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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
An updated guide to the interaction between solids, liquids, and gases and their application to numerous everyday processes
The revised and updated second edition of Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry offers a comprehensive introduction to this interdisciplinary field that takes a practical approach and includes information on applications drawn from a wide range of industries. The easy-to-follow text contains new content that focuses on applications such as the prevention of propeller cavitation, industrial explosives, PFAS contamination, and bubble column evaporators.
With contributions from noted experts on the topic, the book contains keynote sections written by practicing industrial research scientists, who highlight real-world industrial examples. These examples range from water treatment through to soil management as well as examples from the coatings and photographic industries. Designed as an accessible resource, the book separates the more demanding mathematical derivations from the main text. The text features approachable, structured chapters, learning objectives, tutorial questions with answers, and explanatory notes. This important book:
- Offers a combination of physicochemical background, industrial, and everyday applications and experiments
- Underlines the importance of colloidal sciences in science and industry
- Presents real-world industrial applications
- Includes tried and tested laboratory experiments
Written for students of chemistry, materials science, and engineering, Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Second Edition offers an updated guide to soft matter presenting the bridge between science, with proven laboratory experiments, and real-world industrial applications.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction
INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURE OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
THE FORCES INVOLVED IN COLLOIDAL STABILITY
TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS
THE LINK BETWEEN COLLOIDS AND SURFACES
WETTING PROPERTIES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
Appendix
2 Surface Tension and Wetting
THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE FORCE AND ENERGY DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE TENSION AND SURFACE ENERGY
DERIVATION OF THE LAPLACE PRESSURE EQUATION
METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUIDS
CAPILLARY RISE AND A FREE ENERGY ANALYSIS
THE KELVIN EQUATION
THE SURFACE ENERGY AND COHESION OF SOLIDS
THE CONTACT ANGLE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR CONSIDERATION/TYPICAL QUESTIONS
FOR CONSIDERATION/TYPICAL QUESTIONS
3 The Prevention of Fluid Cavitation
A SHORT HISTORY OF CAVITATION IN FLUIDS
THEORETICAL PREDICTION OF THE LINK BETWEEN DEGASSING AND CAVITATION PRESSURE
QUESTIONS
4 Thermodynamics of Adsorption
BASIC SURFACE THERMODYNAMICS
THE GIBBS ADSORPTION ISOTHERM
DETERMINATION OF SURFACTANT ADSORPTION DENSITIES
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR CONSIDERATION/ TYPICAL QUESTIONS
5 Surfactants and Self‐Assembly
INTRODUCTION TO SURFACTANTS
THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACTANT SELF‐ASSEMBLY
SELF‐ASSEMBLED SURFACTANT STRUCTURES
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR CONSIDERATION/TYPICAL QUESTIONS
6 PFAS Contamination
BACKGROUND TO PFAS CONTAMINATION
SO HOW DO WE REMOVE PFAS COMPOUNDS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT?
A SURFACE CHEMISTRY APPROACH
7 Emulsions and Microemulsions
THE CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO FORM EMULSIONS AND MICROEMULSIONS
PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS
EMULSIONS IN FOOD SCIENCE
EMULSIONS USED FOR EXPLOSIVES IN MINING OPERATIONS
8 Charged Colloids
THE FORMATION OF CHARGED COLLOIDS IN WATER
THE DEBYE LENGTH
THE SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY
THE ZETA POTENTIAL
THE HUCKEL EQUATION (
κa
< 0.1)
THE SMOLUCHOWSKI EQUATION (
κa
> 100)
CORRECTIONS TO THE SMOLUCHOWSKI EQUATION
THE ZETA POTENTIAL AND FLOCCULATION
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERS
THE DERJAGUIN APPROXIMATION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR CONSIDERATION/TYPICAL QUESTIONS
9 Van Der Waals Forces and Colloid Stability
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF VAN DER WAALS FORCES AND THE LENNARD‐JONES POTENTIAL
DISPERSION FORCES
RETARDED FORCES
VAN DER WAALS FORCES BETWEEN MACROSCOPIC BODIES
THEORY OF THE HAMAKER CONSTANT
USE OF HAMAKER CONSTANTS
THE DLVO THEORY OF COLLOID STABILITY
10 Bubble Coalescence, Foams and Thin Surfactant Films
THIN‐LIQUID‐FILM STABILITY AND THE EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS
THIN‐FILM ELASTICITY
REPULSIVE FORCES IN THIN LIQUID FILMS
FROTH FLOTATION
THE LANGMUIR TROUGH
11 Bubble Column Evaporators
THE BUBBLE COLUMN EVAPORATOR PROCESS
BUBBLE WATER VAPOUR EQUILIBRATION
BUBBLE RISE VELOCITY
THERMAL ENERGY BALANCE IN THE BCE
FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE BUBBLE COLUMN EVAPORATOR (BCE)
BCE FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING
SEAWATER DESALINATION USING THE BUBBLE COLUMN EVAPORATOR
ENHANCED SUPERSATURATED BUBBLE COLUMN DESALINATION
ENHANCED BUBBLE COLUMN DESALINATION USING HELIUM AS A CARRIER GAS
WATER STERILIZATION USING BCE
THERMOLYSIS OF SOLUTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
INHIBITION OF PARTICLE GROWTH IN A BCE
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Experimental results of the degassing effects on cavitation observe...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1
Chapter 7
Table 7.1
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4 Critical Coagulation Concentrations (in mM).
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Scanning electron microscope image of dried mono‐disperse silica ...
Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram to illustrate the complete bonding of liquid mo...
Figure 1.3 Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the silanol groups at th...
Figure 1.4 Water molecules can only weakly interact (by vdw forces) with a m...
Figure 1.5 A non‐wetting water droplet on the surface of methylated, hydroph...
Figure 1.6 Clean glass flask with water wetting film and start of mist layer...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Photograph of a soap bubble.
Figure 2.2 Photograph of flat soap film with a variety of drainage thickness...
Figure 2.3 Diagram of a soap film stretched on a wire frame.
Figure 2.4 Diagram of a spherical air bubble in water.
Figure 2.5 Schematic illustration of particles (e.g. boiling chips) used to ...
Figure 2.6 Photograph and diagram of a pendant liquid drop in air at the end...
Figure 2.7 Example of a theoretical calculation of the shape of a liquid dro...
Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram of the rise of a liquid that wets the inside wa...
Figure 2.9 Schematic diagram of the shape of the meniscus for complete wetti...
Figure 2.10 Schematic diagram of the concentration of fruit juice via water ...
Figure 2.11 The calculated Laplace pressure generated across a curved interf...
Figure 2.12 Schematic diagram showing that the equilibrium vapour pressure c...
Figure 2.13 Capillary condensation of water vapour into a crack.
Figure 2.14 Diagram of a sessile droplet.
Figure 2.15 Graph of the relative vapour pressure against radius of the corr...
Figure 2.16 Diagram of the Wilhelmy plate method for measuring the surface t...
Figure 2.17 Ideal experiment designed to measure the work required to create...
Figure 2.18 An advancing water droplet on Teflon.
Figure 2.19 Diagram of a sessile droplet.
Figure 2.20 Diagram of the three‐phase line and its perturbation to determin...
Figure 2.21 Balance of surface energies at the TPL gives the Young equation ...
Figure 2.22 Typical plot of the measured contact angles of a range of liquid...
Figure 2.23 Diagram of a bubble selectively collecting hydrophobic particles...
Figure 2.24 Two spherical particles held together by a water meniscus.
Figure 2.25 Colloidal particle attached to a solid surface by a water menisc...
Figure 2.26 Schematic diagram of a cylindrical rod pulled from a liquid surf...
Figure 2.27 Illustration of the force pulling on the rod as a function of he...
Figure 2.28 Diagram of the apparatus used to measure the surface tension of ...
Figure 2.29 Contact angle made by a sessile droplet.
Figure 2.30 Schematic diagram of the contact angle apparatus.
Figure 2.31 Methylation of the silica surface.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 This diagram illustrates the theoretical calculation of the energ...
Figure 3.2 Experimental data which shows the effect of degassed levels on th...
Figure 3.3 Calculated cavitation pressures for water obtained using Equation...
Figure 3.4 Effect of degassing on cavitation pressure in water.
Figure 3.5 Photograph of a propeller used to study cavitation in the laborat...
Figure 3.6 Cavitation occurring in air‐equilibrated water at atmospheric pre...
Figure 3.7 Cavitation produced in the left‐hand beaker following pressure re...
Figure 3.8 Complete cavitation prevention after gassed water was replaced wi...
Figure 3.9 Cavitation occurring in flowing tap water at atmospheric pressure...
Figure 3.10 Cavitation was completely prevented in gassed tap water after fl...
Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram of stationary or boundary layer formation as a...
Figure 3.12 Calculated degassing level produced in a thin (quiescent) film o...
Figure 3.13 Proposed cavitation number applied to systems with different deg...
Figure 3.14 Photograph of a system used to study membrane degassing effects ...
Figure 3.15 Vacuum pump system to study the effects of degassing on cavitati...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Diagram of the variation in solute concentration at an interface ...
Figure 4.2 Diagram to illustrate the change in surface energy caused by the ...
Figure 4.3 Typical experimental graph of measured surface energy versus conc...
Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a pore that can be formed in clay crystal do...
Figure 4.5 Surface tension data for aqueous solutions of a surfactant with a...
Figure 4.6 Schematic diagram of the decrease in surface tension with concent...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of surfactant molecules adsorbed at the water/a...
Figure 5.2 Diagram illustrating the sharp change in a range of solution prop...
Figure 5.3 Schematic diagram of a surfactant micelle.
Figure 5.4 Sudan yellow is a water‐insoluble organic dye, seen at the bottom...
Figure 5.5 Calculated concentrations of micelles, CTA
+
and Br
−
ions fo...
Figure 5.6 Use of the critical packing parameter to predict surfactant aggre...
Figure 5.7 Illustration of the removal of hydrophobic oil from a fibre using...
Figure 5.8 Diagram of how surfactant molecules can stabilize water droplets ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Photograph of a water droplet (left) and a droplet of tetradecane...
Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of the origin of the hydrophobic attraction bet...
Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of the mode of action of a chelating surfactant...
Figure 6.4 Sodium octanate or sodium octylsulfonate.
Figure 6.5 Cocamidopropyl betaine or lauramidopropyl betaine and hexaethylen...
Figure 6.6 Suitable foam/bubbling flotation tube with pore size 2 glass sint...
Figure 6.7 Foam or co‐flotation separation apparatus for removal of PFAS mod...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Light hydrocarbon oil droplets, coloured by (blue) azulene dye, p...
Figure 7.2 Illustration of the effect of an adsorbed surfactant layer on the...
Figure 7.3 Oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilized by the addition of surfactants....
Figure 7.4 Schematic diagram of the types of structures formed at different ...
Figure 7.5 Schematic diagram of the emulsion polymerization process.
Figure 7.6 Simplified model of the type of structures formed in emulsion‐bas...
Figure 7.7 A typical three‐phase triangular diagram for emulsions.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Diagram illustrating the ionisation of a surface immersed in air ...
Figure 8.2 The diffuse electrical double layer in aqueous solution next to a...
Figure 8.3 The one‐dimensional case of a flat surface.
Figure 8.4 Estimates of the decay in electrostatic potential away from a cha...
Figure 8.5 Estimates of the Cl
−
counter‐ion concentration away from a ...
Figure 8.6 Estimates of the Na+ co‐ion concentration away from a flat charge...
Figure 8.7 Simple model of the diffuse, averaged electrical double layer aro...
Figure 8.8 Schematic diagram of the balance in forces acting on a fluid elem...
Figure 8.9 Diagram of a charged colloid moving in a fluid under the action o...
Figure 8.10 Theoretical calculations of the corrections required to obtain z...
Figure 8.11 Measured zeta potentials of ferric flocs as a function of concen...
Figure 8.12 Schematic diagram of non‐interacting and interacting charged sur...
Figure 8.13 Diagram used to explain the Derjaguin approximation for the inte...
Figure 8.14 Morphologies from rohm and haas Company.
Figure 8.15 Ionisation of the surface of silica in water.
Figure 8.16 Diagram of the dark‐field illumination system used to visualise ...
Figure 8.17 Photograph of a Rank Bros MK 2 microelectrophoresis instrument....
Figure 8.18 Rectangular quartz cell used to measure electromobility.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Interaction energy between two molecules.
Figure 9.2 Bjerrrum four‐point‐charge model for water.
Figure 9.3 Diagram of two planar surfaces separated by distance
L
.
Figure 9.4 Diagram of two colloidal spheres separated by distance
D
.
Figure 9.5 Electric field around two charged plates of a capacitor.
Figure 9.6 Effect of a dielectric material on the electric field within a ca...
Figure 9.7 Typical responses for the real and imaginary components of the di...
Figure 9.8 Two interacting identical colloidal particles.
Figure 9.9 Some typical DLVO interaction curves.
Figure 9.10 Measured DLVO forces between two molecularly smooth mica surface...
Figure 9.11 The first time an AFM was used to measure surface forces between...
Figure 9.12 Theoretical DLVO calculation of the interaction energy between t...
Figure 9.13 Schematic diagram of the film formation process of latex paints....
Figure 9.14 Atomic force microscope image of the surface of a drying latex p...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Illustration of the reduction in total surface area by the fusio...
Figure 10.2 Deformation of rapidly colliding air bubbles in water.
Figure 10.3 Surface correlated wave model to explain water film rupture.
Figure 10.4 Surfactant adsorption at the surface of the bubbles stabilises t...
Figure 10.5 The effect of instantaneous stretching of a soap film.
Figure 10.6 Typical foam formation.
Figure 10.7 Schematic diagram of the effect of drainage under gravity on the...
Figure 10.8 Schematic diagram of a simple monolayer and bilayer surfactant a...
Figure 10.9 Photograph of hydrophobic powdered talc spread uniformly on the ...
Figure 10.10 Instantaneous removal of the talc in the centre caused by the a...
Figure 10.11 Schematic diagram of the forces acting on a (Teflon) beam separ...
Figure 10.12 Schematic sectional diagram of a Langmuir trough showing a surf...
Figure 10.13 Diagram of a typical Langmuir trough apparatus.
Figure 10.14 Langmuir‐Blodgett coating of a surfactant monolayer.
Figure 10.15 Atomic force microscope image of a Langmuir‐Blodgett surfactant...
Figure 10.16 Typical film pressure isotherm for a surfactant monolayer.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Diagrammatic summary of several applications of the BCE.
Figure 11.2 The effect of added salt on bubble coalescence.
Figure 11.3 High‐density (non‐boiling) bubble column formed to desalinate se...
Figure 11.4 The relationship between rise velocity of isolated bubbles and b...
Figure 11.5 Schematic diagram of a basic BCE apparatus.
Figure 11.6 Schematic diagram of a monitored BCE apparatus used for the stud...
Figure 11.7 Schematic diagram of a proposed mechanism for helium‐catalysed B...
Figure 11.8 Glass apparatus for measuring the enthalpy of vaporization of co...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendices
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry
Second Edition
RICHARD M. PASHLEY
University of New South Wales CanberraAustralia
MARILYN E. KARAMAN
University of New South Wales CanberraAustralia
This second edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd (1e, 2004)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Richard M. Pashley and Marilyn E. Karaman to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Pashley, Richard M., author. | Karaman, Marilyn E., author.Title: Applied colloid and surface chemistry / Richard M. Pashley, University of New South Wales Canberra, Canberra, Australia, Marilyn E. Karaman, University of New South Wales Canberra, Canberra, Australia.Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021031901 (print) | LCCN 2021031902 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119739128 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119740001 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119740018 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Colloids. | Surface chemistry.Classification: LCC QD549 .P275 2021 (print) | LCC QD549 (ebook) | DDC 541/.345–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031901LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031902
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Those that can, teach.
Sit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, followhumbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature leads, or you shall learn nothing.
Thomas Henry Huxley (1860)
Preface
The first edition of this book was written following several years of teaching this material to third year undergraduate and honours students in the Department of Chemistry at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Science students are increasingly interested in the application of their studies to the real world, and colloid and surface chemistry is an area which offers many opportunities to apply learned understanding to everyday and industrial examples. There is a lack of resource materials with this focus, and so we produced the first edition with many industrial examples.
This second edition extends this to include several more recent and topical industrial innovations. It is still intended to take chemistry or physics students with no background in the area to the level where they are able to understand many natural phenomena and industrial processes and are able to consider potential areas of new research. It involves the study of the interaction between solids, liquids and gases and their application to numerous everyday processes.
Colloid and surface chemistry spans the very practical to the very theoretical, and less mathematical students may wish to skip some of the more involved derivations. However, they should be able to do this and still maintain a good basic understanding of the fundamental principles involved. It should be remembered that a thorough knowledge of theory can act as a barrier to progress, through the inhibition of further investigation. Students asking ignorant but intelligent questions can often stimulate valuable new research areas.
The book contains some recommended experiments, which we have found to work well and stimulate students to consider both the fundamental theory and industrial applications. Sample questions have also been included in some sections, with detailed answers available on our web site.
Although the text has been primarily aimed at students, researchers in cognate areas may also find some of the topics stimulating. A reasonable background in chemistry or physics is all that is required.
We also would like to gratefully acknowledge important contributions from several students, including John Antony and Mojtaba Taseidifar (for Chapter 3) and Mathew Francis and Rui Wei (for Chapter 11).
Richard M. PashleyMarilyn E. KaramanOctober 2020
About the Companion Website
This book is accompanied by a companion website.
www.wiley.com/go/pashley/appliedcolloid2e
This website includes:
Powerpoint slides of Figures from the book
