Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications E-Book

Yongxin Guo

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Microwave and Wireless Technologies Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 619

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications Join the cutting edge of biomedical technology with this essential reference The role of wireless communications in biomedical technology is a significant one. Wireless and antenna-driven communication between telemetry components now forms the basis of cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, cochlear implants, glucose readers, and more. As wireless technology continues to advance and miniaturization progresses, it's more essential than ever that biomedical research and development incorporate the latest technology. Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to wireless technology and its incorporation into the biomedical field. Beginning with an introduction to recent developments in antenna and wireless technology, it analyzes the major wireless systems currently available and their biomedical applications, actual and potential. The result is an essential guide to technologies that have already improved patient outcomes and increased life expectancies worldwide. Readers will also find: * Authored by internationally renowned researchers of wireless technologies * Detailed analysis of CP implantable antennas, wearable antennas, near-field wireless power, and more * Up to 100 figures that supplement the text Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications is a valuable introduction for biomedical researchers and biomedical engineers, as well as for research and development professionals in the medical device industry.

Leseprobe

Microwave and Wireless Technologies Series

Series Editor: Professor Steven (Shichang) Gao, Chair of RF and Microwave Engineering, and the Director of Postgraduate Research at School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, UK.

Microwave and wireless industries have experienced significant development during recent decades. New developments such as 5G mobile communications, broadband satellite communications, high-resolution earth observation, the Internet of Things, the Internet of Space, THz technologies, wearable electronics, 3D printing, autonomous driving, artificial intelligence etc. will enable more innovations in microwave and wireless technologies. The Microwave and Wireless Technologies Book Series aims to publish a number of high-quality books covering topics of areas of antenna theory and technologies, radio propagation, radio frequency, microwave, millimetre-wave and THz devices, circuits and systems, electromagnetic field theory and engineering, electromagnetic compatibility, photonics devices, circuits and systems, microwave photonics, new materials for applications into microwave and photonics, new manufacturing technologies for microwave and photonics applications, wireless systems and networks.

Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical ApplicationsYongxin Guo, Yuan Feng and Changrong LiuFebruary 2024

RF and Microwave Circuit Design: Theory and ApplicationsCharles E. Free, Colin S. AitchisonSeptember 2021

Low-cost Smart AntennasQi Luo, Steven (Shichang) Gao, Wei LiuMarch 2019

Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications

Yongxin Guo

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

National University of Singapore

Singapore

Yuan Feng

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

National University of Singapore

Singapore

Changrong Liu

School of Electronic and Information Engineering

Soochow University

China

This edition first published 2024© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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The right of Yongxin Guo, Yuan Feng and Changrong Liu to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Guo, Yongxin, author. | Feng, Yuan (Researcher), author. | Liu, Changrong (Professor), author.

Title: Antennas and wireless power transfer methods for biomedical applications / Yongxin Guo, Yuan Feng, Changrong Liu.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2024. | Series: Microwave and wireless technologies series | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2023046606 (print) | LCCN 2023046607 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119189916 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119189923 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119189930 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Medical electronics. | Antennas (Electronics) | Wireless communication systems.

Classification: LCC R856.A6 G96 2024 (print) | LCC R856.A6 (ebook) | DDC 610.285–dc23/eng/20231214

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023046606

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023046607

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Weiquan Lin/Moment/Getty Images

Foreword

The journey of innovation has always been a tale of intersections. When seemingly disparate fields merge, they often pave the way for groundbreaking advancements that possess the potential to redefine human experience. “Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications” is a testament to such an intersection – a melding of the intricate world of antenna technology with the domain of biomedical applications. This exploration is not just an academic endeavor but a beacon that points toward a future where healthcare is seamless, efficient, and unobtrusive.

The significance of antennas and wireless communication in our daily lives is undisputed. However, their application in the biomedical realm elevates their importance to another level altogether. The promise of real-time physiological monitoring, remote treatments, and the potential elimination of cumbersome wires and frequent recharging brings us a step closer to a future where patient care is not just effective but also deeply personalized.

From the opening chapter, the reader is provided a glimpse into the vast expanse of possibilities that emerge when biomedical applications are integrated with modern communication techniques. The subsequent chapters delve deep into the specifics, elucidating the complexities of designing miniaturized and multiband implantable antennas, the art and science behind polarization designs, and differential-fed implantable antennas.

The chapters on wearable antennas and capacitive human body communication further expand the horizon, outlining a world where our very body becomes a medium of communication. Yet, for all these advancements to be feasible, power remains central. The sections on near-field and far-field wireless power transfer demystify the magic behind powering these marvels of technology.

By the time one reaches the concluding chapter, it becomes evident that all these threads of knowledge intertwine to create systems that can revolutionize healthcare, as exemplified by the design intricacies of peripheral nerve implants and neurostimulators.

As you embark on this enlightening journey, it is my hope that you not only grasp the technicalities detailed within these pages but also appreciate the broader vision. This is not just a book but a canvas depicting a future where technology and medicine come together to ensure healthier, longer, and more fulfilling lives for all.

It is with great enthusiasm that I commend this invaluable resource to anyone eager to glimpse into the future of biomedical innovations. Let the discoveries within these pages inspire and propel you into a world of boundless potential.

Preface

It is our privilege to present this comprehensive book, “Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer Methods for Biomedical Applications,” a publication that delves into the increasingly essential role that antennas and wireless power transfer technologies play in the realm of biomedical applications. This book provides an in-depth exploration of the latest research and advancements in this intersection of engineering and medical science.

In the contemporary world, the ability to monitor and modulate various physiological and pathological conditions remotely and wirelessly has brought about revolutionary changes in healthcare and treatment modalities. In this context, antennas, with their role in communication, and wireless power transfer methods, enabling remote powering of implantable devices, stand as the twin pillars supporting these advancements.

Chapter 1 introduces the world of biomedical applications and sets the stage for the rest of the book. Here, we traverse the journey of the field, charting out its evolution and contextualizing its relevance in today’s healthcare landscape.

In Chapters 2 and 3, we dive deep into the realm of implantable antennas. We investigate their bandwidth enhancement and miniaturization and tackle the issue of polarization design. Chapter 4 brings a specific focus on differential-fed implantable antennas, exploring the particular challenges and opportunities that they present.

We shift our attention to wearable technologies in Chapter 5, examining the role of antennas in on-body and off-body communication. This is followed by Chapter 6, where we venture into the cutting-edge domain of capacitive human body communication, breaking down its mechanisms and outlining its potential applications.

Chapters 7 and 8 tackle the critical aspect of power delivery to these wireless devices. We provide an extensive examination of near-field and far-field wireless power transfer methods and discuss their respective merits and challenges.

Finally, in Chapter 9, we bring all these aspects together through a system design example. This comprehensive application illustrates the integration of these concepts in the design of peripheral nerve implants and neurostimulators.

This book aims to be a beneficial resource for researchers, academicians, professionals, and students engaged in the design and application of antennas and wireless power transfer techniques for biomedical applications. We have endeavored to present the topics in an accessible and reader-friendly manner while maintaining academic rigor and technical depth.

February 2024, Singapore

Yongxin Guo

Yuan Feng

Changrong Liu

Acknowledgment

We would like to express our sincere appreciation for the valuable contributions of our former PhD students and research staff in this field, including Dr. Kush Agarwal, Dr. Zengdi Bao, Dr. Zhu Duan, Dr. Rangarajan Jegadeesan, Dr. Rongxiang Li, Dr. Yan Li, Dr. Han Wang, Dr. Lijie Xu, Dr. Xiaoqi Zhu, and others.

1Introduction: Toward Biomedical Applications

1.1 Biomedical Devices for Healthcare

The advancement in healthcare and health monitoring technologies has closely paralleled the overarching trajectory of human civilization. In ancient China, for example, practitioners of traditional medicine utilized methodologies such as observation, auditory examination, inquiry, and pulse diagnosis—referred to as “Wang, Wen, Wen, Qie”—to determine an individual’s health status. These practices, marking the earliest recorded instances of health monitoring, underscored the importance of examining physical manifestations, listening to patients’ reported symptoms, inquiring about their medical history, and palpating their pulse in the diagnosis and treatment of various health conditions. Though these methods hinged on subjective assessments, they established an understanding of the crucial linkage between external physical signs and internal health conditions.

With the advent of revolutionary technological and medical breakthroughs, we have embarked on a remarkable journey toward a more precise, quantitative characterization of human health and disease states. This entails harnessing an extensive array of physical, electrical, and chemical indicators in a quest for precise and quantitative comprehension [1] (Figure 1.1). This transition, marking the dawn of modern, data-driven medicine, spurred the development of advanced biomedical devices [2]. These devices integrate sophisticated sensing technologies, data analysis algorithms, and wireless communication capabilities, paving the way for precise and continuous health monitoring [3].

Physical indicators tied to human health include metrics such as heart rate and pulse, which can be gauged through the detection of bodily mechanical movements. Electrical indicators involve signals generated by potential differences within the human body, such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), and electromyograms (EMGs). These electrical signals reflect the electrical activity of the heart, brain, and muscles, respectively, offering valuable insights into the functionality of these vital organs and our overall physiological state.

Chemical indicators, including metrics such as blood oxygen saturation and glucose levels, provide crucial insights into metabolic activities and bodily functions. These parameters are measured using specialized sensors and analytical techniques, facilitating the early detection and proactive management of a myriad of health conditions, ranging from respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases to diabetes.

Figure 1.1 Physical, electrical, and chemical indicators for a human body.

Source: Chen et al. [1]/Springer Nature/CC BY 4.0.

Figure 1.2 Biomedical sensors for health monitoring.

Source: Choi et al. [3]/John Wiley & Sons.

The advent of biomedical devices has revolutionized healthcare by integrating these physical, electrical, and chemical indicators into comprehensive health-monitoring systems, as shown in Figure 1.2. Designed to measure, record, and analyze vital signs, these devices equip healthcare professionals with the data necessary to make informed decisions regarding patient diagnosis, treatment, and care. As technology continues to advance, biomedical devices are becoming increasingly miniaturized, accurate, and interconnected. This evolution not only enables individuals to actively monitor their health, but it also fosters the rise of personalized healthcare models, reshaping the healthcare landscape as we know it.

Over the years, the evolution of biomedical devices for healthcare has been marked by substantial advancements, primarily driven by the growing demand for accurate and tailored health-monitoring solutions. Initially, the focus of biomedical devices centered on recording basic vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure, using analog tools. However, the emergence of digital technology and the drive toward miniaturization have led to the transformation of these devices into intricate systems capable of monitoring a broad spectrum of physiological parameters [4].

The integration of sensor technologies [4], signal processing algorithms [5], and wireless communication capabilities [6] has spearheaded the development of wearable devices [7], remote health-monitoring systems [8], and implantable medical devices [9]. Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, have gained significant popularity due to their ability to provide real-time monitoring of vital signs, physical activity, and sleep patterns. These tools empower individuals to keep track of their health and make informed lifestyle decisions.

Remote monitoring systems have brought about a revolution in healthcare, enabling medical professionals to remotely monitor patients’ health status and intervene as necessary. These systems typically utilize wearable sensors, home-monitoring devices, and mobile applications, facilitating patients to transmit their health data to healthcare providers for analysis and timely intervention. This approach is especially beneficial for individuals with chronic conditions, the elderly, and those residing in remote locations, as it minimizes the need for frequent hospital visits, thereby enhancing overall healthcare accessibility and outcomes.

Implantable medical devices have also played a pivotal role in the advancement of healthcare. These devices are surgically placed inside a human body to monitor and manage specific medical conditions. Examples of such devices include pacemakers for regulating cardiac rhythm disorders, neurostimulators for controlling chronic pain or movement disorders, and implantable glucose monitors for diabetes management. These devices often incorporate wireless communication capabilities to facilitate data transfer and remote monitoring, enabling healthcare professionals to closely track patients’ conditions and adjust treatment protocols accordingly.

The relentless advancements in technology, including miniaturization, improved power efficiency, and enhanced connectivity, have significantly broadened the capabilities of biomedical devices. Further, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms enhances the diagnostic and monitoring abilities of these devices, enabling early detection of irregularities, personalized treatment recommendations, and improved patient outcomes.

In the following sections, we will provide examples of some of the current state-of-the-art wearable and implantable medical devices. These devices showcase the advancements in technology and their potential to revolutionize healthcare.

1.1.1 Wearable Devices

As illustrated in Figure 1.3, wearable devices embody a multitude of forms, merging sophisticated sensing technologies with accessible and user-centric designs [10]. These devices offer an array of capabilities, granting individuals the opportunity to track their health indicators in real-time. Here, we delve into a variety of wearable devices, elucidating their distinct functionalities and application methods.

Figure 1.3 Wearable medical devices used in patient care.

Source: Ref. [10].

Wearable spirometers integrated with masks: Specifically designed for individuals managing respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), these devices make measuring lung function parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), conveniently accessible [11]. The ability to track respiratory health, observe changes in lung function, and adjust medication or treatment plans accordingly equips users with a proactive approach to their health. Additionally, wireless communication technology facilitates data transmission to healthcare providers for remote monitoring and analysis, enabling prompt intervention and personalized care.

Wearable watches and wristbands with integrated blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and pulse monitoring sensors: These devices offer consistent monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure, oxygen saturation levels, and pulse rate. Throughout the day, users can easily track these parameters, fostering early detection of any potential irregularities. This vital information is particularly useful for individuals managing hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or respiratory conditions. Furthermore, wireless connectivity supports seamless transmission of vital sign data to healthcare professionals for remote monitoring, providing real-time feedback and proactive condition management [12].

Body temperature and activity tracking sensors: Devices equipped with temperature sensors and accelerometers empower users to monitor body temperature variations and track their physical activity levels [13]. These devices find versatile applications, including fitness tracking, sleep monitoring, and remote patient monitoring. With wireless connectivity, data is seamlessly transmitted to healthcare providers, allowing for remote assessments and personalized care recommendations based on collected data.

Upper arm wearablecontinuous glucose monitors(CGMs): For individuals managing diabetes, CGMs are invaluable. These devices consistently monitor glucose levels in interstitial fluid, reducing the need for routine finger pricks [14]. Real-time tracking of glucose levels equips users with better glycemic control and informed decision-making regarding insulin administration, dietary choices, and physical activity. The wireless connectivity of CGMs enables data transmission to smartphones or dedicated receivers, supporting remote monitoring by healthcare providers and timely adjustments to diabetes management plans.

Thigh and calf wearable devices for range of motion assessment: In rehabilitation settings, these devices are useful for assessing joint mobility and tracking range of motion [15]. They typically incorporate sensors to capture muscle activity signals and motion data, evaluating progress for patients with musculoskeletal conditions or those recovering from joint surgeries. These devices’ wireless communication capabilities allow collected data to be transmitted to healthcare professionals for remote assessments and guidance, thereby enabling personalized rehabilitation plans and timely adjustments.

Wearabletranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) therapy devices: These devices offer non-invasive pain relief by administering electrical stimulation to specific body areas. Frequently utilized for managing chronic pain conditions such as back pain or arthritis, users can adjust the intensity and frequency of the electrical stimulation to their needs. With the integration of wireless communication technology, TENS devices can be remotely controlled and monitored, enhancing pain management convenience and effectiveness [16].

Insulin pumps: These wearable devices provide individuals with type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes with a consistent, precise insulin delivery method throughout the day [17]. Typically worn on the body, these pumps offer continuous insulin infusion, eliminating the need for multiple daily injections. Their wireless connectivity supports remote monitoring of insulin delivery, facilitating personalized insulin dose adjustments, and easing diabetes management.

Smart gloves[18]: Particularly beneficial for rehabilitation purposes, these gloves assist individuals with hand injuries or neurological conditions affecting hand movements. Incorporating sensors that capture hand movements, smart gloves offer real-time feedback and guidance during rehabilitation exercises. The wireless connectivity enables remote monitoring by healthcare professionals and supports personalized rehabilitation plans and progress tracking.

Holter monitors and ECG patches: These wearable devices provide long-term ECG monitoring. While Holter monitors [19] are typically portable devices, ECG patches [20] are adhesive patches that adhere directly to the skin. Both continuously record the heart’s electrical activity over an extended period, facilitating the detection and analysis of abnormal cardiac rhythms or arrhythmias. Their wireless connectivity allows for remote monitoring and immediate intervention in case of critical events.

Wearable cardioverter defibrillators(WCDs)[21]: These external devices continuously monitor the heart’s electrical activity, prepared to deliver a shock to restore normal heart rhythm in the event of a life-threatening arrhythmia. WCDs are prescribed for individuals at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest, providing temporary protection until definitive treatment can be administered. The wireless connectivity enables remote monitoring by healthcare professionals, ensuring prompt detection of arrhythmias and appropriate intervention.

These wearable devices underscore the transformation of healthcare through technology, empowering individuals to monitor their health metrics, manage chronic diseases, and facilitate remote healthcare collaborations. The incorporation of wireless communication technology enables seamless data transmission, remote observation, and personalized healthcare provision. As the wearable devices field continues to progress, we can look forward to more sophisticated advancements in miniaturization, precision, and connectivity, heralding a new era of personalized and preventive healthcare.

1.1.2 Implantable Devices

As depicted in Figure 1.4, implantable devices are meticulously engineered for surgical implantation within the body, providing enduring therapeutic advantages and substantially enhancing the quality of life for patients. In this segment, we delve into a variety of implantable devices, including pacemakers, artificial cochlea, medication pumps, capsule endoscopic systems, and neurostimulators, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS).

Figure 1.4 Implantable medical devices used in patient care.

Source: Mayo Clinic.

Pacemakers: Utilized to manage abnormal heart rhythms or combat bradycardia (a slow heart rate), pacemakers are implantable devices comprising a compact electronic unit and one or more leads that dispatch electrical impulses to the heart muscle, aiding in maintaining a regular heartbeat [22]. They incessantly monitor the heart’s electrical activity and deliver stimulation as needed. Tailored to individual requirements, pacemakers can be programmed and adjusted remotely due to advancements in wireless communication technology, thus permitting healthcare providers to ensure optimal device performance.

Artificial Cochlea: More commonly known as cochlear implants [23]