Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
ANTENNA AND ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE WIRELESS ECOSYSTEMS Discover a timely and accessible resource on the latest antenna research driving new developments in the field In Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Y. Jay Guo and Richard W. Ziolkowski deliver a cutting-edge resource for researchers, academics, students, and engineers who need the latest research findings on the newest challenges facing antenna designers who will be creating the technology that drives future 6G and beyond wireless systems and networks. This timely and impactful book offers the fundamental knowledge that will facilitate new research activities in the antennas and applied electromagnetics communities, and conveys innovative and practical solutions to many wireless industry problems. Its international cohort of leading authors delivers their findings on a variety of advanced topics in antenna and array research, including metasurface antennas; electrically small directive antennas; RF, millimeter-wave and THz antennas and arrays; atom-based sensors, and arrays of quantum emitters. The book also includes resources that cover the important topics: * A thorough introduction to various intelligent and low-cost beam scanning, beamforming and beam-reconfigurable array technologies to support dynamic networking of future systems * An exploration of advanced techniques for analyzing large arrays, as well as an examination of advanced antenna-in-package technologies for future mm-wave systems * Discussions of the latest research on electrically small and extremely large hybrid antenna arrays, and photonic beamforming networks to address spectrum scarcity in future systems * Low form-factor, low energy-consumption, and wireless power transfer antennas for the Internet of Things (IoT) This book is the companion of the Wiley book by the same authors, Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications. Perfect for antenna engineers in academia and industry, Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems will also be an essential resource in the libraries of senior undergraduate and graduate students studying antenna engineering applied electromagnetics and seeking a one-stop reference for state-of-the-art global antenna and antenna array research activities.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Author Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Surface‐Wave Based Metasurface Antennas
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Typologies of Pixels
1.3 Flat Optics Analysis
1.4 Multiscale Analysis and Synthesis
1.5 Dual Polarization
1.6 Beam Shaping
1.7 Limit of Aperture Efficiency and High‐Gain Examples
1.8 Wideband and Limit of Bandwidth‐Gain Product
1.9 Multibeam and Multi‐frequency
1.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
2 Techniques for Designing High Gain and Two‐Dimensional Beam Scanning Antennas for 5G
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Luneburg Lens Designs
2.3 Gain Enhancement Approaches for Antennas and Arrays
2.4 Reconfigurable Liquid Metal‐Based SIW Phase Shifter
2.5 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Low‐Cost Beam‐Reconfigurable Directional Antennas for Advanced Communications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Beam‐Reconfigurable Antenna Using Active Frequency Selective Surfaces
3.3 Beam‐Reconfigurable Antenna Using Parasitic Elements
3.4 1‐Bit Reflectarray and Transmitarray
3.5 Beam‐Switching and Multi‐Beam Lens
3.6 Beam‐Reconfigurable Array Using Tunable Dielectrics
3.7 Other Techniques to Realize a Beam‐Reconfigurable High‐Directivity Antenna
3.8 Summary
References
4 Smart Leaky‐Wave Antennas for Iridescent IoT Wireless Networks
4.1 Leaky‐Wave Antennas for Efficient Wireless Systems
4.2 Low‐Cost Printed‐Circuit Frequency‐Scanning LWAs
4.3 LWAs for Efficient Communications in Iridescent Wireless Networks
4.4 LWAs Applied for Localization in Practical Wireless Networks
4.5 LWAs for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Antenna‐in‐Package Design for Wireless System on a Chip
5.1 Introduction
5.2 High‐Volume Manufacturing of an AiP Module
5.3 Design Consideration
5.4 Testing AiP
5.5 Three AiP Examples
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Terahertz Lens Antennas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Printing with 3D Printers from Formlabs
6.3 Measurement Platforms for Lens Antennas
6.4 Pixel Design of the Discrete Dielectric Lenses
6.5 Integration of a Dielectric Polarizer with a Lens for CP Radiation
6.6 Design, Fabrication, and Testing of THz Lens Antennas
6.7 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
7 Photonics‐Based Millimeter‐Wave Band Remote Beamforming of Antenna Arrays Integrated with Photodiodes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Configuration of Photonics‐Based Antenna Beamforming Utilizing the RoF Technique
7.3 Two‐Dimensional (4 × 2) Antenna Array Integrated with Photodiodes for 60 GHz Band Applications
7.4 Compact Antenna Module Integrated with Photodiodes to Achieve a Flexible Array Pattern
7.5 Direct Delay Control for Beamforming by Variable Optical Delay Devices with 10 Gbit/s Class Data Transmission
7.6 Antenna Array Beamforming Using a 1.3‐μm Band EML as the Light Source
7.7 Perspectives
7.8 Estimation of the Direction of a User Terminal
7.9 Summary
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 8: Contemporary Array Analysis Using Embedded Element Patterns
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design Methods: Classical Array Factor
8.3 Embedded Element Patterns
8.4 Approximate Analysis Methods: The Lossless, Resonant, Minimum Scattering Approximation
8.5 Exact Design Methods: Full‐Wave Computational Electromagnetics Modeling
8.6 Receive‐Only Systems
8.7 An Open Question Around EEPs
8.8 Conclusions
References
Notes
Chapter 9: Angle‐of‐Arrival Estimation in Large‐Scale Hybrid Antenna Arrays
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Popular Hybrid Structures of Large‐Scale Antenna Arrays
9.3 AoA Estimation – State of the Art
9.4 Fast and Accurate AoA Estimation Techniques for Large‐Scale Arrays of Phased Subarrays
9.5 Fast and Accurate AoA Estimation
9.6 Conclusions
References
Notes
Chapter 10: Electrically Small Antenna Advances for Current 5G and Evolving 6G and Beyond Wireless Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 ESA Figures of Merit
10.3 Overcoming Conventional ESA Stigmas and Trade‐Offs
10.4 More Complex Electrically Small NFRP Antennas
10.5 Directive Electrically Small NFRP Antennas
10.6 Forward Looking ESA Applications
10.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Overview of Rydberg Atom‐Based Sensors/Receivers for the Measurement of Electric Fields, Power, Voltage, and Modulated Signals
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electric‐Field Strength: EIT (On Resonant and Stark Shift)
11.3 Uncertainties
11.4 Detection of AM and FM Modulated Signals
11.5 Phase Detection and Phase Modulated Signal Detection
11.6 RF Power Measurements
11.7 Voltage Measurements
11.8 Other Applications: RF Camera, Angle‐of‐Arrival, Waveform Analyzer, Plasma Measurements, and Thermometry
11.9 Conclusion and Discussion
References
Chapter 12: Quantum Antenna Arrays
12.1 The Rise of Quantum Technologies
12.2 Quantum Antenna Array Theory
12.3 Photon Statistics
12.4 Linear Array of Quantum Emitters
12.5 Isotropic Single‐Photon Sources
12.6 Quantum Superdirectivity?
12.7 Quantum Antenna Array Technologies
12.8 Forward‐Looking Directions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Luneburg lens dimensions.
Table 2.2 Lens dimensions and material parameters.
Table 2.3 Performance comparison of microstrip patch antennas using four wi...
Table 2.4 Performance comparison of the presented high gain designs.
Table 2.5 Dimensions of the proposed liquid metal phase shifter (Units: mm)...
Table 2.6 The active via configurations of the main three paths of the prop...
Table 2.7 Phase shifter scheme.
Table 2.8 Measured phases of the proposed phase shifter.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1. Comparison of the available scanning bandwidths and potential an...
Table 4.2 Comparisons of different Wi‐Fi DoA estimation techniques.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Material properties and process capabilities.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Comparison with Other CP THz Antennas.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Relationship between the wavelength shift and the RF phase shift....
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 A comparison of the MoM and LRMSA.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Examples of MTS surface‐wave based antennas. (a) Broadside radiat...
Figure 1.2 Comparison between the radiation patterns of (a) isotropic and (b...
Figure 1.3 Details of the MTS pixels (a) Coffee bean element. (b) Circular p...
Figure 1.4 Performance of different shaped pixels for the synthesis of MTS a...
Figure 1.5 Examples of surface‐wave based MTS antenna for terahertz applicat...
Figure 1.6 Comparison between the radiation patterns of generated by the (a)...
Figure 1.7 Geometry of the MTS antenna and relevant model. The top film is c...
Figure 1.8 Schematic of the design process for an MTS antenna.
Figure 1.9 X‐band dual polarized MTS antenna excited by two modes in the Ku ...
Figure 1.10 Dual polarized MTS antenna obtained by metasurface aperture shar...
Figure 1.11 Dual polarized MTS antenna obtained with central and peripheral ...
Figure 1.12 Sectorial isoflux MTS antenna for Earth observation missions fro...
Figure 1.13 Visualization of the time averaged power contributions in an MTS...
Figure 1.14 Behavior of
λα
(
ρ
) as a function of
ρ
/
λ
...
Figure 1.15 Normalized attenuation constant
αλ
as a function of th...
Figure 1.16 Different approaches to exciting the MTS antenna. Upper figures:...
Figure 1.17 Feeder efficiency of the optimized canonical sources as a functi...
Figure 1.18 Layouts and performance of two highly efficient MTS antennas. (a...
Figure 1.19 Comparisons between the measured and simulated gain patterns of ...
Figure 1.20 Measured gain pattern of the very high gain MTS antenna prototyp...
Figure 1.21 Active regions at three different frequencies and examples of th...
Figure 1.22 Gain as a function of the source frequency for an MTS antenna wi...
Figure 1.23 Ka‐band MTS antenna. (a) Photo of the fabricated prototype and a...
Figure 1.24 The simulated performance characteristics of two optimized anten...
Figure 1.25 Gain versus relative bandwidth diagram for several flat antenna ...
Figure 1.26 Measured and calculated phase centers as functions of the source...
Figure 1.27 Multibeam MTS antenna directivity performance. (a) Simulated res...
Figure 1.28 Four‐beam MTS antenna. (a) Aperture sharing to generate the four...
Figure 1.29 Monopulse MTS antenna. (a) Illustration of the conceptual scheme...
Figure 1.30 Dual‐band MTS antenna with a single point source aperture. The t...
Figure 1.31 MTS antenna with a self‐diplexed configuration for the generatio...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Luneburg lens – principle of operation.
Figure 2.2 (a) Luneburg lens geometry (b) sectional view.
Figure 2.3 Different stages of assembly of a Luneburg lens constructed with ...
Figure 2.4 3D‐printed Luneburg lens (different stages of assembly). (a) One ...
Figure 2.5 Luneburg lens fabricated by using specialized materials.
Figure 2.6 Luneburg Lens with a flat‐base waveguide array feed. (a) Isometri...
Figure 2.7 Realized gain pattern of the Luneburg lens when waveguide‐13 is e...
Figure 2.8 Luneburg lens antenna. (a) Measurement setup. Measured and simula...
Figure 2.9 Luneburg lens with the scanning array feed consisting of microstr...
Figure 2.10 Snapshot of the designed layout of the boards (a) PCB1 and (b) P...
Figure 2.11 Fabricated structures. (a) Fabricated test board for SP4T and SP...
Figure 2.12 Microstrip patch antenna element with a dual‐polarization capabi...
Figure 2.13 S‐parameters of the dual‐LP microstrip patch antenna element.
Figure 2.14 3 × 3 conformal dual‐LP microstrip patch array. (a) Software mod...
Figure 2.15 Luneburg lens antenna. (a) 3 × 3 conformal array exciting a. (b)...
Figure 2.16 Radiation performance. (a) Measured total electric field pattern...
Figure 2.17 Realized gain when outer radius of the lens is varied.
Figure 2.18 Hemispherical lens. (a) Lens with circular PEC sheet backing. (b...
Figure 2.19 Realized gain patterns of the lens with different feed locations...
Figure 2.20 Realized gain patterns of the lens for different angles of incid...
Figure 2.21 Realized gain patterns of the lens with diameter of PEC sheet be...
Figure 2.22 Proposed microstrip patch antenna.
Figure 2.23 Simulated reflection coefficient of the proposed microstrip patc...
Figure 2.24 Simulated radiation patterns of the proposed microstrip patch.
Figure 2.25 Top and side views of proposed microstrip patch antenna incorpor...
Figure 2.26 Simulated gain patterns of the proposed microstrip patch with fo...
Figure 2.27 Proposed 3 × 3 patch array with wings and the pigeon‐hole supers...
Figure 2.28 Simulated gain patterns of the proposed 3 × 3 patch array with w...
Figure 2.29 Slotted waveguide array antenna.
Figure 2.30 Slotted waveguide antenna array with tilted wings and grooves.
Figure 2.31 Simulated realized gain patterns of the slotted waveguide array ...
Figure 2.32 V‐shaped slotted waveguide array antenna.
Figure 2.33 Realized gain patterns of the V‐shaped slotted waveguide array a...
Figure 2.34 Slotted waveguide array antenna with two tilted wings giving its...
Figure 2.35 Realized gain patterns of the slotted waveguide array antenna wi...
Figure 2.36 Antenna formed with two V‐shaped slotted waveguide antenna array...
Figure 2.37 Simulated radiation patterns of the two slotted waveguide antenn...
Figure 2.38 Baseline slotted waveguide array antenna.
Figure 2.39 Examples of the proposed U‐shaped phase shifter designs. (a) Des...
Figure 2.40 Combination of eight slotted waveguide antenna arrays for transv...
Figure 2.41 Realized gain patterns of the three U‐shaped phase shifter‐based...
Figure 2.42 Combination of eight slotted waveguides antenna arrays with a di...
Figure 2.43 Realized gain patterns in the
x
–
z
plane of the superstrate augme...
Figure 2.44 Beam scanning characteristics of the combined eight U‐shaped pha...
Figure 2.45 Three element U‐shaped phase shifter‐based SWAA ensemble in whic...
Figure 2.46 Three element U‐shaped phase shifter‐based SWAA ensemble with wi...
Figure 2.47 Comparison of the three element U‐shaped phase shifter‐based SWA...
Figure 2.48 Proposed liquid metal‐based phase shifter. (a) Top view showing ...
Figure 2.49 Schematics illustrating the three main operating states of the p...
Figure 2.50 The proposed phase shifter with Perspex cover. (a) Perspective v...
Figure 2.51 The effect of the tuning vias on the magnitude of the E‐field di...
Figure 2.52 Measured and simulated |S
11
| and |S
22
| of the main three states ...
Figure 2.53 Measured and simulated |S
21
| and |S
12
| of the main three states ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The amplitude of the transmission coefficient,
, of two compleme...
Figure 3.2 An active rectangular slot‐based FSS. (a) The configuration of th...
Figure 3.3 The concept and operating principle of an AFSS beam‐switching ant...
Figure 3.4 Examples of active microstrip FSS unit cell designs. (a) Slot typ...
Figure 3.5 Configuration of the high gain AFSS antenna presented in [5].
Figure 3.6 Concept of the AFSS antenna with improved gain presented in [7]....
Figure 3.7 Simulated beam‐switching performance of the AFSS antenna presente...
Figure 3.8 The configuration of the classic seven‐element ESPAR antenna.
Figure 3.9 The concept of an ESPAR with improved gain presented in [15].
Figure 3.10 The parasitic antenna with improved gain developed in [16]. The ...
Figure 3.11 The concept of the RECAP presented in [17].
Figure 3.12 The phase distribution of an aperture. (a) Continuous phase dist...
Figure 3.13 Configurations of a classic reflectarray. (a) Center‐fed. (b) Of...
Figure 3.14 Concept of loading a microstrip patch with an open‐ended stub th...
Figure 3.15 Examples of reported 1‐bit RA unit cells that use only one RF sw...
Figure 3.16 The measured beam‐scanning performance at 13.25 GHz of the 1‐bit...
Figure 3.17 Typical transmitarray configuration.
Figure 3.18 The concept of reversing the polarization of the transmitted fie...
Figure 3.19 The configuration of the 1‐bit Ka‐band TA unit cell developed in...
Figure 3.20 The configuration of the 1‐bit Ku‐band TA unit cell developed in...
Figure 3.21 Examples of two reported 1‐bit TA unit cell designs. (a) An FSS‐...
Figure 3.22 Illustration of using multiple SPnT switches to realize a beam‐s...
Figure 3.23 Configuration of an extended hemispherical lens antenna using mu...
Figure 3.24 Simulated beam‐switching radiation patterns of the lens antenna ...
Figure 3.25 The operation of a Luneburg lens.
Figure 3.26 Stepped index Luneburg lens.
Figure 3.27 The cylindrical Luneburg lens concept reported in [43].
Figure 3.28 Example of the unit cells that have been used to realize a Luneb...
Figure 3.29 Examples of using tunable materials to realize a phase shifter. ...
Figure 3.30 The configuration of the patch integrated with a voltage tunable...
Figure 3.31 The microstrip patch on a liquid crystal substrate reported in [...
Figure 3.32 The concept of the patch element developed in [54] that was fed ...
Figure 3.33 The configuration of the unit cell of the fixed‐frequency beam‐s...
Figure 3.34 The configuration of the CRLH unit cell of the fixed‐frequency b...
Figure 3.35 The configuration of the mechanically rotated reflectarray unit ...
Figure 3.36 The concept of the beam‐steering antenna realized by rotating me...
Figure 3.37 Configuration of a classic Fabry–Perot cavity antenna.
Figure 3.38 The configuration of the 1D beam‐steering FP antenna reported in...
Figure 3.39 The configuration of the 2D beam‐steering FP antenna reported in...
Figure 3.40 The configuration of the 2D beam‐steering FP antenna reported in...
Figure 3.41 The configuration of the SIW pillbox leaky‐wave antenna presente...
Figure 3.42 The configuration of the SIW pillbox slot array antenna presente...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Leaky‐wave antenna. (a) Basic configuration. (b) Frequency beam‐s...
Figure 4.2 Example of an LWA with an angular scanning range between 10° and ...
Figure 4.3 Example of an LWA with an angular scanning range between 10° and ...
Figure 4.4 Wi‐Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth channels in the ISM 2.4 GHz band.
Figure 4.5 Microstrip leaky‐wave antennas. (a) Full‐width scheme. (b) Its ha...
Figure 4.6 HWM LWA. (a) Photo of fabricated prototype. (b) Feeding circuit d...
Figure 4.7 Dispersion curves of the HWM LWA when the patch width
W
is varied...
Figure 4.8 Dispersion curves of the HWM LWA when the relative dielectric per...
Figure 4.9 Dispersion curves of the HWM LWA when the substrate thickness
H
i...
Figure 4.10 Fan‐beam scanning with a single‐element HWM LWA.
Figure 4.11 Array of four HWM LWAs to increase the directivity in the transv...
Figure 4.12 MU‐MIMO Wi‐Fi AP example. (a) Illustration of an actual AP. (b) ...
Figure 4.13 MU‐BF “multi user beam forming.” (a) Application illustration. S...
Figure 4.14 LWA connected to a Wi‐Fi MU‐MIMO AP using spatial sectorization ...
Figure 4.15 Signal‐level radio maps for six scanned beams (channel #1, #6, a...
Figure 4.16 Conventional Wi‐Fi AP antenna in the same scenario as in Figure ...
Figure 4.17 OSI communications model with a new EM layer for cross‐layer opt...
Figure 4.18 Example of RSSI monitorization using an LWA in an iridescent Zig...
Figure 4.19 Techniques used for indoor localization using wireless networks....
Figure 4.20 DoA estimation techniques. (a) Phase‐based estimation. (b) Ampli...
Figure 4.21 Beam‐scanning smart antennas developed for RSSI‐based DoA estima...
Figure 4.22 Beam‐scanning leaky‐wave antennas (LWAs) developed for RSSI‐base...
Figure 4.23 RSSI‐based DoA estimation using an FS‐LWA. (a) FS‐LWA based irid...
Figure 4.24 Illustration of the smart FS‐LWA demonstrator and its connection...
Figure 4.25 Smart FS‐LWA antenna system. (a) Experimental setup in an anecho...
Figure 4.26 Characterization of the FS‐LWA operating in the Wi‐Fi channels. ...
Figure 4.27 MUSIC steering vectors at three illustrative bearing angles:
φ
...
Figure 4.28 MUSIC angular pseudo‐spectrums for three different DoA direction...
Figure 4.29 Wi‐Fi DoA system evaluation. (a) Experimental set‐up. (b) RSSI a...
Figure 4.30 Angular distribution of the RMSE for the DoA estimation using di...
Figure 4.31 DoA estimation as a function of the field of view (FoV) for diff...
Figure 4.32 Array of two HWM LWAs for BLE DoA estimation. (a) Photo of the a...
Figure 4.33 BLE DoD estimation results. (a) RSSI level‐based MUSIC steering ...
Figure 4.34 BLE DoD estimation experiment. (a) Outdoor test arrangement. (b)...
Figure 4.35 Scanning FS‐LWA systems. (a) 1D scanning with a single FS‐LWA. (...
Figure 4.36 Radiated fields radiated by a far‐field focused BLE FS‐LWA with
Figure 4.37 Radiated fields radiated by a near‐field focused BLE FS‐LWA with...
Figure 4.38 WPT in a WSN scenario. (a) Panel antenna. (b–d) FS‐LWAs.
Figure 4.39 Wirelessly powered WSN. (a) Distribution of sensors. (b) Power d...
Figure 4.40 Array of FS‐LWAs for RWPT. (a) Far‐field radiation patterns for ...
Figure 4.41 Experimental set‐up of the RWPT using the HWM FS‐LWA and a IEEE ...
Figure 4.42 RWPT results using the HWM FS‐LWA and a IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee WSN...
Figure 4.43 Measured RF‐DC duty cycle for each node of the WSN of the power ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Die micrographs: (a) Bluetooth radio. (b) Wi‐Fi radio.
Figure 5.2 Die micrograph of a phased array transceiver for 5G NR. 5G NR, Th...
Figure 5.3 Photo of a BGA package.
Figure 5.4 Structure of the stacked microstrip patch antenna and the associa...
Figure 5.5 Illustration of the quasi electric fields on the cross section of...
Figure 5.6 Geometry of a meshed ground plane.
Figure 5.7 Geometry of a defected ground plane.
Figure 5.8 Geometry of a patterned ground plane.
Figure 5.9 Illustration of a wire‐bonding interconnect.
Figure 5.10 Photograph of the bonding‐wire interconnect of an AiP module.
Figure 5.11 Low pass compensation. (a) Circuit model. (b) Layout.
Figure 5.12 Band pass compensation, (a) Circuit model. (b) Layout.
Figure 5.13 Band pass compensation: (a) without and (b) with compensation.
Figure 5.14 Illustration of a feed network with bumps.
Figure 5.15 Compensation. (a) Circuit model. (b) Layout.
Figure 5.16 SEM of the cross‐sectional view of an FOWLP.
Figure 5.17 Coupling simulation models (a) without, and (b) with the compens...
Figure 5.18 Photo of an AiP with a CPS.
Figure 5.19 Photos of an AiP fabricated in LTCC (left) and the AiP module wi...
Figure 5.20 Illustration of the integration of the test antennas with the so...
Figure 5.21 Illustration of the integration of the test antenna with the han...
Figure 5.22 Micrograph of a 60‐GHz receiver die. LNA, low noise amplifier; P...
Figure 5.23 Photo of a wire‐bond AiP for the 60‐GHz receiver.
Figure 5.24 Simulated and measured |
S
11
| values of the wire‐bond AiP as func...
Figure 5.25 Simulated and measured peak realized gain and simulated efficien...
Figure 5.26 Simulated and measured E‐ and H‐plane radiation patterns of the ...
Figure 5.27 Beamforming design diagram.
Figure 5.28 The bottom view of the AiP (a) and an illustration of the connec...
Figure 5.29 The layout of the FC‐AiP.
Figure 5.30 The simulated and measured array beam patterns.
Figure 5.31 Photographs of a 122 GHz radar sensor. (a) Top view. (b) Bottom ...
Figure 5.32 Measured (solid lines) and simulated (dashed lines) gain values ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Printing mechanism of the Form2 printer. (a) Horizontal printing....
Figure 6.2 Modifications to the sample geometry. (a) Ease of detachment from...
Figure 6.3 Printing approach for fine structures.
Figure 6.4 Photograph of the fabricated modified Fresnel lens using the (a) ...
Figure 6.5 THz lens antenna measurement platforms. (a) Near‐field. (b) Far‐f...
Figure 6.6 The square dielectric pixel element. (a) 3D model. (b) Simulated ...
Figure 6.7 The hexagonal dielectric pixel element. (a) 3D model. (b) Simulat...
Figure 6.8 Configuration of the dielectric polarizer regarded as an anisotro...
Figure 6.9 Calculated relationship between the dielectric fractional volume
Figure 6.10 Calculated transmission phase difference of the dielectric aniso...
Figure 6.11 Simulated transmission phase for TE and TM incident waves versus...
Figure 6.12 Far‐field lens design. (a) Phase modulation mechanism. (b) Requi...
Figure 6.13 3D printed fixture to hold the lens and the feed horn for testin...
Figure 6.14 H‐plane radiation patterns for the 3D printed far‐field lens ant...
Figure 6.15 Simulated and measured broadside gains versus the source frequen...
Figure 6.16 Teflon near‐field focusing lens. (a) Fabricated sample. (b) Simu...
Figure 6.17 Comparison of the simulated and measured results on the measurem...
Figure 6.18 Design of the far‐field CP lens antenna. (a) Schematic diagram a...
Figure 6.19 Measured near‐field distributions over the scanning plane at 300...
Figure 6.20 Measured and simulated radiation patterns in the
xz
‐plane at (a)...
Figure 6.21 Simulated and measured gains and axial ratios at different sourc...
Figure 6.22 Design of the far‐field CP lens antenna. (a) Schematic diagram a...
Figure 6.23 Measured amplitude of the (a)
E
x
and (b)
E
y
components.
Figure 6.24 Measured phase of the (a)
E
x
and (b)
E
y
components.
Figure 6.25 Phase difference between the measured phases of the
E
x
and
E
y
co...
Figure 6.26 Measured RHCP and LHCP near‐field on the focal plane.
Figure 6.27 3D printed Bessel beam launcher. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Desi...
Figure 6.28 Simulated and measured power densities on different transversal ...
Figure 6.29 Simulated and measured power densities along the
z
‐axis for the ...
Figure 6.30 Bessel beam launcher with a tilted beam 20° away from the broads...
Figure 6.31 Simulated and measured results of the tilted Bessel beam launche...
Figure 6.32 DDL antennas. (a) DDL 1 generates a diffractive OAM beam. (b) DD...
Figure 6.33 Schematic of the higher‐order Bessel beam generation using (a) t...
Figure 6.34 Desired compensation phase distributions for OAM carrying beams ...
Figure 6.35 Calculated (a) amplitude distribution in the longitudinal plane ...
Figure 6.36 Schematic diagram of the APM.
Figure 6.37 Phase modulation and calculated results of DDL 3. (a) Desired ph...
Figure 6.38 Launchers of higher‐order Bessel beam carrying OAM. (a) 3D print...
Figure 6.39 Measured |
E
x
| distributions in the longitudinal plane (
xz
‐plane)...
Figure 6.40 Measured and calculated distributions located at
z
= 30 mm and
y
Figure 6.41 Measured phase of distributions in the transversal plane at
z
= ...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Antenna arrays integrated with photodiodes for RF beamforming. (a...
Figure 7.2 Optical variable delay line (VDL) to change the RF phase of the R...
Figure 7.3 Chromatic dispersion of an optical fiber induces a phase shift to...
Figure 7.4 Assumed location of the “control site” as well as the “antenna si...
Figure 7.5 Structure of the integrated photonic array‐antenna (IPA). (a) PD‐...
Figure 7.6 Photographs of the fabricated IPA. (a) RF output side. (b) Optica...
Figure 7.7 Detailed structure of the PD‐integrated antenna substrate.
Figure 7.8 Realized gain of the 4 × 2‐element array designed with HFSS. (a) ...
Figure 7.9 Structure of the jig facilitating the optical signal feed.
Figure 7.10 RF power
P
RF
received by the horn antenna as a function of the o...
Figure 7.11 Remote antenna beamforming system utilizing WDM transmission of ...
Figure 7.12 Schematic illustration of the measurement of the RF received pow...
Figure 7.13 Received RF power in the observation angle
θ
= 0 with chang...
Figure 7.14 RF radiation pattern. The 3 dB radiation bandwidth is 26° (−14° ...
Figure 7.15 Chromatic dispersion effect on the RoF signal amplitude in the 1...
Figure 7.16 Experimental setup to measure the 3.5‐Gbit/s QPSK signal transmi...
Figure 7.17 RF radiation patterns with corresponding SNRs when the IPA beam ...
Figure 7.18 Change of the received RF power and SNR as functions of the RF p...
Figure 7.19 Calculated result of the received RF power as a function of the ...
Figure 7.20 Schematic overview of the 60‐GHz compact antenna module and a ph...
Figure 7.21 Photograph and figure of the top surface of the 60 GHz compact a...
Figure 7.22 60 GHz compact antenna module. (a) HFSS simulation model. (b) Ra...
Figure 7.23 Experimental setup for the RoF‐based beamforming of the arrayed ...
Figure 7.24 Setup to measure the radiation pattern radiated by the arrayed m...
Figure 7.25 Measured RF radiation patterns radiated by the 2 × 4 compact mod...
Figure 7.26 Experimental setup to show the fundamental operation of a VDL fo...
Figure 7.27 Relative RF power as a function of the optical delay change.
Figure 7.28 Schematic illustration of the arrangement for the 1 × 8 antenna ...
Figure 7.29 Experimental setup of the 10‐Gbit/s class data transmission expe...
Figure 7.30 Relative RF amplitude, SNR and constellation at each observation...
Figure 7.31 Relative RF amplitude, SNR and constellation at each observation...
Figure 7.32 Experimental setup used to demonstrate the generation of various...
Figure 7.33 Optical spectrum associated with the EML. (a) EML‐generated 40 G...
Figure 7.34 Measured radiation patterns when the main beam direction is (a) ...
Figure 7.35 Experimental setup for estimating the direction of user equipmen...
Figure 7.36 Measured phase difference of RF uplink signal Δ
Φ
as a funct...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 The uniform linear array, after [6]. Source: From [6] / with perm...
Figure 8.2 EEPs computed using the MoM for two thin half‐wavelength dipoles,...
Figure 8.3 Comparison of the LRMSA with MoM methods [12]. The beam patterns ...
Figure 8.4 The four‐by‐two array of approximately half‐wavelength dipoles ab...
Figure 8.5 Directivity as a function of the scan angle from broadside for th...
Figure 8.6 Array antenna receiver and beamformer system. Baseband voltage si...
Figure 8.7 Comparison of the LRMSA with MoM methods for the system temperatu...
Figure 8.8 Convergence of the EEPs for the six element ULA described in the ...
Figure 8.9 Convergence of the full array patterns as a function of the MoM d...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Potential applications of hybrid arrays in satellite communicatio...
Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of the “smart” railway communication system wit...
Figure 9.3 Popular hybrid array structures. (a) Partially‐connected hybrid a...
Figure 9.4 Illustration of the spatial‐wideband effect for an eight‐element ...
Figure 9.5 A two‐dimensional planar localized hybrid antenna array composed ...
Figure 9.6 Illustrating the relations between the coordinate angles and the ...
Figure 9.7 Illustrating the beam patterns under the phase shift design given...
Figure 9.8 Illustrating the sign rule in
, where (a) gives the beamforming ...
Figure 9.9 Illustrating the sign rule in
. The top row shows the amplitudes...
Figure 9.10 Illustrating the trade‐off between the accumulation gain and the...
Figure 9.11 Estimation of the AoA. (a) MSE of
versus the receive SNR at an...
Figure 9.12 Illustration of the beam search using a DFT beam antenna array w...
Figure 9.13 Schematic diagram of a single Butler matrix‐based transceiver (B...
Figure 9.14 Comparisons of the WDFT [68] and the proposed method, where
,
Figure 9.15 Illustrating the flexibility of the wide‐beam synthesis.
Figure 9.16 Illustrating the formation of a DBD based on two adjacent DFT be...
Figure 9.17 Comparison of the probability of detecting the two strongest DBD...
Figure 9.18 Comparison of the AoA estimation performance using the DBDs and ...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 DNG Metamaterial with
at 400 MHz [92, 93]. (a) Isometric view ...
Figure 10.2 Fundamental operating principles of NFRP antennas [44]. (a) Elec...
Figure 10.3 Egyptian axe dipole (EAD) NFRP antenna.
Figure 10.4 Electrically small Z‐antenna. (a) HFSS model. (b) 300 MHz protot...
Figure 10.5 Electrically small 3D Magnetic EZ antenna. (a) HFSS model. (b) 1...
Figure 10.6 Methods to obtain an ESA with a large instantaneous bandwidth. (...
Figure 10.7 The canopy antenna augmented with four non‐Foster elements, whic...
Figure 10.8 Experimentally validated NFRP ESAs whose NFRP elements were augm...
Figure 10.9 Experimentally validated multifunctional NFRP ESAs. (A) Four res...
Figure 10.10 Experimentally validated reconfigurable NFRP ESAs. (A) Pattern ...
Figure 10.11 Quasi‐Yagi NFRP ESAs. (a) Broadside radiating passive LP system...
Figure 10.12 The Huygens radiation physics of a pair of balanced, in‐phase, ...
Figure 10.13 Huygens dipole antenna configurations. (a) Endfire radiating. S...
Figure 10.14 CP Huygens dipole antenna. (A) HFSS model. (B) Prototype with a...
Figure 10.15 Ultra‐thin NFRP HDA WPT system. (A) Antenna alone. (B) Antenna ...
Figure 10.16 NFRP EAD ESA fabricated in a pre‐preg structural composite mate...
Figure 10.17 Millimeter‐wave NFRP ESAs at 28 GHz. (a) LP HDA. Source: From [...
Figure 10.18 The directivity pattern (dBi) in the
‐plane for the electric d...
Figure 10.19 Directivity patterns (dBi) in the two principal vertical planes...
Figure 10.20 Directivity patterns (dBi) in the two principal vertical planes...
Figure 10.21 Directivity patterns (dBi) in the principal vertical plane
fo...
Figure 10.22 The maximum directivity (dBi) in the
‐plane of the three and n...
Figure 10.23 Design configuration of the
Butler matrix.
Figure 10.24 Simulated 3D beam‐steered radiation patterns of the HDAA when e...
Figure 10.25 Fabricated
Butler matrix‐fed three‐element linear HDAA.
Figure 10.26 Measured and simulated
and realized gain values as a function...
Figure 10.27 Measured (dashed lines) and simulated (solid lines) beam‐steere...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Sensor types. (a) Conventional sensors utilize free electrons fl...
Figure 11.2 Experimental setup for E‐field measurements using EIT. (a) Photo...
Figure 11.3 EIT signal. (a) With the Doppler background. (b) After the lock‐...
Figure 11.4 Calculations of
(
) for a particular RF atomic transition for
Figure 11.5 Comparison of the results obtained with Rydberg atom‐based techn...
Figure 11.6 AC Stark shift due to a high intensity RF field.
Figure 11.7 Simulations of AT spectra for different RF field amplitudes, dem...
Figure 11.8 Waveforms associated with the atom‐based stereo receiver when th...
Figure 11.9 Examples of a digital AM waveform received by the atoms under di...
Figure 11.10 Example of the transmitted probe spectrum for various differenc...
Figure 11.11 Example of the IQ‐diagram from received phase‐modulation signal...
Figure 11.12 WR‐42 rectangular waveguide vapor cell with waveguide dimension...
Figure 11.13 Measurements of the power in the waveguide versus the input pow...
Figure 11.14 Rydberg‐atom based voltage measurement. (a) Cylindrical vapor c...
Figure 11.15 Photograph of a fiber‐coupled atom probe.
Figure 11.16 All‐dielectric fiber‐coupled (FC) Rydberg atom probe is placed ...
Figure 11.17 The setup (a) is the same as in Figure 11.16, but now a scatter...
Figure 11.18 An RF SIG horn is rotated with respect to an LO horn such that ...
Figure 11.19 Received chirp signal.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
Quantum antenna arrays in a complex environment
. Schematic depic...
Figure 12.2
Uniform linear vertical arrays
. Schematic depiction of a uniform...
Figure 12.3
Photon statistics from a linear vertical array
. Linear array of
Figure 12.4
Examples of second‐order photon statistics
. Normalized sec...
Figure 12.5
Engineering the statistics of the emitted photon by tuning the a
...
Figure 12.6
Isotropic single photon sources
. (a) Emitter level structure sho...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Author Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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IEEE Press
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Jeffrey Reed
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Diomidis Spinellis
Ahmet Murat Tekalp
Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems
Edited by
Y. Jay GuoUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, Australia
Richard W. ZiolkowskiUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, Australia
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Cover Images: © Chi Hou Chan, Christopher Holloway, Inigo Liberal, Stefano Maci, Y.P. Zhang, and Richard W. Ziolkowski
We bring to you this book with the hope that our collection of contributions to the science and engineering of electromagnetics from eminent authors from around the world will provide useful knowledge for current and future generations of researchers and will help stimulate creative ideas to achieve advanced wireless technologies for the benefit of humankind.
Author Biographies
Y. Jay Guo is a Distinguished Professor and the founding Director of Global Big Data Technologies Centre (GBDTC) at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. He is the founding Technical Director of the New South Wales Connectivity Innovation Network. Prior to joining UTS in 2014, he served as a Director in CSIRO for over nine years. Before joining CSIRO, he held various senior technology leadership positions in Fujitsu, Siemens and NEC in the United Kingdom. His research interests include antennas, mm‐wave and THz communications, and sensing systems, as well as big data technologies. He has published five books and over 600 research papers including over 280 IEEE Transactions papers, and he holds 26 international patents. His main technical contributions are in the fields of Fresnel antennas, reconfigurable antennas, hybrid antenna arrays, and, most recently, analogue multi‐beam antennas and joint communications and sensing (JCAS) systems for 6G.
Prof Guo is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Engineering and Technology and a Fellow of IEEE. He was a member of the College of Experts of Australian Research Council (ARC, 2016–2018). He has won a number of the most prestigious Australian national awards including the Engineering Excellence Awards (2007, 2012) and CSIRO Chairman's Medal (2007, 2012). He was named one of the most influential engineers in Australia in 2014 and 2015, and one of the top researchers across all fields in Australia in 2020 and 2021, respectively. He and his students have won numerous best paper awards at international conferences.
Prof. Guo has chaired many international conferences and served as a guest editor for a number of IEEE publications. He was the Chair of International Steering Committee, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (2019–2021). He was the International Advisory Committee Chair of IEEE VTC2017, General Chair of ISAP2022, ISAP2015, iWAT2014 and WPMC'2014, and TPC Chair of 2010 IEEE WCNC, and 2012 and 2007 IEEE ISCIT. He served as Guest Editor of special issues on “Low‐Cost Wide‐Angle Beam Scanning Antennas,” “Antennas for Satellite Communications,” and “Antennas and Propagation Aspects of 60–90 GHz Wireless Communications,” all in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Special Issue on “Communications Challenges and Dynamics for Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), and Special Issue on “5G for Mission Critical Machine Communications,” IEEE Network Magazine.
Richard W. Ziolkowski received the B.Sc. (magna cum laude) degree (Hons.) in physics from Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, in 1974; the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, in 1975 and 1980, respectively; and an Honorary Doctorate degree from the Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark in 2012.
Prof. Ziolkowski was the recipient of the 2019 IEEE Electromagnetics Award (IEEE Technical Field Award). He is a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, 1994). He became a Fellow of OPTICA (previously the Optical Society of America, OSA) in 2006 and the American Physical Society () in 2016. He was the 2014–2015 Australian DSTO Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Advanced Science and Technology. He served as the President of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society () in 2005 and has had many other AP‐S leadership roles. He is also actively involved with the International Union of Radio Science (URSI), the European Association on Antennas and Propagation (), and the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE) professional societies.
He is currently a Distinguished Professor in the Global Big Data Technologies Centre in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies (FEIT) at the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW Australia. He became a Professor Emeritus at the University of Arizona in 2018, where he was a Litton Industries John M. Leonis Distinguished Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering and was also a Professor in the College of Optical Sciences. He was the Computational Electronics and Electromagnetics Thrust Area Leader with the Engineering Research Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory before joining The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, in 1990. His current research interests include the application of new mathematical and numerical methods to linear and nonlinear problems dealing with the interaction of electromagnetic and acoustic waves with complex linear and nonlinear media, as well as metamaterials, metamaterial‐inspired structures, nano‐structures, and other classical and quantum applications‐specific configurations.
List of Contributors
Shigeyuki Akiba
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Tokyo
Japan
Shaker Alkaraki
Queen Mary University of London
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science
London
UK
Alexandra B. Artusio‐Glimpse
U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Boulder, CO
USA
Ravi K. Arya
XSL
Zhongshan Institute of CUST
China
Alejandro L. Borja
Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Automática y Comunicaciones Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de Albacete
Albacete
Spain
Chi Hou Chan
State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong)
Hong Kong SAR
China
and
City University of Hong Kong
Department of Electrical Engineering
Hong Kong SAR
China
Ka Fai Chan
State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong)
Hong Kong SAR
China
Prashant Chaudhary
University of Delhi South Campus
Department of Electronic Science
New Delhi
India
Kwun Wing Cheung
State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong)
Hong Kong SAR
China
David B. Davidson
Curtin University
International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research
Perth, WA
Australia
Marco Faenzi
University of Sienna
Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics
Sienna
Italy
Steven Gao
University of Kent
School of Engineering and Digital Arts
Canterbury
UK
José L. Gómez‐Tornero
Technical University of Cartagena
Department of Information and Communication Technologies
Telecommunication Faculty
Cartagena
Spain
David González‐Ovejero
University of Rennes
CNRS
Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR)
Rennes
France
Joshua A. Gordon
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Boulder Laboratories
Boulder, CO
USA
Jiro Hirokawa
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Tokyo
Japan
Christopher L. Holloway
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
U.S. Department of Commerce Boulder Laboratories
Boulder, CO
USA
Y. Jay Guo
University of Technology Sydney
Global Big Data Technologies Centre
New South Wales, Sydney
Australia
James R. Kelly
Queen Mary University of London
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science
London
UK
Iñigo Liberal
Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarre (UPNA)
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
Pamplona
Spain
Qi Luo
University of Hertfordshire, School of Physics
Engineering and Computer Science
Hatfield
UK
Stefano Maci
University of Sienna
Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics
Sienna
Italy
Enrica Martini
University of Sienna
Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics
Sienna
Italy
Raj Mittra
University of Central Florida
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Orlando, FL
USA
and
King Abdulaziz University
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
Abdelkhalek Nasri
University of Central Florida
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Orlando, FL
USA
Matthew T. Simons
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Boulder Laboratories
Boulder, CO
USA
Josaphat T. Sri Sumantyo
Chiba University
Center for Environmental Remote Sensing
Chiba
Japan
Karl F. Warnick
Brigham Young University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Provo, UT
USA
Geng‐Bo Wu
State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong)
Hong Kong SAR
China
Kai Wu
University of Technology Sydney
Global Big Data Technologies Centre
New South Wales, Sydney
Australia
Xue‐xia Yang
Shanghai University
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Shanghai
China
Y. P. Zhang
Nanyang Technological University
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Singapore
Singapore
Richard W. Ziolkowski
Global Big Data Technologies Centre School of Electrical and Data Engineering
University of Technology Sydney
Ultimo, New South Wales
Australia
Preface
We are living in an age of technology acceleration. Over the last two decades, wireless technologies in particular have fundamentally changed the way we live and work. Now, for the majority of us, a life without Wi‐Fi and mobile devices would be unimaginable. We are constantly demanding better mobile connectivity wherever we are. To advance wireless technologies further, research on the sixth generation (6G) wireless communications networks has started in earnest. For antenna researchers and engineers, one big question remains: What will the antenna technologies of the future look like? Instead of consulting a crystal ball, we have invited a number of world‐class antenna researchers to join us in presenting their latest research findings and perspectives. This edited book is the result. It aims to cover some of the hottest and most promising antenna research topics and technologies from the astronomical to the quantum levels. We sincerely hope that the book will stimulate many creative ideas to advance wireless technologies for the future benefit of humankind.
Metamaterials have undoubtedly been one of the hottest antenna research topics over the last two decades. Consequently, we start the book with the latest achievements on beamforming using modulated metasurfaces by Prof. Stefano Maci's group (Italy). Metasurfaces (MTS) are thin metamaterials composed of a dielectric layer loaded with subwavelength inclusions whose geometrical features are properly varied in space to control the resulting macroscopic electromagnetic properties. The inclusions in the microwave range are represented, for example, by printed metallic elements deposited as a regular lattice on top of a dielectric layer. The elements in the terahertz (THz) range include metallic pins protruding from a ground plane. Chapter 1 is particularly focused on a special class of modulated MTS antennas based on the interactions between a cylindrical surface wave (SW) launched from a vertical monopole, and a modulated metasurface. The SW generated by the monopole is perturbed by the modulated boundary conditions (BCs) imposed by the metasurface and subsequently is transformed into a general curvilinear wavefront leaky‐wave (LW) mode. The authors demonstrate how the SW‐MTS interference can be tailored to generate single or multiple radiated beams with a variety of attractive performance characteristics including high gain and shaped patterns for single and dual frequency operations.
Owing to the demand for multi‐beam antennas for 5G and beyond, research interest in Luneburg lens antennas has re‐emerged recently. Chapter 2 presents a number of new concepts for designing practical Luneburg lens antennas and antenna arrays by a group of international authors led by Prof. Raj Mittra (USA). The focus of this chapter is on achieving high antenna gain (>30 dBi) together with a wide‐angle beam scanning capability. It begins with new designs of Luneburg lens antennas supporting beam scanning over a very wide angular range. The feed array design for the lens is then discussed to facilitate beam scanning and the generation of multiple beams. The design of a hemispherical Luneburg lens antenna to reduce the lens volume and height follows. Other topics covered include the gain enhancement of a slotted waveguide antenna array for scanning in both the longitudinal and transverse planes.
Reconfigurable antennas have served as a major research topic over the last two decades. Current endeavors include the development of high performance reconfigurable beamforming antennas and their applications to practical systems in order to reduce system costs and power consumption. Chapter 3, which is contributed by an international team led by Dr. Qi Luo and Prof. Steven Gao (UK), focuses on low‐cost solutions to beam‐reconfigurable directional antennas. In principle, the cost of beamforming antennas can be reduced in two ways, namely, by limiting the number of active antenna elements or by avoiding the use of expensive RF components. Following this premise, a comprehensive overview of a wide range of techniques is presented. These include using low‐bit phase quantization for reflectarray and transmitarray designs, employing active frequency selective surfaces (AFSS) or parasitic elements, introducing mechanically rotated metasurfaces, using lenses with multiple feeds, integrating tunable materials into the antenna design, combining tunable high impedance surface with Fabry‐Perot cavity antennas, using low‐cost beamforming networks, designing fixed‐frequency beam‐scanning leaky wave antennas, and exploiting SIW‐based technologies.
Leaky wave antenna (LWA) innovations have risen steadily in the last decade because of their advantageous low cost and simplicity. Nevertheless, they have not appeared in many practical applications. The frequency scanning feature of conventional LWAs has been largely targeted to radar applications. In Chapter 4, Prof. José Luis Gómez‐Tornero (Spain) presents a fresh investigation into how frequency‐scanning LWAs can be used as low‐cost smart antennas for access points in wireless networks such as those associated with the Internet of Things (IoT). The underlining premise is that one can exploit the inherent frequency dependence of the LWA beam directions to cover different areas using different frequency channels. LWA designs are presented that generate frequency‐scanning directive beams which provide coverage in a desired angular region and which use the frequency channels available in the physical (PHY) layer protocol to facilitate radio access and communications.
The development of 5G millimeter wave (mm‐wave) systems and modern mm‐wave automotive radars are changing the ways we design mm‐wave transceivers. To reduce costs and increase compactness, reliability and performance, a high degree of integration of a transceiver's antennas, and mm‐wave circuits becomes essential. This approach has stimulated the growth and adoption of antenna in package (AiP) technologies. The AiP technology provides a good balance among system performance, size, and cost. Prof. YP Zhang (Singapore) presents a comprehensive overview and future outlook on AiP technologies in Chapter 5. It covers high‐volume manufacturing of AiP modules in low temperature co‐fired ceramic, high‐density interconnects, and fan‐out wafer level packaging technologies. Some important design considerations for AiP radiating elements, feed networks, ground planes, metal fills, shielding structures, and cooling methods are discussed. The issue of over‐the‐air testing of AiP modules in a production line is elaborated. Finally, three examples, i.e. wire‐bond, flip‐chip, and fan‐out AiPs, are given with each representing one of the main AiP fabrication approaches.
The sixth generation (6G) of wireless communications networks are expected to occupy part of the terahertz (THz) spectrum to deliver the promised terabits per second data rates. To this end, there has been accelerated research on THz antennas. Challenges in THz antenna designs include significant metal and dielectric material losses and limited fabrication tolerances. In Chapter 6, the group led by Prof. Chi‐Hou Chan (Hong Kong) presents their latest research on THz lens antennas. They have addressed these practical challenges by developing phase modulation techniques that are integrated into the THz lens antenna designs. In particular, they focus on discrete dielectric lenses (DDLs) as high‐gain THz antenna candidates. DDLs offer a number of advantages such as low loss, simple feeding networks, arbitrary aperture phase control, and ease of fabrication. The authors demonstrate how to utilize inexpensive 3D printing technology to fabricate novel DDL antennas that can generate high‐gain linearly‐polarized (LP) beams. By integrating the THz LP lens with a 3D printed dielectric grating, circularly‐polarized (CP) performance is also demonstrated. Modifications to the phase modulation that occurs at the lens aperture facilitates achieving focused LP and CP beams for THz imaging applications. A THz Bessel beam launcher is realized to obtain a high intensity beam focused over a considerable distance for near‐field ultrahigh‐speed data exchange.
Beamforming is a technology critical to 5G, 6G, and beyond communications networks. To increase user data rates, 5G and beyond metropolitan networks are adopting the concept of densely distributed small cells operating at mm‐wave frequencies. Feeding signals to these small cells whilst supporting cost‐effective beamforming and power efficiency is a major challenge. Profs. Shigeyuki Akiba and Jiro Hirokawa (Japan) present a new photonic approach to address this problem in Chapter 7. They employ a radio‐over‐fiber (RoF) transmission technique and photodiodes integrated with the array antenna elements. The RF signals in such a system are delivered to antennas at 60 GHz through low‐loss optical fibers without changing the signal format. Direct delay control is achieved with variable optical delay devices. Compared with conventional systems using RF cables, their innovative approach avoids the power losses in the cables as well as in the phase shifters. Hence, it circumvents the conventional use of amplifiers. A method for estimating the direction of user equipment (UE), which is necessary for effective analogue beamforming, is also given.
