJECTION PORT
25.6 THE GC OVEN
25.7 GC PROGRAMMING AND CONTROL
25.8 GC DETECTORS
26 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC–MS)
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 ELECTRON IONIZATION (EI)
26.3 ELECTRON IONIZATION (EI)/OE PROCESSES
26.4 OLEAMIDE FRAGMENTATION PATHWAYS: OE M
+·
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ELECTRON IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY
26.5 OLEAMIDE FRAGMENTATION PATHWAYS: EE [M+H]
+
BY ESI/ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY
26.6 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY GC/EI–MS
26.7 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
27 SPECIAL TOPICS: STRONG CATION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
27.1 INTRODUCTION
27.2 STRONG ION EXCHANGE HPLC
27.3 CZE
27.4 BINDING CONSTANTS BY CATION EXCHANGE AND CZE
27.5 COMPARISON OF METHODS
27.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
28 MASS SPECTROMETRY
28.1 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
28.2 BASIC DESIGN OF MASS ANALYZER INSTRUMENTATION
28.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY OF PROTEIN, METABOLITE, AND LIPID BIOMOLECULES
28.4 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUND INTERACTIONS
28.5 MASS‐TO‐CHARGE (
M/Z
) RATIO: HOW THE MASS SPECTROMETER SEPARATES IONS
28.6 EXACT MASS VERSUS NOMINAL MASS
28.7 MASS ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION
28.8 HIGH‐RESOLUTION MASS MEASUREMENTS
28.9 RINGS PLUS DOUBLE BONDS (
R
+
DB
)
28.10 THE NITROGEN RULE IN MASS SPECTROMETRY
28.11 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
29 IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY
29.1 IONIZATION TECHNIQUES AND SOURCES
29.2 CHEMICAL IONIZATION (CI)
29.3 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL IONIZATION (APCI)
29.4 ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION (ESI)
29.5 NANOELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION (NANO‐ESI)
29.6 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PHOTOIONIZATION (APPI)
29.7 MATRIX‐ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION (MALDI)
29.8 FAB
29.9 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
30 MASS ANALYZERS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY
30.1 MASS ANALYZERS
30.2 MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC SECTOR MASS ANALYZER
30.3 TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT MASS ANALYZER (TOF/MS)
30.4 TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT/TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER (TOF–TOF/MS)
30.5 QUADRUPOLE MASS FILTER
30.6 TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETER (QQQ/MS)
30.7 THREE‐DIMENSIONAL QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETER (QIT/MS)
30.8 LINEAR QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETER (LTQ/MS)
30.9 QUADRUPOLE TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER (Q‐TOF/MS)
30.10 FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE MASS SPECTROMETER (FTICR/MS)
30.11 LINEAR QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP FOURIER TRANSFORM MASS SPECTROMETER (LTQ–FT/MS)
30.12 LINEAR QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETER (LTQ–ORBITRAP/MS)
30.13 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
31 BIOMOLECULE SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION: SMALL MOLECULES
31.1 INTRODUCTION
31.2 IONIZATION EFFICIENCY OF LIPIDS
31.3 FATTY ACIDS
31.4 WAX ESTERS
31.5 STEROLS
31.6 ACYLGLYCEROLS
31.7 ESI‐MASS SPECTROMETRY OF PHOSPHORYLATED LIPIDS
31.8 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
32 MACROMOLECULE ANALYSIS
32.1 INTRODUCTION
32.2 CARBOHYDRATES
32.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS
32.4 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
33 BIOMOLECULE SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION: PROTEINS
33.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROTEOMICS
33.2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY
33.3 BOTTOM‐UP PROTEOMICS: MASS SPECTROMETRY OF PEPTIDES
33.4 TOP‐DOWN PROTEOMICS: MASS SPECTROMETRY OF INTACT PROTEINS
33.5 PTM OF PROTEINS
33.6 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
33.7 CHAPTER PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I: CHAPTER PROBLEM ANSWERS
APPENDIX II: ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS
APPENDIX III: FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
APPENDIX IV: REDOX HALF‐REACTIONS
APPENDIX V: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
APPENDIX VI: INSTALLING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS
Installing the ChemTech Program from DVD
Downloading and Installing the ChemTech Program
Installing the Molecular Weight Calculator Program
Configuring Microsoft Access Prior to Running the LIMS Program
Running the LIMS Program from the Standalone File
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
List of Tables
Chapter 4
TABLE 4.1 The
International System
(SI) Base Units.
TABLE 4.2 The Metric System.
TABLE 4.3 Listing of Metric System Units with U.S. Equivalent Approximations...
Chapter 5
TABLE 5.1 Table of Deviation Factors.
TABLE 5.2 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.3 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.4 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.5 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.6 Percentile Values of the Student's Distribution tα Used for Calcul...
TABLE 5.7 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.8 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.9 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.10 Experimental Values.
TABLE 5.11 Critical Values for Rejection Quotient
Q
.
TABLE 5.12 Critical Values for Rejection Quotient
T
n
.
Chapter 6
TABLE 6.1 Experimental Data.
TABLE 6.2 Experimental Data.
TABLE 6.3 Experimental Data.
TABLE 6.4 Linear Set of Data Collected of Concentration Versus Fluorescence.
TABLE 6.5 Nonlinear Set of Data Collected of Concentration Versus Fluorescen...
Chapter 7
TABLE 7.1 Experimental Data.
TABLE 7.2 Experimental Data.
TABLE 7.3 Experimental Data.
TABLE 7.4 Experimental Data.
Chapter 8
TABLE 8.1 Forms of Expressing Concentration and Their Calculation.
TABLE 8.2 List of Some Common Laboratory Acids and Bases Including Physical...
Chapter 9
TABLE 9.1 Acid Ionization Constants (Ka) in Aqueous Solution at 25°C....
TABLE 9.2 Base Ionization Constants (Kb) in Aqueous Solution at 25°C....
TABLE 9.3 Product Solubility Constants (
K
sp
).
Chapter 10
TABLE 10.1 Common Primary Acids and Bases Used for Titrant Standardization....
TABLE 10.2 Values of Equivalent Ionic Conductance at 25°C and Infinite Dil...
TABLE 10.3 Common Metal Ions Titrated with EDTA Including the Minimum pH Nee...
Chapter 11
TABLE 11.1 Standard Reduction Potentials.
TABLE 11.2 Calculated Potentials for the Addition of Ce
4+
Titrant.
TABLE 11.3 Some Reduction Products of Metal Species Treated with Either the ...
TABLE 11.4 Some Oxidizing Agents and the Metal Species Oxidation State Chang...
Chapter 13
TABLE 13.1 Elements Analyzed, Reagents, and Colors Formed for Inorganic Elem...
TABLE 13.2 FDA‐Approved Food Color Additives.
Chapter 15
TABLE 15.1 Inorganic Salts Used for IR Optics.
TABLE 15.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Correlation.
a
TABLE 15.3 Characteristic IR Bands for the Selected Inorganic Compounds. For...
Chapter 16
TABLE 16.1 Magnetic Properties of Selective Elements Used in NMR Studies and...
TABLE 16.2 Spin–Spin Coupling Patterns of First‐Order Multiplets....
TABLE 16.3 Typical Chemical Shifts in Carbon‐13 NMR Spectra.
TABLE 16.4 Simplified Carbon‐13 Chemical Shifts.
TABLE 16.5 Proton NMR Spectral Results.
Chapter 17
TABLE 17.1 Temperature of Atomic Absorption Flames.
Chapter 18
TABLE 18.1 Sensitivities of Some Elements with Plasma Torch Radial or Axial...
Chapter 19
TABLE 19.1 Comparison of ICP Techniques.
a
Chapter 20
TABLE 20.1 Some Common Crystal Elemental Makeup and Bragg Parameters.
TABLE 20.2 Elements Measured by XRF, Electron Shell Lines Responsible for Fl...
Chapter 22
TABLE 22.1 Buffers for Cation Exchange Chromatography.
a
TABLE 22.2 Buffers for Anion Exchange Chromatography.
a
TABLE 22.3 Performances of LC Detectors.
a
TABLE 22.4 Chemical Names and Structures of Acidic Pesticides.
Chapter 25
TABLE 25.1 Common Stationary Phases Used in Gas Chromatography.
a
Chapter 26
TABLE 26.1 Fatty Acid Amide Concentration in Biological Sample by GC–MS....
Chapter 27
TABLE 27.1 Binding Constant Values for the Methylene Green, Methylene Blue, ...
Chapter 28
TABLE 28.1 Metabolomics‐Related Definitions.
TABLE 28.2 Possible Formulas for m/z 288.2879 at a Mass Accuracy of 50ppm....
TABLE 28.3 Possible Formulas for m/z 489.3110 at a Mass Accuracy of 10ppm....
Chapter 29
TABLE 29.1 Proton Affinities of Chemical Ionization Reagent Gasses.
TABLE 29.2 Approximate Proton Affinities for Some Typical Organic Compounds.
TABLE 29.3 Compilation of Thermochemical Data for Some Common Solvents and D...
Chapter 31
TABLE 31.1 Proton NMR Spectral Results.
Chapter 33
TABLE 33.1 Examples of Protease Available for Polypeptide Chain Cleavage.
TABLE 33.2 List of Identification Algorithms.
TABLE 33.3 Amino Acid Residue Names, Codes, Masses, and Immonium Ion m/z Val...
TABLE 33.4 Examples of Combinations of Amino Acid Residues Where Isobaric Pe...
TABLE 33.5 Common Monosaccharides and Their Associated Masses.
TABLE 33.6 Pattern Difference in Mass for Glycopeptide Heterogeneity Residue...
TABLE 33.7 Some Bacterial Two‐Component Histidine Kinase Signaling System....
TABLE 33.8 Acid and Alkaline Stabilities of the Phosphorylated Amino Acids....
TABLE 33.9 Proteins Listed in Swiss‐Prot That Are Annotated as Having at Lea...
TABLE 33.10 Summary of the Relevant Characteristics of Phosphorylation and S...
TABLE 33.11 Potential Cancer Biomarkers Identified by Mass Spectrometry‐Base...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.1 (a) The standalone (desktop) ChemTech application introduction pa...
FIGURE 1.2 ChemTech Main Menu Page. The boxed‐in area contains links to the ...
FIGURE 1.3 Interactive periodic table of the elements. Click on an element l...
FIGURE 1.4 Carbon element information page. The page contains facts about th...
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.1 Example of a typical student laboratory. Note the bench space for...
FIGURE 2.2 Examples of volumetric flasks, including 100, 250, 500, and 1000...
FIGURE 2.3 Other common glassware used in the analytical laboratory: (a) bea...
FIGURE 2.4 Examples of graduated cylinders. Pictured are 5, 10, 25, 100, and...
FIGURE 2.5 Proper reading of the meniscus. (a) Reading from above produces a...
FIGURE 2.6 Example of using a white paper with a black strip for reading vol...
FIGURE 2.7 Class A pipettes with different volumes, and the proper way to ho...
FIGURE 2.8 Common pipette bulbs used to draw liquid up into the pipette.
FIGURE 2.9 Examples of common disposable pipettes. (a) Serological pipettes ...
FIGURE 2.10 (a) Example of autopipettes in a holding rack. (b) and (c) Plast...
FIGURE 2.11 Evaporating dishes, drying dishes, and watch glass.
FIGURE 2.12 Example of the use of watch glasses being used to cover beakers ...
FIGURE 2.13 Some different views of a laboratory Bunsen burner.
FIGURE 2.14 Bunsen burner heating a crucible.
FIGURE 2.15 Triangle burner holder.
FIGURE 2.16 (a) Examples of ring stands of different sizes. (b) A filter fun...
FIGURE 2.17 Example of a crucible and a pair of laboratory tongs. The tongs ...
FIGURE 2.18 A laboratory furnace used for ashing samples.
FIGURE 2.19 An example of a common laboratory hood. The compartment is posit...
FIGURE 2.20 A drying oven located to the left of the laboratory fume hood. T...
FIGURE 2.21 Examples of analytical balances. Used for precise weighing of am...
FIGURE 2.22 A top loading balance used for larger amounts of the item to be ...
FIGURE 2.23 A laboratory refrigerator used to store standards, samples, and ...
FIGURE 2.24 (a) Test tubes in a test tube rack. Also included is a test tube...
FIGURE 2.25 Soxhlet apparatus used to extract compounds from a matrix such a...
FIGURE 2.26 Rotovap solvent evaporator.
FIGURE 2.27 Examples of laboratory vacuum pumps.
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.1 Examples of proper safety glasses (a) and goggles (b).
FIGURE 3.2 Typical white laboratory coat.
FIGURE 3.3 Common latex and neoprene types of gloves. (a) Glove boxes and (b...
FIGURE 3.4 SDS for petroleum ether. Sigma‐Aldrich, 2022/Merck KGaA.
FIGURE 3.5 Eyewash located at the sink in the analytical laboratory.
FIGURE 3.6 Eyewash lever has been activated to flush water.
FIGURE 3.7 Safety shower that is also equipped with an eyewash station.
FIGURE 3.8 The fire triangle listing the three elements required for a fire,...
FIGURE 3.9 (a) Class A water‐filled fire extinguisher. (b) A foam‐fire extin...
FIGURE 3.10 A common laboratory placard illustrating the classes of fires, t...
FIGURE 3.11 Common laboratory spill kit, including agent bottles for spill t...
FIGURE 3.12 Example of spill cleanup kit with a scoop and brush used for swe...
FIGURE 3.13 Example of spill cleanup kit that contains absorbent pillows and...
FIGURE 3.14 Storage of chemicals on wooden shelves. Are any chemicals stored...
FIGURE 3.15 Examples of laboratory flame cabinets used to store flammable so...
FIGURE 3.16 Chemicals stored above face level. (Reproduced with permission f...
FIGURE 3.17 An example of gas cylinders used in the laboratory.
FIGURE 3.18 Gas cylinders secured with safety chains. (Ildar Sagdejev/Wikime...
FIGURE 3.19 Gas cylinders in banks as six‐packs and eight‐packs.
FIGURE 3.20 A laboratory safety publication from the Occupational Safety and...
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4.1 The handheld TI‐84 Plus CE Python Color Graphing Calculator. (Rep...
FIGURE 4.2 Basic operations including turning the calculator on and off, and...
FIGURE 4.3 Functions of specific keys on the graphing calculator keyboard. (...
FIGURE 4.4 Explanation of the order of operations. (Reprinted with permissio...
FIGURE 4.5 Entering an expression. (Reprinted with permission from Texas Ins...
FIGURE 4.6 Statistical operations on the calculator. (Reprinted with permiss...
FIGURE 4.7 Using QuickPlot and Fit Equation. (Reproduced with permission fro...
FIGURE 4.8 Applications preloaded on the TI‐84Plus CE
Python
. (Reprinted wit...
FIGURE 4.9 Accessories ‐ Using the TI Charging Station CE. (Reproduced with ...
FIGURE 4.10 “Chapter 4 Main Menu” illustrating the top calculator button to ...
FIGURE 4.11 Windows‐based calculator illustrating (a) the standard view and ...
FIGURE 4.12 “Chapter 4 Main Menu” in ChemTech. Click on the first shortcut l...
FIGURE 4.13 Example of a computer‐based conversion tool.
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5.1 A target representation of the concepts of precision and accuracy...
FIGURE 5.2 The normal distribution curve.
FIGURE 5.3 Statistical operations on the calculator. (Reprinted with permiss...
FIGURE 5.4 Normal distribution curve for chloride measurement as [Cl
–
]...
FIGURE 5.5 Chapter 5 Main Menu illustrating the “CALCULATE STATISTICS 1” but...
FIGURE 5.6 The “CALCULATE STATISTICS 1” page from ChemTech is used for the c...
FIGURE 5.7 The “CALCULATE STATISTICS 1” page from ChemTech. Enter data into ...
FIGURE 5.8 Results obtained from the data entered from Table 5.4 after click...
FIGURE 5.9 ChemTech online program's main menu page for lab math, statistics...
FIGURE 5.10 Statistics shortcut main menu illustrating links for calculating...
FIGURE 5.11 Online webpage for calculating confidence limits using Student's...
FIGURE 5.12 Example of data entered into confidence limits webpage from Tabl...
FIGURE 5.13 Results page obtained from calculating the confidence limit of T...
FIGURE 5.14 Student's
t
distribution curve of the sulfate analysis in Exampl...
FIGURE 5.15 Online ChemTech program's Null Hypothesis page.
FIGURE 5.16 Results obtained from Table 5.10 data calculating the difference...
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6.1 Basic construction of a graph based upon the rectangular Cartesia...
FIGURE 6.2 Rectangular Cartesian coordinate system and point location.
FIGURE 6.3 Plot of the set of coordinates (5.1, 325), (12.8, 369), (22.4, 40...
FIGURE 6.4 Plot of the set of coordinates (5.1, 325), (12.8, 369), (22.4, 40...
FIGURE 6.5 Plot of the set of concentration values for a series of Cu(II) st...
FIGURE 6.6 Plot of the set of concentration values for a series of Cu(II) st...
FIGURE 6.7 Illustration of the slope of a best‐fit line determined from the ...
FIGURE 6.8 Plot of the set of concentration values for a series of Cu(II) st...
FIGURE 6.9 Plot of experimental data obtained in the laboratory illustrating...
FIGURE 6.10 ChemTech Chapter 6 Main Menu page. Click the button “PLOT DATA” ...
FIGURE 6.11 Data plotting page. The data are entered into the
X
and
Y
input ...
FIGURE 6.12 Result of clicking the “PLOT
X–Y
DATA” button from the dat...
FIGURE 6.13 Result of clicking the “LINEAR REGRESSION” button from the data ...
FIGURE 6.14 Result of clicking the “ADD BEST FIT LINE” button from the data ...
FIGURE 6.15 Final graphing and linear regression results from data entered f...
FIGURE 6.16 ChemTech page illustrating link button used to open page for cal...
FIGURE 6.17 ChemTech page used to calculate curve fit concentrations.
FIGURE 6.18 Using ChemTech to calculate a concentration from a curve fit.
FIGURE 6.19 Link for opening the nonlinear curve fitting page.
FIGURE 6.20 Nonlinear curve fitting page.
FIGURE 6.21 Plotting of the nonlinear data from Table 6.5.
FIGURE 6.22 Calculation of the nonlinear regression coefficients.
FIGURE 6.23 Button link labeled calculate concentrations from second order e...
FIGURE 6.24 Page used to calculate second‐order fit concentrations.
FIGURE 6.25 Results of calculating the concentration of an unknown urea samp...
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7.1 Basic example of the Microsoft Excel workbook containing sheets (...
FIGURE 7.2 Basic example of the Microsoft Excel workbook containing sheets (...
FIGURE 7.3 Example of the Excel 2021 “File” tab menu where operations such a...
FIGURE 7.4 Example of the Excel 2021 drop‐down “File” menu where operations ...
FIGURE 7.5 (a) Example of the spreadsheet after adding the data column headi...
FIGURE 7.6 Example of cells selected (highlighted) within the spreadsheet in...
FIGURE 7.7 The Insert tab on the Toolbar to open the chart selection options...
FIGURE 7.8 Click on that option button which is circled in the figure. This ...
FIGURE 7.9 Scatter chart inserted into the spreadsheet.
FIGURE 7.10 The chart's source data.
FIGURE 7.11 To the right of the chart is an option to edit chart elements. C...
FIGURE 7.12 Multiple options chosen for illustrative purposes. The chart is ...
FIGURE 7.13 A chart that is an informative visual.
FIGURE 7.14 CalciumAAS workbook.
FIGURE 7.15 Inserting the average function into the spreadsheet.
FIGURE 7.16 Functions argument window.
FIGURE 7.17 Standard deviation function window.
FIGURE 7.18 Spreadsheet with standard deviation result inserted.
FIGURE 7.19 Spreadsheet populated with averages and standard deviations.
FIGURE 7.20 Spreadsheet with data selection window open.
FIGURE 7.21 Chart with proper dataset plotted.
FIGURE 7.22 Chart with labels.
FIGURE 7.23 Chart with trendline.
FIGURE 7.24 Microsoft Excel Function window. Insert Function window illustra...
FIGURE 7.25 “Function Arguments” page. Type into the input boxes “0.025” for...
FIGURE 7.26 Set up the “StatExp” spreadsheet, including in the B9 cell the f...
FIGURE 7.27 Data analysis window.
FIGURE 7.28 Set up of the ranges and parameters.
FIGURE 7.29 Spreadsheet results of the
t
‐Test calculations.
FIGURE 7.30 Spreadsheet results of the
F
‐Test calculations.
FIGURE 7.31 Spreadsheet results of the descriptive statistics calculations....
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8.1 Main view of the molecular weight calculator program.
FIGURE 8.2 Chapter 8 Laboratory Solutions and Titrations main menu.
FIGURE 8.3 Chapter 8 Making Laboratory Solutions main menu.
FIGURE 8.4 Chapter 8 Making a Molar Solutions I: What is the solution's mola...
FIGURE 8.5 Chapter 8 option Making a Molar Solutions I: Known weight solute ...
FIGURE 8.6 Chapter 8 option Making Molar Solutions II: Known M unknown weigh...
FIGURE 8.7 Chapter 8 option Making Molar Solutions II: Known M unknown weigh...
FIGURE 8.8 Chapter 8 option Making Normal Solutions I: What is the solution'...
FIGURE 8.9 Listing of common equivalent weights page.
FIGURE 8.10 Listing of common equivalent weights HCl page.
FIGURE 8.11 Result of normality calculation.
FIGURE 8.12 Making Normal Solutions II: Known N unknown weight solute page....
FIGURE 8.13 Listing of common equivalent weights for sulfuric acid.
FIGURE 8.14 Result of Normality calculation.
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.1 (a) Structure of citric acid that contains three organic acid moi...
FIGURE 9.2 Examples of commercially available pH test strips and pH indicato...
FIGURE 9.3 (a) Production of the hydronium ion upon addition of an acid to w...
FIGURE 9.4 The pH scale, the hydrogen ion concentration [H
+
], the hydrox...
FIGURE 9.5 Example of a bench top pH meter including LCD readout and pH elec...
FIGURE 9.6 pH meter glass electrode.
FIGURE 9.7 Titration curve of a buffered solution.
FIGURE 9.8 Buffer preparation page in ChemTech.
FIGURE 9.9 Acetate buffer preparation page in pH range of 3.6–5.6.
FIGURE 9.10 Output for the preparation of an acetate buffer at pH 4.7.
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10.1 Titrimetric (volumetric) main menu.
FIGURE 10.2 Titrations using molar solutions calculation page with included ...
FIGURE 10.3 List of some common milli formula weights used in titration calc...
FIGURE 10.4 Results of titration calculation in Example 10.2.
FIGURE 10.5 Titration curve of the measurement of 0.1M HCl plotting pH of t...
FIGURE 10.6 Titration behavior at the equivalence point depends upon the mag...
FIGURE 10.7 Common acid–base indicators including pH range and example of co...
FIGURE 10.8 Titration results of submitted sample for % acidity as H
3
PO
4
.
FIGURE 10.9 Phosphoric acid titration curve denoting the midpoints, the equi...
Scheme 10.1 The three dissociation reactions of phosphoric acid, the
K
a
valu...
FIGURE 10.10 Titrations using normal solutions calculation page.
FIGURE 10.11 Burettes used to transfer solutions and for titrations. solutio...
FIGURE 10.12 Titration burette stopcock.
FIGURE 10.13 Filled burette in titration clamp‐stand.
FIGURE 10.14 Steps involved in a titration. (a) Place the tip of the burette...
FIGURE 10.15 Structure of potassium hydrogen
o
‐phthalate.
FIGURE 10.16 Standardization titration plot of approximately 0.1M NaOH with...
FIGURE 10.17 Apparatus used in a conductometric titration including a reacti...
FIGURE 10.18 Conductometric titration of HCl with NaOH.
FIGURE 10.19 Conductometric titration curve of acetic acid in nonaqueous sol...
FIGURE 10.20 Structure of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the full...
FIGURE 10.21 Effect upon the observed equivalence points of the stability co...
FIGURE 10.22 The complexing of the magnesium ion (Mg
2+
) with EDTA produc...
FIGURE 10.23 EDTA visual indicator Eriochrome Black T.
FIGURE 10.24 Eriochrome black T pH‐dependent color transitions from red to b...
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11.1 An electrochemical cell base upon the oxidation and reduction re...
FIGURE 11.2 Potentiometric titration setup for the titration of iron(II) (Fe
FIGURE 11.3 Potentiometric titration curve of Fe
2+
with Ce
4+
.
FIGURE 11.4 pH meter glass electrode as an example of an ion‐selective elect...
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12.1 Opening Microsoft Access on a computer.
FIGURE 12.2 Access Options.
FIGURE 12.3 Access Client Settings page.
FIGURE 12.4 Access Trust Center Options page.
FIGURE 12.5 Enabling all controls.
FIGURE 12.6 Enabling all macros.
FIGURE 12.7 ACME Labs LIMS Main Menu.
FIGURE 12.8 Sample log in page.
FIGURE 12.9 The sample log page filled in.
FIGURE 12.10 Enter test results page.
FIGURE 12.11 Out of specification (Spec) warning window.
FIGURE 12.12 Enter test results page filled out.
FIGURE 12.13 Add or delete tests page.
FIGURE 12.14 Existing test message box.
FIGURE 12.15 Sample 101 with newly added tests.
FIGURE 12.16 Calculation page.
FIGURE 12.17 Temperature converter calculation page.
FIGURE 12.18 Celsius as 25.9 in the Celsius result box.
FIGURE 12.19 Free fatty acid as oleic acid titration data input page.
FIGURE 12.20 Titration‐free fatty acid out of specification message box page...
FIGURE 12.21 Message box opens the calculated FFA value of 1.44% and a messa...
FIGURE 12.22 The Search Wizards page.
FIGURE 12.23 View archived samples page.
FIGURE 12.24 Archived sample search results page.
FIGURE 12.25 General Search Page.
FIGURE 12.26 General search result page for searching “corn.”
FIGURE 12.27 The View Test Data page.
FIGURE 12.28 Sample display page.
FIGURE 12.29 General Search page.
FIGURE 12.30 Input box for lab number search range.
FIGURE 12.31 Table of laboratory numbers found within the search range.
FIGURE 12.32 Sample search result page.
FIGURE 12.33 Current opensamples initial search page.
FIGURE 12.34 List of open samples and test data page.
FIGURE 12.35 The approve sample current open sample list.
FIGURE 12.36 Open sample list for approval, including test data.
FIGURE 12.37 Last step in approving a sample with the option to print a repo...
FIGURE 12.38 Printing reports page.
FIGURE 12.39 Open sample report.
Chapter 13
FIGURE 13.1 The electromagnetic spectrum in wavelength, frequency, and energ...
FIGURE 13.2 Separating the visible portion of the spectrum from 400 to 800n...
FIGURE 13.3 Wavelength ranges for the visible spectrum.
FIGURE 13.4 Visible light electromagnetic radiation wavelength and amplitude...
FIGURE 13.5 Three transitions involving the absorption of light. These inclu...
FIGURE 13.6 The color wheel.
FIGURE 13.7 Examples of natural organic pigments.
FIGURE 13.8 Examples of the azo dyes.
FIGURE 13.9 Color‐producing electronic energy changes.
FIGURE 13.10 Beta‐carotene UV/Vis spectrum. A large maxima is observed at ap...
FIGURE 13.11 Incident and transmitted light through a sample.
FIGURE 13.12 The UV/Vis spectrum of carminic acid as absorbance versus wavel...
FIGURE 13.13 Scale of absorbance and transmittance on a spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 13.14 GENESYS* 20 Visible Spectrophotometer as an example of an instr...
FIGURE 13.15 Beckman Coulter DU 730 spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 13.16 Beckman Coulter DU 800 series spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 13.17 Varian Cary 300 series spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 13.18 Optics of the Varian Cary 300 series spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 13.19 Rectangular quartz cuvette cell with 1cm path length and a vol...
FIGURE 13.20 Micro quartz cuvette cell with 1cm path length and a volume of...
FIGURE 13.21 Cylindrical quartz cells.
FIGURE 13.22 Disposable plastic cells.
FIGURE 13.23 Structures of (a) 4,4
′
‐dihydroxybenzophenone‐2,4‐dinitrop...
FIGURE 13.24 UV/Vis absorbance spectrums of A007:Dye complexes illustrating ...
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14.1 Jabloński diagram.
FIGURE 14.2 The spins for singlet ground state (S
0
), doublet ground state (D
FIGURE 14.3 Absorption and emission spectra for a typical organic compound. ...
FIGURE 14.4 Deactivation processes and the associated rate constant designa...
FIGURE 14.5 (a) Spectral distribution of mercury lamp with emission line spe...
FIGURE 14.6 (a) Structure of fluorescein. (b) Structure of beta‐(β)‐carotene...
FIGURE 14.7 Molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic oxygen molecule (O
2
)....
FIGURE 14.8 Examples of nonfluorescent and fluorescent compounds. (a) Simple...
FIGURE 14.9 Configuration used for the PTI QuantaMaster™ 400 spectrofluorom...
FIGURE 14.10 Light paths and internal optics used in the PTI QuantaMaster™ ...
FIGURE 14.11 LS 55 luminescence spectrometer.
FIGURE 14.12 Schematic of a photomultiplier tube.
FIGURE 14.13 The SpectraMax M2 microplate reader and 96 well plate.
FIGURE 14.14 Diagram of the spectramax microplate reader.
FIGURE 14.15 Diagram of a typical digital fluorescence microscope.
FIGURE 14.16 Filter cube and its components.
FIGURE 14.17 Frame transfer CCD and interline transfer CCD.
FIGURE 14.18 Structures of (a) 4,4′‐Dihydroxybenzophenone‐2,4‐dinitrophenylh...
FIGURE 14.19 Density Functional Theory (DFT) study of the gas phase binding ...
FIGURE 14.20 Stoichiometries determined for the three complexes.
FIGURE 14.21 Unknown fluorescence excitation and emission spectrum.
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15.1 Absorption electronic transitions for
T
uv
,
T
vis
, and
T
ir
.
FIGURE 15.2 Basic components of an infrared spectrophotometer.
FIGURE 15.3 A simple infrared spectrophotometer including the IR source, int...
FIGURE 15.4 Interferogram obtained from an FTIR measurement. The horizontal ...
FIGURE 15.5 Illustration of converting an interferogram into an IR spectrum ...
FIGURE 15.6 Agilent Cary 620 spectrochemical imaging system where the FTIR i...
FIGURE 15.7 Internal optics of the 620 FTIR Microscope.
FIGURE 15.8 FTIR background spectrum.
FIGURE 15.9 Spectra–Structure Correlations in the Infrared Region.
FIGURE 15.10 Characteristic bands associated with the organic carbon–hydroge...
FIGURE 15.11 FTIR spectrum of the organic compound vanillin.
FIGURE 15.12 Spectra monitoring different steps of the lipobeads synthesis: ...
FIGURE 15.13 FTIR spectra of sodium carbonate Na
2
CO
3
, potassium cyanide KCN ...
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16.1 Magnetic moments in the presence of a strong applied magnetic fi...
FIGURE 16.2 Design of a continuous wave NMR apparatus.
FIGURE 16.3 Simple proton NMR spectrum of 2‐amino‐3‐methyl‐pentanoic acid.
FIGURE 16.4 Examples of NMR tubes and the proper filling height with sample....
FIGURE 16.5 Bruker AVANCE 1000MHz (23.3T) NMR spectrometer. (Reproduced wi...
FIGURE 16.6 (a) An input signal pulse sequence of
τ
and
T
. The duration...
FIGURE 16.7 Proton NMR chemical shifts correlated with function group.
FIGURE 16.8 Example of chemical shift for ethanol with TMS as an internal st...
FIGURE 16.9 Example of J coupling constants.
FIGURE 16.10 Proton NMR spectrum of 2‐Amino‐3‐Methyl‐Pentanoic Acid.
FIGURE 16.11 Proton NMR spectrum of Unknown I.
FIGURE 16.12 Proton NMR spectrum of Unknown I with assignments of protons to...
FIGURE 16.13 Carbon‐13 chemical shifts.
FIGURE 16.14 Carbon‐13 NMR spectrum for ethanol.
FIGURE 16.15 Single‐stage ESIQ‐TOF mass spectrum of a biological extract in ...
FIGURE 16.16 ESI/Q‐TOF single‐stage mass spectrum of the biological extract ...
FIGURE 16.17 (a) Single‐stage mass spectrum in positive ion mode of the synt...
FIGURE 16.18 (a) Structure of cholesteryl phosphate with the carbon atoms nu...
FIGURE 16.19 (a) Structure of cholesteryl phosphate with the proton shifts l...
FIGURE 16.20 Product ion spectrum of
m/z
473.7 identified as cholesteryl pho...
FIGURE 16.21 Structure of cholesteryl phosphate and fragmentation pathways f...
FIGURE 16.22 Q‐TOF MS negative ion mode product ion spectrum of the
m/z
465....
FIGURE 16.23 Structure of the
m/z
465.5 lipid species and fragmentation path...
FIGURE 16.24 Unknown NMR spectrum.
FIGURE 16.25 Unknown NMR spectrum.
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17.1 (a) The absorption and emission process. (b) The possible levels...
FIGURE 17.2 Spectra representing (a) a continuous spectrum, (b) atomic absor...
FIGURE 17.3 Basic make up of a source and burner for an atomic absorption sp...
FIGURE 17.4 Example of a flame coming out of an atomic absorption spectrosco...
FIGURE 17.5 (a) Example of an air‐acetylene flame for a source. (b) Example ...
FIGURE 17.6 Block diagram of the major components that make up an atomic abs...
FIGURE 17.7 A hollow cathode lamp light source.
FIGURE 17.8 Reactions taking place in the hollow cathode lamp including (1) ...
FIGURE 17.9 (a) Examples of graphite tubes used in the graphite furnace incl...
FIGURE 17.10 Graphite furnace sample introduction system. The robotic arm ho...
FIGURE 17.11 PerkinElmer PinAAcle™ 900 version atomic absorption spectromete...
FIGURE 17.12 (a) Flame source used in the AAnalyst™ 800 version atomic absor...
FIGURE 17.13 The PinAAcle™ 900 lamp compartment that holds the hollow cathod...
FIGURE 17.14 The Agilent 280Z atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS).
FIGURE 17.15 An excerpt of silver (Ag) parameters from the Agilent Flame Ato...
Chapter 18
FIGURE 18.1 (a) Elements that can be measured by AAS. Also included are the ...
FIGURE 18.2 Argon plasma torch source illustrating the radial position.
FIGURE 18.3 Argon plasma torch.
FIGURE 18.4 Axial (a) and radial (b) views of the plasma torch.
FIGURE 18.5 A peristaltic pump used to move sample from the sample vial into...
FIGURE 18.6 (a) ICP nebulizer. (b) Spray chamber.
FIGURE 18.7 Picture of the coupling of the nebulizer with the spray chamber....
FIGURE 18.8 The Agilent 5100 ICP‐OES instrument.
FIGURE 18.9 Thermo iCAP 6000 Series ICP Emissions Spectrometer.
FIGURE 18.10 Agilent Application Note ICPES‐29.
Chapter 19
FIGURE 19.1 (a) The PerkinElmer NexION
®
350 ICP‐MS instrument. (b) The ...
FIGURE 19.2 (a) The Agilent 7900 ICP‐MS. (b) Inner components that make up t...
FIGURE 19.3 The quadrupole ion deflector (QID).
FIGURE 19.4 Basic components of a magnetic sector mass analyzer. The magneti...
FIGURE 19.5 Path of charged particle through the electric sector energy filt...
FIGURE 19.6 Mattauch–Herzog double‐focusing geometry mass spectrometer.
FIGURE 19.7 Nier–Johnson double‐focusing geometry mass spectrometer.
FIGURE 19.8 Thermo Scientific Element 2 available high‐resolution ICP‐MS....
FIGURE 19.9 The magnetic sector mass analyzer used in the Thermo Scientific ...
FIGURE 19.10 The electric sector analyzer and detector used in the Thermo Sc...
Chapter 20
FIGURE 20.1 (a) Process of an inner shell electron absorbing radiant energy....
FIGURE 20.2 Examples of X‐ray source tubes.
FIGURE 20.3 Inner workings of an X‐ray source tube including the filament at...
FIGURE 20.4 Example of a Peltier‐cooled silicon drift detector (SDD).
FIGURE 20.5 Inner workings of the SDD including a beryllium window that allo...
FIGURE 20.6 Spectrum of the measurement of iron (
55
Fe) at 5.89 keV.
FIGURE 20.7 Energy‐dispersive spectrum of paint chips where multiple element...
FIGURE 20.8 Bruker S2 Ranger EDXRF spectrometer.
FIGURE 20.9 (a) Epsilon 3
XLE
EDXRF Benchtop Spectrometer from PANalytical. C...
FIGURE 20.10 A hand‐held X‐MET8000 series EDXRF from Oxford Instruments. Exa...
FIGURE 20.11 WDXRF spectrum produced by scanning separate wavelengths one by...
FIGURE 20.12 X‐ray diffraction by the crystal according to the Bragg equatio...
FIGURE 20.13 The PANalytical Axios FAST simultaneous WDXRF spectrometer.
FIGURE 20.14 Inner workings of the simultaneous WDXRF spectrometer where mul...
FIGURE 20.15 A closer look at a single channel within the simultaneous WDXRF...
FIGURE 20.16 The PANalytical AXIOS
mAX
sequential WDXRF spectrometer.
FIGURE 20.17 Inner workings of the sequential WDXRF spectrometer where multi...
FIGURE 20.18 Periodic table of the elements listing the energies and spectra...
FIGURE 20.19 Examples of (a) waves experiencing constructive interference an...
FIGURE 20.20 Scattered X‐rays being detected by a photographic plate.
FIGURE 20.21 Photographic film after collecting a diffraction pattern. Jeff ...
FIGURE 20.22 Thermo Scientific ARL X'TRA Powder Diffractometer.
FIGURE 20.23 The Goniometer of the XRD instrument including the X‐ray source...
FIGURE 20.24 Movement of the Goniometer known as the vertical
θ–θ
...
FIGURE 20.25 XRD spectrum of silicon oxide (SiO or SiO
2
) or more specificall...
FIGURE 20.26 XRD spectrum of calcium sulfate (CaSO
4
).
FIGURE 20.27 XRD spectrum of zirconium yttrium oxide.
Chapter 21
FIGURE 21.1 Illustration of column chromatography. (a) Sample has been place...
FIGURE 21.2 Elution profiles of compounds A and B: (a) at time
t
2
the three ...
FIGURE 21.3 Chromatogram illustrating the elution of all three compounds fro...
FIGURE 21.4 Column chromatography system example used in the laboratory. The...
FIGURE 21.5 Retention times representing sample introduction at
t
0
, nonretai...
FIGURE 21.6 Chromatographic determination of number of theoretical plates
N
...
FIGURE 21.7 Chromatographic determination of number of theoretical plates
N
...
FIGURE 21.8 Chromatographic determination of the quantitative value of resol...
FIGURE 21.9 (a) Unlabeled chromatogram. (b) Labeled chromatographic determin...
FIGURE 21.10 Illustration of the relationship between the plate height
H
, th...
FIGURE 21.11 Theoretical plate height (
H
) versus Linear (Average) Mobile Pha...
FIGURE 21.12 Effect stationary phase particle size has upon the paths of the...
FIGURE 21.13 Effect stationary phase particle size has upon the paths of the...
FIGURE 21.14 Van Deemter curves for packed capillary LC, SFC, and SGC. Condi...
Chapter 22
FIGURE 22.1 Diagram of the basic components of an HPLC system and their inte...
FIGURE 22.2 Diagram of the basic components of an HPLC pump.
FIGURE 22.3 A Waters HPLC system being used in the laboratory. The HPLC syst...
FIGURE 22.4 Close‐up view of the Waters HPLC pump. Included in the figure ar...
FIGURE 22.5 (a) Close‐up view of the Rheodyne injection valve. Located in th...
FIGURE 22.6 (a) Close‐up view of the flow paths within the internal channels...
FIGURE 22.7 Close‐up view of the HPLC system's column and detectors.
FIGURE 22.8 Normal phase (NP) silica column stationary phase illustrating th...
FIGURE 22.9 Production of the reversed‐phase stationary phase is derived fro...
FIGURE 22.10 Stationary phase silica particle coated with reversed phase hyd...
FIGURE 22.11 Sulfate and carboxylate derivatized resin beds used as the stat...
FIGURE 22.12 Cation exchange chromatography charge‐charge interaction betwee...
FIGURE 22.13 Simple quaternary amine derivative and a diethylaminoethane (DE...
FIGURE 22.14 Anion exchange chromatography charge–charge interaction between...
FIGURE 22.15 (a) Close‐up view of the HPLC system's mobile phase flow direct...
FIGURE 22.16 Z‐type configuration of an HPLC detector cell. By diverting the...
FIGURE 22.17 Examples of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light sources used in HPLC...
FIGURE 22.18 Emission spectrum of an ultraviolet deuterium arc lamp showing ...
FIGURE 22.19 The fraction collector collects a fraction of the eluent coming...
FIGURE 22.20 Examples of Agilent Technologies Infinity 1200 Series HPLC syst...
FIGURE 22.21 Example of a PerkinElmer Flexar™ FX‐15 UHPLC system.
FIGURE 22.22 Examples of the Shimadzu Scientific Instruments Prominence HPLC...
FIGURE 22.23 Example of the Thermo‐Scientific Ultimate 3000 Standard LC Syst...
FIGURE 22.24 The conditions used and results obtained in the separation of a...
Chapter 23
FIGURE 23.1 Examples of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridges used in the ...
FIGURE 23.2 Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) vacuum manifold. Six SPE tubes are ...
Chapter 24
FIGURE 24.1 Initial steps in preparation for paper chromatography. (a) Whatm...
FIGURE 24.2 Steps in developing the paper chromatography. (a) Whatman #1 fil...
FIGURE 24.3 (a) and (b) Examples of TLC developing tanks and TLC plates. (c)...
FIGURE 24.4 After developing the plate in the TLC chamber, the plate is remo...
FIGURE 24.5 Linear measurements of the analytes after development of the TLC...
FIGURE 24.6 Measurement of the width (
W
A
) of the analyte after development o...
Chapter 25
FIGURE 25.1 Main components of the gas chromatograph instrument (GC) include...
FIGURE 25.2 Retention times representing sample introduction at
t
0
, nonretai...
FIGURE 25.3 A comparison of plate height versus linear velocity of the three...
FIGURE 25.4 (a) A set of gas cylinders used in the analytical laboratory. (b...
FIGURE 25.5 Example of an analytical laboratory gas generator. These can be ...
FIGURE 25.6 Examples of gas chromatography packed columns: (a) stainless ste...
FIGURE 25.7 Examples of fused silica capillary columns: (a) a 15m column, a...
FIGURE 25.8 (a) A Hewlett Packard (HP) 5890 Series GC. (b) The latest genera...
FIGURE 25.9 Views of the GC injection port.
FIGURE 25.10 GC injection port.
FIGURE 25.11 (a) Changing the GC injection port septum. (b) Examples of sept...
FIGURE 25.12 The Merlin Microseal septum.
FIGURE 25.13 The changing of a GC injection port liner. The injection port i...
FIGURE 25.14 Close‐up view of an injection port liner.
FIGURE 25.15 GC injection port gold seal.
FIGURE 25.16 EPC Split/Splitless, Split‐Only Capillary Inlet. (© Agilent Tec...
FIGURE 25.17 Measurement of injection port flows.
FIGURE 25.18 Packed column injection port inlet illustrating gas flow and gl...
FIGURE 25.19 Packed column injection port inlets illustrating carrier gas fl...
FIGURE 25.20 Split inlet injection port.
FIGURE 25.21 Splitless inlet. Top flow diagram is with “PURGE OFF” during sp...
FIGURE 25.22 The gas chromatograph GC oven housing the GC column.
FIGURE 25.23 Close‐up view of column in GC oven. Notice the two connections ...
FIGURE 25.24 Example of a GC oven temperature profile used to separate fatty...
FIGURE 25.25 (a) Example of a self‐tightening column nut and graphite ferrul...
FIGURE 25.26 The GC control panel. (Agilent Technologies, Inc.)
FIGURE 25.27 Integrator GC control.
FIGURE 25.28 Flame ionization detector (FID). (© Agilent Technologies, Inc. ...
FIGURE 25.29 Electron capture detector (ECD). (Reproduced with permission fr...
FIGURE 25.30 Flame photometric detector (FPD). (Reproduced with permission f...
FIGURE 25.31 Schematic drawing of the nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD). (R...
FIGURE 25.32 The resistor used in a TCD called a Wheatstone bridge circuit....
FIGURE 25.33 Examples of commercially available TCD Wheatstone bridge circui...
Chapter 26
FIGURE 26.1 Basic design of an electron ionization (EI) source including pot...
FIGURE 26.2 Odd electron product ion spectrum of methyl oleate (C
19
H
36
O
2
) at...
FIGURE 26.3 EI mass spectrum of
cis
‐9‐octadecenamide (oleamide).
FIGURE 26.4 Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrum of the even electron...
FIGURE 26.5 MS
3
product ion spectrum of the precursor protonated ion of olea...
FIGURE 26.6 Product ion spectrum of the EE protonated form of oleamide as th...
FIGURE 26.7 Basic design and components of a gas chromatograph coupled to a ...
FIGURE 26.8 GC–MS TIC of (a) multicomponent fatty acid amide standard consis...
FIGURE 26.9 Total ion chromatograms of a biological sample extract at (a) mo...
FIGURE 26.10 Odd electron product ion spectrum of methyl oleate (C
19
H
36
O
2
) a...
FIGURE 26.11 Structure of methyl oleate.
FIGURE 26.12 CID product ion spectrum for the lithium adduct of monopentadec...
FIGURE 26.13 (a) Structure of monopentadecanoin lithium adduct
m/z
323.2774,...
Chapter 27
FIGURE 27.1 Structures of (a) 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone‐2,4‐dinitrophenylhy...
FIGURE 27.2 UV/Vis absorbance spectrums of A007/dye complexes illustrating a...
FIGURE 27.3 Stoichiometries determined for the three complexes.
FIGURE 27.4 Computer modeling results of the gas‐phase interaction of A007 a...
FIGURE 27.5 Typical CELC chromatograms of A007 (
T
drug
) at 5 × 10
−5
M A...
FIGURE 27.6 Description of the pseudostationary phase that is set up from th...
FIGURE 27.7 Basic design of capillary electrophoresis instrumentation.
FIGURE 27.8 Plots of the mobility of A007 in increasing concentrations of me...
FIGURE 27.9 Two processes observed affecting the mobility of A007 in the pre...
FIGURE 27.10 Dye in the separation phase producing a cation rigid and diffus...
FIGURE 27.11 Electropherograms of (a) the three dyes (comigration), (b) the ...
Chapter 28
FIGURE 28.1 The six components that make up the fundamental configuration of...
FIGURE 28.2 1D SDS‐PAGE of rabbit tear proteins from a study of normal eye v...
FIGURE 28.3 Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time‐of‐flig...
FIGURE 28.4 Strategies for metabolomic investigations.
FIGURE 28.5 Electrospray ionization quadrupole–hexapole–quadrupole (ESI/QhQ)...
FIGURE 28.6 Electrospray ionization quadrupole–hexapole–quadrupole (ESI/QhQ)...
FIGURE 28.7 Product ion spectrum of the lithium adduct of the diacylglycerol...
FIGURE 28.8 Energy‐resolved breakdown graph illustrating product ion formati...
FIGURE 28.9 Energy diagram describing the formation of selected product ions...
FIGURE 28.10 Typical mass spectrum illustrating three peaks at
m/z
468,
m/z
...
FIGURE 28.11 Mass spectrum of isotopically resolved peaks where
m/z
703.469 ...
FIGURE 28.12 Isotope patterns for molecular formulas (a) C
30
H
60
O
3
(top with
FIGURE 28.13 Calibration output for NaI clusters.
FIGURE 28.14 Full width at half maximum (FWHM) calculation of the resolution...
FIGURE 28.15 Effect of mass resolving power on the mass spectrum.
FIGURE 28.16 High‐resolution mass measurement of
cis
‐9‐octadecenamide at
m/z
FIGURE 28.17 High‐resolution mass measurement of unknown species at
m/z
489....
FIGURE 28.18 Application of the rings plus double bonds association for norm...
Chapter 29
FIGURE 29.1 Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrum of methyl oleate at
m/z
2...
FIGURE 29.2 Protonated form of methane. The proton is solvated by the sigma ...
FIGURE 29.3 Reaction for the protonation of ammonia. Ammonia has available a...
FIGURE 29.4 Illustration of the inverse relationship between the proton affi...
FIGURE 29.5 Effect of the choice of reagent gas for the mass analysis of 4‐h...
FIGURE 29.6 Design of a general atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (AP...
FIGURE 29.7 General setup for ESI when measuring biomolecules by electrospra...
FIGURE 29.8 Electrospray ionization process (6) illustrated in positive ion ...
FIGURE 29.9 Pictures illustrating the jet production of offspring droplets (...
FIGURE 29.10 Gas‐phase ion formation process from electrospray droplets (7)....
FIGURE 29.11 Top of figure illustrates the loading of a nanoelectrospray tip...
FIGURE 29.12 Illustration of different nanoelectrospray tip orifice diameter...
FIGURE 29.13 Photograph of nine stable electrosprays generated from the nine...
FIGURE 29.14 Design of a nano‐HPLC nano‐ESI system for mass spectrometric an...
FIGURE 29.15 Single‐photon processes for a molecule of benzene: (a) a photon...
FIGURE 29.16 Examples of common designs of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp sou...
FIGURE 29.17 Schematic of the APPI ion source, including the heated nebulize...
FIGURE 29.18 Positive ion mass spectra of progesterone (100ng/μl) recorded ...
FIGURE 29.19 Structure of neutral progesterone, the biomolecule that is bein...
FIGURE 29.20 Full‐scan ESI‐MS: (a) sunflower oil and (b) corn oil. The regio...
FIGURE 29.21 Full‐scan APPI‐MS: (a) sunflower oil and (b) corn oil. The regi...
FIGURE 29.22 Spotting of a MALDI target plate.
FIGURE 29.23 Examples of typical organic matrix compounds used are (a) 2,5‐d...
FIGURE 29.24 Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization “MALDI” process of ...
FIGURE 29.25 Ionic liquid matrixes used for improved shot‐to‐shot reproducib...
FIGURE 29.26 Synthesis of the solid ionic crystal matrix for MALDI upon the ...
FIGURE 29.27 Fast atom bombardment (FAB) desorption and ionization process. ...
FIGURE 29.28 The electron ionization mass spectra of 1a and 1b epimers.
FIGURE 29.29 The FAB mass spectra of 1a and 1b epimers.
Chapter 30
FIGURE 30.1 Some of the most common mass analyzers in use today: (a) electr...
FIGURE 30.2 Basic components of a magnetic sector mass analyzer. The magneti...
FIGURE 30.3 Path of charged particle through the electric sector energy filt...
FIGURE 30.4 Mattauch–Herzog double‐focusing geometry mass spectrometer.
FIGURE 30.5 Nier–Johnson double‐focusing geometry mass spectrometer.
FIGURE 30.6 Example of a commercially available time‐of‐flight mass spectrom...
FIGURE 30.7 Components of a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer illustrating th...
FIGURE 30.8 Expanded view of the delayed extraction setup within the source...
FIGURE 30.9 Electrostatic mirror focusing of two ions that have the same
m/
...
FIGURE 30.10 Basic components that make up a time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight ...
FIGURE 30.11 Quadrupole orientation and the configuration for the connectio...
FIGURE 30.12 Stable and unstable trajectories of ions through the quadrupol...
FIGURE 30.13 Equipotential curves of the quadrupole field comprised of rect...
FIGURE 30.14 Stability diagram relating the DC voltage amplitude versus the...
FIGURE 30.15 Scanning mass‐to‐charge (
m/z
) ratios with the quadrupole allow...
FIGURE 30.16 Result of resolution decreases through peak broadening and mas...
FIGURE 30.17 Illustration of arrangement of tandem quadrupoles in space mak...
FIGURE 30.18 Basic construction of a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer incl...
FIGURE 30.19 Simplified trajectory of ions trapped within the ion trap in t...
FIGURE 30.20 Stability region diagram for the radial and axial trajectories...
FIGURE 30.21 Trajectory path of the secular motion of an ion trapped within...
FIGURE 30.22 (a) 3D arrangement of quadrupole electrodes with end plate aper...
FIGURE 30.23 Stability diagram for the motion of ions within a 2D quadrupol...
FIGURE 30.24 An Agilent 6500 Series Accurate‐Mass Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight...
FIGURE 30.25 A schematic diagram of the internal components of a Q‐TOF mass ...
FIGURE 30.26 A Bruker Daltonics solariX XR Fourier transform ion cyclotron r...
FIGURE 30.27 Cubic Penning trap design of an ICR cell.
FIGURE 30.28 Circular path of an ion within a strong magnetic field.
FIGURE 30.29 (a) Ions are excited to a larger cyclotron rotation radius thro...
FIGURE 30.30 (a) Excitation rf burst to excite trapped ions within the ICR c...
FIGURE 30.31 Progression of the production of a mass spectrum from transient...
FIGURE 30.32 Illustration of the transient signal composite of the two orbi...
FIGURE 30.33 Construction of the complex composite transient signal plot of ...
FIGURE 30.34 Cyclotron and magnetron motion of the ions within the ICR cell....
FIGURE 30.35 Breakdown of the three components of the cyclotron and magnetro...
FIGURE 30.36 Progression of the event sequence in time for the FTICR mass an...
FIGURE 30.37 Linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron res...
FIGURE 30.38 Ion optics and trapping cell used in the construction of the ma...
FIGURE 30.39 Sample levels for the detection and sequence analysis of peptid...
FIGURE 30.40 Picture of the LTQ–FT Ultra
TM
mass spectrometer. (Reprinted wi...
FIGURE 30.41 Schematic diagram of 7T LTQ–FTICR mass spectrometer showing th...
FIGURE 30.42 Simple Kingdon trap illustrating the central axial electrode (w...
FIGURE 30.43 Cutaway view of the Orbitrap mass analyzer. Ions are injected i...
FIGURE 30.44 Image current transient from ions of doxepin (280.1696Da)....
FIGURE 30.45 Expansion of the frequency spectrum demonstrating frequency re...
FIGURE 30.46 Picture of the LTQ Orbitrap
TM
mass spectrometer.
FIGURE 30.47 (A) Schematic layout of the LTQ–Orbitrap mass spectrometer: (a)...
FIGURE 30.48 Illustration of dynamic range of mass accuracy of the LTQ Orbit...
FIGURE 30.49 Example of data‐dependent acquisition with external mass calibr...
FIGURE 30.50 Quantitative and time‐resolved phosphoproteomics using SILAC. ...
Chapter 31
FIGURE 31.1 Single‐stage positive ion mode mass spectra of a five‐component ...
FIGURE 31.2 Single‐stage positive ion mode mass spectra of a five‐component ...
FIGURE 31.3 Negative ion mode mass spectrum of a biological extract in 1mM ...
FIGURE 31.4 Structures of four common free fatty acids found in biological m...
FIGURE 31.5 Product ion spectrum of the oleic acid precursor ion at
m/z
281....
FIGURE 31.6 Fragmentation pathway mechanism for the neutral loss of water pr...
FIGURE 31.7 One‐step fragmentation pathway mechanism for the production of t...
FIGURE 31.8 Electrospray ion trap negative ion mode mass spectra of a series...
FIGURE 31.9 Single‐stage negative ion mode electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐f...
FIGURE 31.10 Negative ion mode electrospray single‐stage mass spectra collec...
FIGURE 31.11 ESI‐Q‐TOF/MS plotted results of single‐stage negative ion mode ...
FIGURE 31.12 Collision‐induced dissociation product ion spectrum of the lith...
FIGURE 31.13
m/z
347 product ion fragmentation pathway mechanism.
FIGURE 31.14 Fragmentation behavior of an unhydroxylated, single unsaturatio...
FIGURE 31.15 Results of Fenton reaction of monounsaturated wax esters. Fento...
FIGURE 31.16 Major product ions produced upon collision‐induced dissociation...
FIGURE 31.17 ESI‐ion/trap product ion spectrum of the oxidized wax ester at
FIGURE 31.18 Product ion spectrum of the oxidized epoxide of palmityl oleate...
FIGURE 31.19 Single‐stage ESI‐Q‐TOF mass spectrum of a biological extract in...
FIGURE 31.20 ESI‐Q‐TOF single‐stage mass spectrum of the biological extract ...
FIGURE 31.21 (a) Single‐stage mass spectrum in positive ion mode of the synt...
FIGURE 31.22 (a) Structure of cholesteryl phosphate with the carbon atoms nu...
FIGURE 31.23 (a) Structure of cholesteryl phosphate with the proton shifts l...
FIGURE 31.24 Product ion spectrum of
m/z
473.7 identified as cholesteryl pho...
FIGURE 31.25 Structure of cholesteryl phosphate and fragmentation pathways f...
FIGURE 31.26 Q‐TOF MS negative ion mode product ion spectrum of the
m/z
465....
FIGURE 31.27 Structure of the
m/z
465.5 lipid species and fragmentation path...
FIGURE 31.28 Positive ion mode ESI‐MS/MS product ion spectra of the lithium ...
FIGURE 31.29 Major fragment ions produced from the collision‐induced dissoci...
FIGURE 31.30 Positive ion mode ESI‐MS/MS product ion spectra of the lithium ...
FIGURE 31.31 Listing of the collision‐induced dissociation of 1,3‐dipentadec...
FIGURE 31.32 Positive ion mode ESI−MS/MS product ion spectra of the lithium ...
FIGURE 31.33 Major fragment ions produced from the collision‐induced dissoci...
FIGURE 31.34 Structures of typical phosphorylated lipids observed in meibum ...
FIGURE 31.35 Structure of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphate (POPA, ...
FIGURE 31.36 Nanoelectrospray Q‐TOF single‐stage mass spectrum of POPA in a ...
FIGURE 31.37 Nanoelectrospray Q‐TOF/MS/MS product ion mass spectrum for the ...
FIGURE 31.38 Nanoelectrospray Q‐TOF/MS/MS product ion mass spectrum for the ...
FIGURE 31.39 Nanoelectrospray Q‐TOF/MS/MS product ion mass spectrum of the d...
FIGURE 31.40 Some of the major product ions formed from the dissociation of ...
FIGURE 31.41 Product ion mass spectrum for POPG standard reference at
m/z
74...
Chapter 32
FIGURE 32.1 Structures of α‐d‐glucose (the unit that repeats in starch and g...
FIGURE 32.2 (a) Maltose structure comprised of two α‐d‐glucose units connect...
FIGURE 32.3 Fragmentation pathways and naming scheme for polysaccharides.
FIGURE 32.4 Production of
B
2
‐type and
Y
4
‐type ions for a six‐sugar unit poly...
FIGURE 32.5 Production of
C
2
‐type and
Z
4
‐type ions for a six‐sugar unit poly...
FIGURE 32.6 Production of
B
2
‐type and
Y
4
‐type ions for a six‐sugar unit poly...
FIGURE 32.7 Production of
C
2
‐type and
Z
4
‐type ions for a six‐sugar unit poly...
FIGURE 32.8 Fragmentation pathway mechanisms for the cleavage of the glycosi...
FIGURE 32.9 (a) High‐energy (800eV) MALDI±CID spectrum of the hybrid glycan...
FIGURE 32.10 Scheme to show the formation of the cross‐ring (a) and glycosid...
FIGURE 32.11 Structures of the molecules that make up the nucleic acids DNA ...
FIGURE 32.12 (a) DNA nucleotide and (b) RNA nucleotide.
FIGURE 32.13 Linear nucleic acid structures for (a) RNA and (b) DNA.
FIGURE 32.14 Naming scheme for nucleic acid product ions. When the product i...
FIGURE 32.15 Example of structural cleavage at the
w
2
/
a
2
site of a 4‐mer nuc...
FIGURE 32.16 Proposed fragmentation pathways associated with the base substi...
FIGURE 32.17 ESI FTMS spectra for the 16
−
(a), 18
−
(b), 20
−
...
FIGURE 32.18 (b) ESI FTMS spectrum of yeast tRNAPhe after desalting. (a) The...
FIGURE 32.19 Structures of the RNA oligonucleotides UGUU and UCUA used in th...
FIGURE 32.20 Mechanism for the production of the charged cytosine base loss ...
Chapter 33
FIGURE 33.1 Ribbon structure representation of the RNase protein illustratin...
FIGURE 33.2 Structures of the 20 amino acids that make up the polypeptide ba...
FIGURE 33.3 Condensation reaction between the amino acids leucine and tyrosi...
FIGURE 33.4 (a) Alpha‐helixes. Beta‐sheets, (b) parallel, and (c) antiparall...
FIGURE 33.5 General strategy and sample flow involved in proteomics. The Exp...
FIGURE 33.6 Dissociation associated with the peptide chain backbone and the ...
FIGURE 33.7 Fragmentation pathway leading to the production of the
b
and
y
i...
FIGURE 33.8 Structure of (left) an amino‐acylium ion produced through a comb...
FIGURE 33.9 Structures of
d
‐,
v
‐, and
w
‐type ions produced by a combination ...
FIGURE 33.10 Structure of a general immonium ion.
FIGURE 33.11 Example of de novo sequencing using product ion spectra collect...
FIGURE 33.12 Mechanism for the production of
c
‐ and
z
‐type ions observed in ...
FIGURE 33.13 (a) ESI mass spectrum of ubiquitin (sum of 10 scans, 64,000 dat...
FIGURE 33.14 Apparent gas‐phase basicity as a function of charge state of cy...
FIGURE 33.15 Electrospray mass spectrum of horse heart myoglobin at a molecu...
FIGURE 33.16 Deconvoluted, computer‐generated spectrum of horse heart myoglo...
FIGURE 33.17 Schematic representation of the quadrupole/Fourier transform io...
FIGURE 33.18 The most common four carbohydrates found in glycoproteins: mann...
FIGURE 33.19 Covalent linking of carbohydrates to the peptide amino acid bac...
FIGURE 33.20 The repeating mass pattern for a high‐galactose glycosylation f...
FIGURE 33.21 Example of the general cellular mechanism involving protein kin...
FIGURE 33.22 Structures of the nonphosphorylated (a) and phosphorylated (b) ...
FIGURE 33.23 β‐Elimination mechanism for the fragmentation pathway producing...
FIGURE 33.24 Mechanism for the production of the dehydroaminobutyric acid fr...
FIGURE 33.25 Mechanism for dephosphorylation of the threonine amino acid res...
FIGURE 33.26 Mechanism for the dephosphorylation of tyrosine.
FIGURE 33.27 (a) Product ion spectrum obtained from off‐axis IRMPD FTICR MS/...
FIGURE 33.28 Phosphopeptide mass spectra. ETD mass spectra recorded on (M+...
FIGURE 33.29 Structures of unmodified histidine, 1‐phosphohistidine, and 3‐p...
FIGURE 33.30 Kinase phosphorylation of the histidine amino acid residue prod...
FIGURE 33.31 A model for two‐component signaling systems involving the phosp...
FIGURE 33.32 (a) Product ion mass spectrum of a nonphosphorylated peptide at...
FIGURE 33.33 (a) ATP contributing HPO
3
to the peptide when considered mass s...
FIGURE 33.34 A sulfated glycoprotein. The glycan has been O‐linked to a gene...
FIGURE 33.35 Mechanism for biosynthesis of sulfated saccharide.
FIGURE 33.36 Carbohydrate fragmentation ion types and associated nomenclatur...
FIGURE 33.37 ESI tandem mass spectra of two isomers with [M−H]−
m/z
975 that...
FIGURE 33.38 Fragment annotations applied in this study based upon the sugge...
FIGURE 33.39 Tyrosine sulfation reaction mechanism.
FIGURE 33.40 Product ion mass spectrum of a sulfated peptide at
m/z
647 for ...
FIGURE 33.41 Gas‐phase fragmentation pathway mechanism for the neutral loss ...
FIGURE 33.42 ECD product ion mass spectrum of drosulfakinin.
FIGURE 33.43 Hierarchical levels of biological information.
FIGURE 33.44 Systems biology workflow. Data are produced by different platfo...
FIGURE 33.45 Correlation network of analytes across blood plasma (top of fig...
FIGURE 33.46 Scheme for mass spectrometry‐based “omics” technologies in canc...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
DEDICATION
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE
Begin Reading
APPENDIX I: CHAPTER PROBLEM ANSWERS
APPENDIX II: ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS
APPENDIX III: FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
APPENDIX IV: REDOX HALF‐REACTIONS
APPENDIX V: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
APPENDIX VI: INSTALLING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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