97,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales.
Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users.
Topics covered include:
- Regulation of animal manure management
- Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations
- Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction
- Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures
- Bioenergy production
- Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers
- Life cycle assessment of manure management systems
- Innovation in animal manure management and recycling
Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 862
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013
Ähnliche
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Animal Manure – From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods
References
Chapter 2: Animal Production and Animal Manure Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas
2.3 Management of Manure
2.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows
2.5 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Regulations on Animal Manure Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Environmental Issues
3.3 Need for Government Regulations
3.4 Global Regulation – Multilateral Environmental Agreements
3.5 Regional Regulations – Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations
3.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution
3.7 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Livestock Manure Categories
4.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure
4.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Manure Organic Matter – Characteristics and Microbial Transformations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition
5.3 Manure Microbiology
5.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure
5.5 Transformations of Nitrogen
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management
6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management
6.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed?
6.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives
6.4 Chemical Treatment
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Solid–Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency
7.3 In-House Separation
7.4 Solid–Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry
7.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives
7.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques
7.7 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide
8.3 Processes Involved in Emission
8.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model
8.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission
8.6 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Measurement Methods
9.3 Ammonia Emissions
9.4 Odour Emissions
9.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions
9.6 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for Their Reduction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production
10.3 Methane Production from Manure
10.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure
10.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
10.6 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen
11.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus
11.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium
11.5 Summary
References
Chapter 12: Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of Manure Systems
12.3 Animal Manure Characteristics
12.4 Removal from Animal Houses
12.5 Manure Storage
12.6 Transport of Manure
12.7 Application of Manure in the Field
12.8 Manure Operations Management
12.9 Farm Scenarios
12.10 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Bioenergy Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biomass and Energy
13.3 Biogas Production
13.4 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Manure Upgrading Options
14.3 Composting of Manures
14.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures
14.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash
14.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures
14.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures
14.8 Summary
References
Chapter 15: Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency
15.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers
15.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment
15.5 Summary
References
Chapter 16: Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology
16.3 Four Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment
16.4 Goal and Scope
16.5 Inventory Analysis
16.6 Impact Assessment
16.7 Interpretation
16.8 Summary
References
Chapter 17: Innovation in Animal Manure Management and Recycling
17.1 Introduction – Why is Innovation Important?
17.2 Innovation Typology
17.3 Identifying New Innovations
17.4 Assessing the Potential of New Innovations
17.5 Commercialisation of New Innovations
17.6 Summary
References
Index
This edition first published 2013 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Animal manure : recycling, treatment, and management / edited by Sven Gjedde Sommer, Lars Stoumann Jensen, Morten L. Christensen, Thomas Schmidt. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-48853-9 (cloth) 1. Animal waste–Recycling. 2. Biomass energy. 3. Farm manure. 4. Manures. I. Sommer, Sven Gjedde, 1955– editor of compilation. II. Jensen, Lars Stoumann, editor of compilation. III. Christensen, Morten L., editor of compilation. IV. Schmidt, Thomas, editor of compilation. S655.A55 2013 628′.7466–dc23 2013015045
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781118488539
List of Contributors
Morten Birkved, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Dionysis Bochtis, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
Sander Bruun, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
David Chadwick, School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Environment Centre for Wales, UK
Knud V. Christensen, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Morten L. Christensen, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark
Tim J. Clough, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
Anders Feilberg, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
Lars S. Jensen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
James J. Leahy, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
Teruo Matsunaka, Faculty of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
Oene Oenema, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands
Søren O. Petersen, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Denmark
Alan Rotz, USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USA
Thomas Schmidt, Technology Transfer Office, Aarhus University, Denmark
Sven G. Sommer, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Claus A.G. Sørensen, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
Peter Sørensen, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Denmark
Marieke ten Hoeve, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Björn Vinnerås, Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; National Veterinary Institute, Sweden
Alastair J. Ward, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
Preface
There are several reasons for studying environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal waste efficiently and in a sustainable manner.
For the engineer the challenges lie in the development of the technology and in helping to implement the technology on animal production farms. Since environmentally friendly technologies for managing biowaste are increasingly in demand on a rapidly growing global market, many engineers will find their future jobs in this field.
Expertise in animal production and its environmental impact is also greatly needed, because a rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems at the local (odour and ammonia emissions), regional (nitrate leaching to the aquatic environment) and global scale (greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions). Thus, for professionals, academics and students interested in contributing to the reduction of pollution caused by animal farming, this book will give an understanding of the mechanisms behind the pollution. This knowledge is required if one wishes to make a useful contribution to alleviating the problems caused by pollution from animal farming.
Thus, this book presents “state-of-the-art” knowledge and provides information necessary for graduate studies on animal biowaste engineering and management. The target groups for the book are professionals, consultants, academics, and MSc and PhD students, whose diverse backgrounds may be in engineering or natural sciences (agronomy, biology, microbiology, chemistry or the like).
Internationally, there is increasing focus on reducing pollution from animal production. The policy is to reduce pollution from animal waste management by regulations that support the use of environmental technologies to mitigate environmental problems in industrialised animal production.
Thus, there will be a need for specialists in environmental technologies and management of animal waste. Biowaste specialists will be needed in industry and consultancy work in the agricultural advisory service, in public service and in research and development.
The intention of this book is to introduce the engineers, consultants and academics to the biological, physical and chemical processes controlling pollution from animal production and the technologies needed to manage animal waste. A short introduction is given to the need for environmentally friendly technologies for treating and managing animal waste.
The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes. Gaseous emissions of ammonia and GHGs are presented. Through the example of odour and ammonia emissions, interactions between meteorological physics, liquid chemistry, chemical processes, pH buffer systems and so on are introduced. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the GHGs nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Energy production in biogas plants, combustion of waste and the effect on GHG emissions are also covered.
The book introduces the reader to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and for soil amelioration. It presents management strategies for efficient recycling of manure as a means of reducing leaching and runoff loss of plant nutrients. Finally, and most importantly, it describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about technologies to end-users.
Acknowledgements
The editing of this book was supported by grants from Stiftelsen Hofmansgave and The Danish Industry Foundation. For the editors, it was very encouraging that a farmers' foundation and an industrial fund both decided to support this project, because it indicated that users of this book will be found both within the agricultural sector, which will use the environmentally friendly technology, and in the industrial sector, which will manufacture the technology.
1
Animal Manure – From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods
Sven G. Sommer
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Societies will inevitably have to recognise that animal excreta are not just a waste material requiring disposal, but a crucial raw material needed to boost plant production to feed a growing world population. If used appropriately, animal excreta can replace significant amounts of mineral fertilisers in areas with livestock production. Manure comprises animal excreta dissolved in water or mixed with straw, a substance made up of organic matter and used as an organic fertiliser in agriculture, where it contributes to the fertility of the soil by adding plant nutrients and organic matter (Figure 1.1). In the management chain before it is applied to soil, manure can also be used for energy production.
FIGURE 1.1 Animal manure management (bold arrows) is a chain of interlinked operations and technologies, of which the major steps are collection of excreta in animal houses or beef feedlots, storage of manure in-house and/or outside, treatment of the manure (not shown), transport to fields and spreading in the fields. At each stage there is a risk of emission of components, which represents a loss to the farmer and a risk to the environment. (© University of Southern Denmark.)
The increasing focus on developing and using new technologies and management methods for manure handling is the consequence of both a huge increase in livestock production worldwide and specialisation in agriculture. Thus, in new production systems, traditional farms with a mixture of livestock and crop production are often replaced with landless livestock production units. These new livestock production systems may not have the capacity to recycle manure on-farm, which was a feature of many farming system in the past.
The plant nutrients in manure can, if used appropriately, replace significant amounts of mineral fertilisers, and the organic matter can boost soil fertility (Text Box – Basic 1.1) and can be used for energy production. On the other hand, improper management and utilisation of manure results in loss of plant nutrients (Bouwman et al., 2012)(Figure 1.2), which are a limited resource, and this can be a risk to the global feed and food supply. For example, phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, with the mineable phosphate-rich rocks used for P fertiliser production projected to become exhausted within the next 60–130 years (Figure 1.3). In a 14-month period during 2007–2008, the global food crisis led to phosphate rock and fertiliser demand exceeding supply and prices increased by 700% (Cordell et al., 2009). This increase in cost may be mitigated by reducing P losses. It is estimated that close to 25% of the 1 billion tonnes of P mined since 1950 has ended up in water bodies or is buried in landfill (Rosmarin, 2004).
FIGURE 1.2 (a) Nitrogen emissions related to surplus N application to agricultural land, here calculated as N added to agricultural land in fertilisers and animal manure minus uptake by plants. (b) Nitrate concentration in water boreholes related to N surplus. (Data taken with permission from Oenema et al. (2007). © 2007 Elsevier.)
FIGURE 1.3 Global production of mined P. (Adapted with permission from Cordell et al. (2009). © 2009 Elsevier.)
In the development of new technologies and management practices for improving the quality of the livestock product and for reducing production costs, the management of externalities, which in this case is manure, is often unchanged. This tendency is because the producers and experts who develop the new livestock production system often overlook the fact that the existing management of manure needs to be adapted to new livestock production systems. In livestock production this is reflected in a surplus of plant nutrients in regions where livestock production has increased. Thus, plant nutrient surpluses have been documented in regions in America, Europe and Asia. In Asia, such surpluses are commonly centred around cities (Gerber et al., 2005), because of consumer demand for meat to be slaughtered immediately before sale, and in these countries living animals are not transported long distances. Increasing livestock densities (livestock units ha−1) will lead to surplus plant nutrients as documented for nitrogen (N) on livestock farms in Europe (Olesen et al., 2006) and these surpluses may end up polluting the environment (i.e. eutrophication of ecosystems) (Figure 1.2).
In livestock farming, manure management consists of a chain of management stages or technologies (Figure 1.1). The handling systems differ between farms, regions and countries. For example, in parts of Europe recycling on the farm effectively reduces the need for mineral fertilisers, whereas in other parts of the world, livestock farms handle the manure as a dilute slurry that is stored in lagoons and eventually sprayed on fields or discharged to rivers (i.e. with no recycling of nutrients in the waste). In all countries, recycling and pollution control inevitably represent a necessary investment for the farmer who wants to maintain a given production level under stricter environmental regulations or wants to expand production without aggravating the environmental impact. This development is supported by lower costs for establishing and maintaining environmental technologies associated with intensification and industrialisation of livestock production.
Through optimising new environmentally friendly technologies in a “chain approach” (Figure 1.1), livestock waste management can become economically sustainable by taking advantage of the valuable resources in manure. To achieve this outcome, the individual technologies have to be optimised by assessment of their efficiency when introduced into the chain of technologies (Petersen et al., 2007). This assessment must include the effect on the performance of the other technologies in the whole system. The tool for doing this is system analysis, which is much used in engineering, but not widely in agriculture.
This leads us back in time to the late nineteenth century, when researchers at experimental stations at Rothamsted in England and Askov in Denmark carried out field studies comparing manure and fertiliser efficiency to convince farmers that mineral fertiliser was useful and could increase plant production at a low cost. Today, mineral fertilisers are costly, because it takes much energy to produce them and because the sources are approaching exhaustion. As a consequence, there is a burgeoning need for technologies and management practices to use animal manure as a valuable nutrient source for the production of crops and food, as well as for energy production. Collaboration between different types of professionals (e.g. engineers, agronomists and natural scientists) on the development of manure management and utilisation technologies is therefore necessary and requires a mutual insight and understanding of processes, technologies and management. This book is written to facilitate such collaboration.
References
Bouwman, L., Goldewijk, K.K., Van Der Hoek, K.W., Beusen, A.H.W., Van Vuuren, D.P., Willems, J., Rufino, M.C. and Stehfest, E. (2012) Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900–2050 period. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Early Edition, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012878108.
Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O. and White, S. (2009) The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought. Global Environ. Change, 19, 292–305.
Gerber, P., Chilonda, P., Franceschini, G. and Menzi, H. (2005) Geographical determinants and environmental implications of livestock production intensification in Asia. Bioresour. Technol., 96, 263–276.
Olesen, J.E., Schelde, K., Weiske, A., Weisbjerg, M.R., Asman, W.A.H. and Djurhuus, J. (2006) Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from European conventional and organic dairy farms. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 207–220.
Oenema, O., Oudendag, D. and Velthof, G.L. (2007) Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union. Livest. Sci., 112, 261–272.
Petersen, S.O., Sommer, S.G., Béline, F., Burton, C., Dach, J., Dourmad, J.Y., Leip, A., Misselbrook, T., Nicholson, F., Poulsen, H.D., Provolo, G., Sørensen, P., Vinnerås, B., Weiske, A., Bernal, M.-P., Böhm, R., Juhász, C. and Mihelic, R. (2007) Recycling of livestock manure in a whole-farm perspective – preface. Livest. Sci., 112, 180–191.
Rosmarin, A. (2004) The precarious geopolitics of phosphorous. Down to Earth, 2004, 27–31; http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/11390.
