Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3121

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The completely revised third edition of this four-volume classic is fully updated and now includes such topics as as CH-activation and multicomponent reactions. It describes the most important reaction types, new methods and recent developments in catalysis.
The internationally renowned editors and a plethora of international authors (including Nobel laureate R. Noyori) guarantee high quality content throughout the book.
A "must read" for everyone in academia and industry working in this field.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface to the Third Edition

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Historical Pathways

1.2 Topical Developments Since Year 2000

1.3 Organization of the Third Edition

1.4 Historical Glossary

References

Part A: Applied Homogeneous Catalysis

Chapter 2: Hydroformylation

2.1 General Aspects

2.2 Conventional Processes

2.3 Aqueous-Phase Process

References

Chapter 3: Carbonylation

3.1 Carbonylation: Introduction and General Aspects

3.2 Carbonylation of Methanol and its Derivatives to Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride

3.3 Alkyne Carbonylation

3.4 Aryl-X and Related Carbonylations

3.5 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylations

3.6 Alternating Copolymerization with Carbon Monoxide

References

Chapter 4: Polymerization and Copolymerization

4.1 General Aspects

4.2 Metallocene-Catalyzed Polyolefins

4.3 Post- and Non-metallocenes for Olefin Insertion Polymerization

4.4 Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Organometallic Complexes-Based Catalysts

4.5 Polycarbonates

References

Chapter 5: Oligomerization, Cyclooligomerization, Dimerization

5.1 Selective Production of 1-Hexene and 1-Octene

5.2 Dimerization and Selective Oligomerization – Selected Examples of Industrial Applications

5.3 Telomerization of 1,3-Butadiene

5.4 Cyclotrimerization Reactions of Alkynes

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 6: Cross Coupling Reactions

6.1 Coupling Reactions: Introduction and General Aspects

6.2 Industrial Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

6.3 Ligand-Enabled Palladium-Catalyzed C—N and C—O Bond Formations from Aryl Halides, Tosylates and Mesylates

References

Chapter 7: Oxidation

7.1 General Aspects

7.2 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids

7.3 Oxidation of Olefins to Carbonyl Compounds (Wacker Process)

7.4 Radical Chain Oxidations

7.5 Manganese and Iron Bleaching Catalysts

7.6 Catalytic Decarbonylative and Decarboxylative Processes

7.7 Oxidation of Phenols

References

Chapter 8: Hydrosilylation and Related Reactions of Silicon Compounds

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Hydrosilylation of Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds

8.3 Chemo- and Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Unsaturated Carbon–Heteroatom Bonds

8.4 Silicometallics and Catalysis

References

Chapter 9: Hydrogenation

9.1 Industrial Application of Asymmetric Hydrogenation

9.2 Hydrogenation of Esters

Abbreviations

References

Part B: Recent Developments

Subpart 1: Catalysts

Chapter 10: New Trends in Organometallic Catalysts

10.1 Iron Catalysis

10.2 Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Nucleophiles: History, Renaissance and Scalable Reactions

10.3 Rare Earth Metal Catalysts

10.4 Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts

References

Chapter 11: New Ligands

11.1 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes

11.2 Phosphorus Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis

11.3 Host–Guest Relations and Self-Organization in Homogeneous Catalysis

11.4 Micellar Catalysis

11.5 Switchable Catalysis

11.6 Catalysis with Transition Metal Pincer Complexes

11.7 Biocatalysis

References

Subpart 2: Methods

Chapter 12: Computational Investigations into the Heck Type Reaction Mechanisms

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Oxidative Addition

12.3 Regioselectivity

12.4 Stereoselectivity

12.5 Alternative Mechanism Involving a Pd(II/IV) Redox System

12.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 13: Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects of Homogeneously Catalyzed Processes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Kinetics in Homogeneous Catalysis

13.3 Aspects of Catalyst Recycling

13.4 Symbols

References

Chapter 14: Supported Liquid Phase Catalysis

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Support Materials

14.3 Thin Film Coating Materials

14.4 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 15: Recent Advances in Surface Organometallic Chemistry

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Strategy and Methods

15.3 A Decade of Development of Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts

15.4 New Directions

15.5 Challenges and Perspectives

References

Chapter 16: High Throughput Screening of Homogeneous Catalysts: Selected Trends and Applications in Process Development

16.1 Summary

References

Chapter 17: Homogeneous Photocatalysis with Organometallic Compounds

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Metal Carbonyl Catalyzed Reactions

17.3 Copper (I) Catalyzed [2+2] Photocycloadditions of Alkenes

17.4 Photochemical Electron Transfer Mediated Reactions

17.5 Photochemically Supported C—H Activation with Organometal Compounds

17.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Electrochemical Water Oxidation and Reduction Catalyzed by Organometallic Compounds

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Electrochemical Water Oxidation to O2 Catalyzed by Organometallic Compounds

18.3 Electrochemical Water Reduction to H2 Catalyzed by Organometallic Compounds

18.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook

References

Chapter 19: Metal-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Multicomponent Carbonylation Reactions

19.3 Multicomponent Cross-Coupling Reactions

19.4 Metallacycles in Multicomponent Reactions

19.5 Multicomponent Approaches to 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

19.6 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 20: Supercritical Fluids as Advanced Media for Reaction and Separation in Homogeneous Catalysis

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Organometallic Catalysis in Supercritical Fluids

20.3 Organometallic Catalysis in CO2-Expanded Liquid Phases

20.4 Supercritical CO2-Based Multiphase Systems for Continuous-Flow Homogeneous Catalysis

20.5 Summary and Outlook

References

Subpart 3: Special Reactions

Chapter 21: Carbonylation of Nitroarenes and Aromatic Amines

21.1 Present Synthesis of Isocyanates via the Phosgene Route

21.2 Alternative Carbonylation Strategies towards Carbonic Acid Derivatives

21.3 Overview

21.4 Reductive Carbonylation of Nitroarenes

21.5 Redox Carbonylation of Nitroarenes and Aromatic Amines According to (21.4) and (21.5)

21.6 Oxidative Carbonylation of Aromatic Amines According to (21.6) and (21.7)

21.7 Summary

References

Chapter 22: Pauson–Khand Reaction

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Co-Catalyzed Reaction

22.3 Ti-Catalyzed Reaction

22.4 Ru-Catalyzed Reaction

22.5 Rh-Catalyzed Reaction

22.6 Ir-Catalyzed Reaction

22.7 Summary

References

Chapter 23: C—H Activation Coupling Reactions

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Mechanisms of C—H Bond Activation

23.3 Selectivity of Competitive C—H Bond Activations

23.4 Functionalization of Alkanes and C(sp3)-H Bonds

23.5 Aromatic C—H Transformations

23.6 Alkylation of Nitrogen Heterocycles

23.7 Hydroacylation of Alkenes and Alkynes

23.8 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 24: Metathesis

24.1 Historical Background (Introduction)

24.2 Reaction Mechanism

24.3 Homogeneous Catalytic Systems

24.4 Industrial Applications

24.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 25: The Value and Application of Transition Metal Catalyzed Alkene Isomerization in Industry

25.1 Introductory Remarks and Mechanistic Considerations

25.2 Isomerization of Non-functionalized Alkenes

25.3 Isomerization of Functionalized Alkenes

25.4 Recent Developments

25.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 26: Catalysis and Scope of the Hydroamination of Non-activated CC Multiple Bonds

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Rare-Earth and Actinide Metals as Hydroamination Catalysts

26.3 Hydroamination Catalysts Based on Group 4/5 Metals

26.4 Hydroamination Catalysts Based on Alkaline-Earth Metals

26.5 Late Transition-Metal Complexes as Homogeneous Hydroamination Catalysts

26.6 Heterogeneous and Immobilized Hydroamination Catalysts

26.7 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes and Alkynes

26.8 Base-Catalyzed Hydroamination

26.9 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 27: Catalytic Amide Bond Forming Methods

27.1 Amidation of Carboxylic Acids

27.2 Transamidation

27.3 Amidation of Esters

27.4 Amidation of Aldehydes (Without Oxime Intermediates)

27.5 Amidation of Alcohols

27.6 Amidation of Nitriles

27.7 Oxime/Oxime Intermediates to Amides

27.8 Aminocarbonylations

27.9 Miscellaneous Amidations

27.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 28: Synthesis of Heterocycles by Pd-catalyzed and Pd-catalysis Initiated Multi-component Reactions

28.1 Introduction

28.2 MCR by Insertion of Allenes

28.3 MCR by Insertion of Carbon Monoxide

28.4 MCR by Insertion of Alkenes and Alkynes

28.5 MCR by Initial Sonogashira Alkynylation

28.6 MCR by Carbonylative Sonogashira Alkynylation

28.7 MCR by Catalytic Enamine Generation and Arylation

28.8 Conclusion

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 29: Metal-Catalyzed Baeyer–Villiger Oxidations

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Oxidation of Cyclobutanones

29.3 Oxidation of Other Ketones

29.4 BV in Water

29.5 Organic and Heterogeneous Catalysis

29.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Dihydroxylations of Olefins and Related Reactions

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Osmium

30.3 Ruthenium

30.4 Iron

References

Chapter 31: Selective Alkane Oxidation

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Iron-Based Catalysts

31.3 Manganese-Based Catalysts

31.4 Chromium-Based Catalysts

31.5 Vanadium-Based Catalysts

31.6 Ruthenium-Based Catalysts

31.7 Metalloporphyrins as Catalysts

31.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Catalytic Click Reactions

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC)

32.3 Effect of Substrates and Environment on the CuAAC Reaction

32.4 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (RuAAC)

32.5 Other Types of Click Reactions

References

Chapter 33: Sulfur in Catalysis

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Sulfur as a Coordination Atom of the Ligand, or as Part of the Ligand

33.3 The Substrate Contains a Sulfur Atom

33.4 Formation of Carbon—Sulfur Bonds by Catalysis

33.5 Bioinspired Catalyst Design

33.6 Conclusion

References

Subpart 4: Alternative Feedstocks

Chapter 34: Oleochemistry

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Processing of Fatty Acids and Glycerol

34.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 35: Homogeneous Catalysis with CO2 as a Building Block: An Industrial Perspective

References

Chapter 36: The Role of Homogeneous Catalysis in the Conversion of Biomass and Biomass Derived Platform Chemicals

36.1 Introduction

36.2 (Hemi-)Cellulose and Sugars

36.3 Lignin

36.4 Oils and Fats

References

Subpart 5: Catalysis for Energy

Chapter 37: Photochemical Hydrogen Production with Earth-Abundant Metal Complexes as Molecular Catalysts

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Photocatalytic H2-Evolving Systems with Iron Complexes as Catalysts

37.3 Photocatalytic H2-Evolving Systems with Cobalt Complexes as Catalysts

37.4 Photocatalytic H2-Evolving Systems with a Nickel Complex as Catalyst

37.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook

References

Chapter 38: Water-Gas Shift Reaction

38.1 Introduction and Definition

38.2 Mechanism

38.3 Application

38.4 Water-Gas Shift Reaction in Chemical Industry

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Table 3.10

Table 3.11

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

Table 4.13

Table 4.14

Table 4.15

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Table 5.9

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

Table 5.12

Table 5.13

Table 5.14

Table 5.15

Table 5.16

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table 6.10

Table 6.11

Table 6.12

Table 6.13

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 9.7

Table 9.8

Table 9.9

Table 9.10

Table 9.11

Table 9.12

Table 9.13

Table 9.14

Table 9.15

Table 9.16

Table 9.17

Table 9.18

Table 9.19

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 14.5

Table 14.6

Table 14.7

Table 14.8

Table 14.9

Table 14.10

Table 14.11

Table 14.12

Table 14.13

Table 14.14

Table 14.15

Table 14.16

Table 14.17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 24.3

Table 26.1

Table 26.2

Table 26.3

Table 26.4

Table 26.5

Table 32.1

Table 34.1

Table 36.1

Table 36.2

Table 37.1

Table 37.2

Table 37.3

Table 37.4

Table 37.5

Table 37.6

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Scheme 1.1

Figure 1.2

Scheme 1.2

Figure 1.3

Scheme 2.1

Scheme 2.2

Scheme 2.3

Scheme 2.4

Scheme 2.5

Scheme 2.6

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Scheme 2.7

Scheme 2.8

Scheme 2.9

Scheme 2.10

Scheme 2.11

Scheme 2.12

Scheme 2.13

Scheme 2.14

Scheme 2.15

Scheme 2.16

Scheme 2.17

Figure 2.8

Scheme 2.18

Figure 2.9

Scheme 2.19

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Scheme 2.20

Figure 2.12

Scheme 2.21

Figure 2.13

Scheme 2.22

Scheme 2.23

Scheme 2.24

Scheme 2.25

Scheme 2.26

Figure 2.14

Scheme 2.27

Scheme 2.28

Scheme 2.29

Scheme 2.30

Scheme 2.31

Scheme 2.32

Scheme 2.33

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Scheme 3.1

Scheme 3.2

Scheme 3.3

Scheme 3.4

Scheme 3.5

Scheme 3.6

Scheme 3.7

Scheme 3.8

Scheme 3.9

Scheme 3.10

Scheme 3.11

Scheme 3.12

Figure 3.1

Scheme 3.13

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Scheme 3.14

Scheme 3.15

Scheme 3.16

Scheme 3.17

Scheme 3.18

Scheme 3.19

Scheme 3.20

Scheme 3.21

Figure 3.4

Scheme 3.22

Scheme 3.23

Scheme 3.24

Scheme 3.25

Scheme 3.26

Scheme 3.27

Scheme 3.28

Scheme 3.29

Scheme 3.30

Scheme 3.31

Scheme 3.32

Scheme 3.33

Scheme 3.34

Scheme 3.35

Scheme 3.36

Scheme 3.37

Scheme 3.38

Scheme 3.39

Scheme 3.40

Scheme 3.41

Scheme 3.42

Figure 3.5

Scheme 3.43

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Scheme 3.44

Figure 3.8

Scheme 3.45

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Scheme 3.46

Scheme 3.47

Figure 3.12

Scheme 3.48

Scheme 3.49

Scheme 3.50

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Scheme 3.51

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Scheme 4.1

Figure 4.13

Scheme 4.2

Scheme 4.3

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Scheme 4.4

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24

Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26

Figure 4.27

Figure 4.28

Scheme 4.5

Figure 4.29

Figure 4.30

Figure 4.31

Figure 4.32

Figure 4.33

Scheme 4.6

Figure 4.34

Figure 4.35

Figure 4.36

Scheme 4.7

Scheme 4.8

Scheme 4.9

Scheme 4.10

Scheme 4.11

Scheme 4.12

Scheme 4.13

Figure 4.37

Scheme 4.14

Scheme 4.15

Scheme 4.16

Scheme 4.17

Scheme 4.18

Scheme 4.19

Scheme 4.20

Figure 4.38

Scheme 4.21

Scheme 4.22

Scheme 4.23

Scheme 4.24

Scheme 4.25

Scheme 4.26

Scheme 4.27

Figure 4.39

Figure 4.40

Figure 4.41

Scheme 5.1

Figure 5.1

Scheme 5.2

Scheme 5.3

Scheme 5.4

Scheme 5.5

Scheme 5.6

Scheme 5.7

Figure 5.2

Scheme 5.8

Scheme 5.9

Scheme 5.10

Scheme 5.11

Scheme 5.12

Scheme 5.13

Scheme 5.14

Scheme 5.15

Scheme 5.16

Scheme 5.17

Scheme 5.18

Scheme 5.19

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Scheme 5.20

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Scheme 5.21

Scheme 5.22

Figure 5.8

Scheme 5.23

Scheme 5.24

Scheme 5.25

Scheme 5.26

Scheme 5.27

Scheme 5.28

Figure 5.9

Scheme 5.29

Scheme 5.30

Scheme 5.31

Scheme 5.32

Scheme 5.33

Scheme 5.34

Scheme 5.35

Scheme 5.36

Scheme 5.37

Scheme 5.38

Scheme 5.39

Scheme 5.40

Scheme 5.41

Scheme 5.42

Scheme 5.43

Scheme 5.44

Scheme 5.45

Scheme 6.1

Scheme 6.2

Scheme 6.3

Figure 6.1

Scheme 6.4

Scheme 6.5

Scheme 6.6

Scheme 6.7

Scheme 6.8

Figure 6.2

Scheme 6.9

Figure 6.3

Scheme 6.10

Scheme 6.11

Scheme 6.12

Scheme 6.13

Scheme 6.14

Figure 6.4

Scheme 6.15

Scheme 6.16

Scheme 6.17

Figure 6.5

Scheme 6.18

Scheme 6.19

Scheme 6.20

Scheme 6.21

Scheme 6.22

Figure 6.6

Scheme 6.23

Scheme 6.24

Figure 6.7

Scheme 6.25

Scheme 6.26

Scheme 6.27

Scheme 6.28

Scheme 6.29

Scheme 6.30

Figure 6.8

Scheme 6.31

Figure 7.1

Scheme 7.1

Scheme 7.2

Scheme 7.3

Scheme 7.4

Scheme 7.5

Scheme 7.6

Scheme 7.7

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Scheme 7.8

Scheme 7.9

Scheme 7.10

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Scheme 7.11

Scheme 7.12

Scheme 7.13

Scheme 7.14

Scheme 7.15

Scheme 7.16

Scheme 7.17

Scheme 7.18

Scheme 7.19

Scheme 7.20

Scheme 7.21

Scheme 7.22

Scheme 7.23

Scheme 7.24

Scheme 7.25

Scheme 7.26

Scheme 7.27

Scheme 7.28

Scheme 7.29

Scheme 7.30

Scheme 7.31

Scheme 7.32

Scheme 7.33

Scheme 7.34

Scheme 7.35

Scheme 7.36

Scheme 7.37

Scheme 7.38

Scheme 7.39

Scheme 7.40

Figure 7.8

Scheme 7.41

Scheme 7.42

Scheme 7.43

Scheme 8.1

Scheme 8.2

Scheme 8.3

Scheme 8.4

Figure 8.1

Scheme 8.5

Scheme 8.6

Scheme 8.7

Scheme 8.8

Scheme 8.9

Scheme 8.10

Scheme 8.11

Scheme 8.12

Scheme 8.13

Scheme 8.14

Scheme 8.15

Scheme 8.16

Scheme 8.17

Scheme 8.18

Scheme 8.19

Scheme 8.20

Scheme 8.21

Scheme 8.22

Scheme 8.23

Scheme 8.24

Scheme 8.25

Scheme 8.26

Scheme 8.27

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 9.25

Figure 9.26

Figure 9.27

Scheme 9.1

Scheme 9.2

Scheme 9.3

Scheme 9.4

Figure 9.28

Figure 9.29

Figure 9.30

Figure 9.31

Figure 9.32

Figure 10.1

Scheme 10.1

Scheme 10.2

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Scheme 10.3

Scheme 10.4

Scheme 10.5

Scheme 10.6

Scheme 10.7

Figure 10.4

Scheme 10.8

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Scheme 10.9

Figure 10.9

Scheme 10.10

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Scheme 10.11

Scheme 10.12

Scheme 10.13

Figure 10.12

Scheme 10.14

Scheme 10.15

Scheme 10.16

Figure 10.13

Scheme 10.17

Scheme 10.18

Scheme 10.19

Scheme 10.20

Scheme 10.21

Scheme 10.22

Scheme 10.23

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Scheme 10.24

Scheme 10.25

Scheme 10.26

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Scheme 10.27

Scheme 10.28

Scheme 10.29

Scheme 10.30

Scheme 10.31

Scheme 10.32

Scheme 10.33

Scheme 10.34

Scheme 10.35

Scheme 10.36

Scheme 10.37

Scheme 10.38

Scheme 10.39

Scheme 10.40

Scheme 10.41

Scheme 10.42

Scheme 10.43

Scheme 10.44

Scheme 10.45

Scheme 10.46

Scheme 10.47

Scheme 10.48

Scheme 10.49

Scheme 10.50

Scheme 10.51

Scheme 10.52

Scheme 10.53

Figure 10.22

Scheme 10.54

Scheme 10.55

Scheme 10.56

Scheme 10.57

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24

Scheme 10.58

Scheme 10.59

Scheme 10.60

Scheme 10.61

Scheme 10.62

Scheme 10.63

Scheme 10.64

Scheme 10.65

Scheme 10.66

Scheme 10.67

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Scheme 11.1

Scheme 11.2

Scheme 11.3

Scheme 11.4

Scheme 11.5

Scheme 11.6

Scheme 11.7

Scheme 11.8

Scheme 11.9

Scheme 11.10

Figure 11.6

Scheme 11.11

Scheme 11.12

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Scheme 11.13

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Scheme 11.14

Figure 11.19

Scheme 11.15

Scheme 11.16

Scheme 11.17

Scheme 11.18

Scheme 11.19

Scheme 11.20

Scheme 11.21

Figure 11.20

Scheme 11.22

Scheme 11.23

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22

Figure 11.23

Figure 11.24

Figure 11.25

Figure 11.26

Figure 11.27

Figure 11.28

Figure 11.29

Figure 11.30

Figure 11.31

Figure 11.32

Figure 11.33

Scheme 11.24

Figure 11.34

Figure 11.35

Figure 11.36

Scheme 11.25

Scheme 11.26

Scheme 11.27

Scheme 11.28

Scheme 11.29

Figure 11.37

Scheme 11.30

Scheme 11.31

Scheme 11.32

Scheme 11.33

Scheme 11.34

Scheme 11.35

Scheme 11.36

Scheme 11.37

Scheme 11.38

Scheme 11.39

Scheme 11.40

Figure 11.38

Scheme 11.41

Scheme 11.42

Scheme 11.43

Scheme 11.44

Scheme 11.45

Scheme 11.46

Scheme 11.47

Scheme 11.48

Scheme 11.49

Scheme 11.50

Scheme 11.51

Scheme 11.52

Scheme 11.53

Figure 12.1

Scheme 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Scheme 12.2

Scheme 12.3

Scheme 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Scheme 12.5

Scheme 12.6

Figure 12.9

Scheme 12.7

Scheme 12.8

Figure 12.10

Scheme 12.9

Scheme 12.10

Scheme 12.11

Scheme 12.12

Scheme 12.13

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Scheme 14.1

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 14.10

Figure 14.11

Figure 14.12

Figure 14.13

Figure 14.14

Scheme 14.2

Figure 14.15

Scheme 14.3

Figure 14.16

Figure 14.17

Scheme 14.4

Figure 14.18

Figure 14.19

Scheme 14.5

Scheme 14.6

Figure 14.20

Figure 14.21

Scheme 14.7

Figure 14.22

Figure 14.23

Figure 14.24

Figure 14.25

Scheme 14.8

Scheme 14.9

Figure 14.26

Scheme 14.10

Figure 14.27

Scheme 14.11

Figure 14.28

Scheme 14.12

Figure 14.29

Figure 14.30

Figure 14.31

Figure 14.32

Scheme 14.13

Scheme 14.14

Figure 14.33

Figure 14.34

Figure 14.35

Scheme 15.1

Scheme 15.2

Scheme 15.3

Scheme 15.4

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Scheme 15.5

Scheme 16.1

Scheme 16.2

Scheme 16.3

Scheme 16.4

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Scheme 16.5

Scheme 16.6

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Scheme 17.1

Scheme 17.2

Scheme 17.3

Scheme 17.4

Scheme 17.5

Scheme 17.6

Scheme 17.7

Scheme 17.8

Scheme 17.9

Scheme 17.10

Scheme 17.11

Scheme 17.12

Scheme 17.13

Scheme 17.14

Scheme 17.15

Figure 17.1

Scheme 17.16

Scheme 17.17

Scheme 17.18

Scheme 17.19

Scheme 17.20

Scheme 17.21

Scheme 17.22

Scheme 17.23

Scheme 17.24

Scheme 17.25

Scheme 17.26

Scheme 17.27

Scheme 17.28

Scheme 17.29

Scheme 17.30

Scheme 17.31

Scheme 17.32

Scheme 17.33

Scheme 17.34

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

Figure 18.7

Figure 18.8

Figure 18.9

Figure 18.10

Scheme 18.1

Scheme 18.2

Figure 18.11

Scheme 18.3

Figure 18.12

Scheme 18.4

Figure 18.13

Scheme 18.5

Scheme 18.6

Figure 18.14

Scheme 18.7

Figure 18.15

Scheme 18.8

Figure 18.16

Scheme 18.9

Figure 18.17

Figure 18.18

Figure 18.19

Figure 18.20

Figure 18.21

Figure 18.22

Figure 18.23

Figure 18.24

Figure 18.25

Scheme 19.1

Scheme 19.2

Scheme 19.3

Scheme 19.4

Scheme 19.5

Scheme 19.6

Scheme 19.7

Scheme 19.8

Scheme 19.9

Scheme 19.10

Scheme 19.11

Scheme 19.12

Scheme 19.13

Scheme 19.14

Scheme 19.15

Scheme 19.16

Scheme 19.17

Scheme 19.18

Scheme 19.19

Scheme 19.20

Scheme 19.21

Scheme 19.22

Scheme 19.23

Scheme 19.24

Scheme 19.25

Scheme 19.26

Scheme 19.27

Scheme 19.28

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Scheme 20.1

Scheme 20.2

Scheme 20.3

Scheme 20.4

Scheme 20.5

Scheme 20.6

Scheme 20.7

Scheme 20.8

Scheme 20.9

Scheme 20.10

Scheme 20.11

Scheme 20.12

Scheme 20.13

Scheme 20.14

Scheme 20.15

Figure 20.3

Scheme 20.16

Figure 20.4

Scheme 20.17

Scheme 20.18

Scheme 20.19

Figure 20.5

Scheme 20.20

Scheme 20.21

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Scheme 21.1

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Scheme 21.2

Scheme 22.1

Scheme 22.2

Scheme 22.3

Scheme 22.4

Scheme 22.5

Scheme 22.6

Scheme 22.7

Scheme 22.8

Scheme 22.9

Scheme 22.10

Scheme 22.11

Scheme 22.12

Scheme 22.13

Scheme 22.14

Scheme 22.15

Scheme 22.16

Scheme 22.17

Scheme 22.18

Scheme 22.19

Scheme 22.20

Scheme 22.21

Scheme 22.22

Scheme 22.23

Scheme 22.24

Scheme 22.25

Scheme 22.26

Scheme 22.27

Scheme 22.28

Scheme 23.1

Scheme 23.2

Scheme 23.3

Scheme 23.4

Scheme 23.5

Scheme 23.6

Scheme 23.7

Scheme 23.8

Scheme 23.9

Scheme 23.10

Scheme 23.11

Scheme 23.12

Scheme 23.13

Scheme 23.14

Scheme 23.15

Scheme 23.16

Scheme 23.17

Scheme 23.18

Scheme 23.19

Scheme 23.20

Scheme 23.21

Scheme 23.22

Scheme 23.23

Scheme 23.24

Scheme 23.25

Scheme 24.1

Scheme 24.2

Scheme 24.3

Scheme 24.4

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.6

Scheme 24.5

Scheme 25.1

Scheme 25.2

Scheme 25.3

Scheme 25.4

Scheme 25.5

Scheme 25.6

Scheme 25.7

Scheme 25.8

Scheme 25.9

Scheme 25.10

Scheme 25.11

Scheme 26.1

Figure 26.1

Scheme 26.2

Figure 26.2

Scheme 26.3

Scheme 26.4

Scheme 26.5

Scheme 26.6

Figure 26.3

Scheme 26.7

Scheme 26.8

Scheme 26.9

Scheme 26.10

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 26.6

Scheme 26.11

Scheme 27.1

Scheme 27.2

Scheme 27.3

Scheme 27.4

Figure 27.1

Scheme 27.5

Scheme 27.6

Scheme 27.7

Scheme 27.8

Scheme 27.9

Scheme 27.10

Scheme 27.11

Scheme 27.12

Scheme 27.13

Scheme 27.14

Scheme 27.15

Scheme 27.16

Scheme 27.17

Scheme 27.18

Scheme 27.19

Scheme 27.20

Scheme 27.21

Scheme 27.22

Scheme 27.23

Scheme 27.24

Scheme 27.25

Scheme 27.26

Scheme 27.27

Scheme 27.28

Scheme 27.29

Scheme 27.30

Scheme 27.31

Scheme 27.32

Scheme 27.33

Scheme 27.34

Scheme 27.35

Scheme 27.36

Scheme 27.37

Scheme 27.38

Scheme 27.39

Scheme 27.40

Scheme 27.41

Scheme 27.42

Scheme 27.43

Scheme 27.44

Scheme 27.45

Scheme 27.46

Scheme 27.47

Scheme 27.48

Scheme 27.49

Scheme 27.50

Scheme 27.51

Scheme 28.1

Scheme 28.2

Scheme 28.3

Scheme 28.4

Scheme 28.5

Scheme 28.6

Scheme 28.7

Scheme 28.8

Scheme 28.9

Scheme 28.10

Scheme 28.11

Scheme 28.12

Scheme 28.13

Scheme 28.14

Scheme 28.15

Scheme 28.16

Scheme 28.17

Scheme 28.18

Scheme 28.19

Scheme 28.20

Scheme 28.21

Scheme 28.22

Scheme 28.23

Scheme 28.24

Scheme 28.25

Scheme 28.26

Scheme 28.27

Scheme 28.28

Scheme 29.1

Scheme 29.2

Scheme 29.3

Figure 29.1

Scheme 29.4

Scheme 29.5

Scheme 29.6

Figure 29.2

Scheme 29.7

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Scheme 29.8

Scheme 29.9

Scheme 29.10

Scheme 29.11

Scheme 29.12

Scheme 29.13

Scheme 29.14

Scheme 29.15

Figure 29.5

Scheme 29.16

Scheme 29.17

Scheme 29.18

Scheme 29.19

Scheme 30.1

Scheme 30.2

Scheme 30.3

Scheme 30.4

Scheme 30.5

Scheme 30.6

Scheme 30.7

Scheme 30.8

Scheme 30.9

Scheme 30.10

Scheme 30.11

Scheme 30.12

Scheme 30.13

Scheme 30.14

Scheme 30.15

Scheme 30.16

Scheme 30.17

Scheme 30.18

Scheme 30.19

Scheme 31.1

Scheme 31.2

Scheme 31.3

Scheme 31.4

Scheme 31.5

Scheme 31.6

Scheme 31.7

Scheme 31.8

Figure 31.1

Scheme 31.9

Scheme 31.10

Scheme 31.11

Scheme 31.12

Scheme 31.13

Scheme 31.14

Scheme 31.15

Scheme 32.1

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 33.5

Figure 33.6

Figure 33.7

Figure 33.8

Figure 33.9

Figure 33.10

Figure 33.11

Figure 33.12

Figure 33.13

Figure 34.1

Scheme 34.1

Scheme 34.2

Scheme 34.3

Scheme 34.4

Scheme 34.5

Scheme 34.6

Scheme 34.7

Scheme 34.8

Scheme 34.9

Scheme 34.10

Scheme 34.11

Figure 34.2

Figure 34.3

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Scheme 35.1

Figure 35.6

Figure 35.7

Figure 35.8

Figure 35.9

Figure 35.10

Scheme 35.2

Scheme 35.3

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Scheme 36.1

Scheme 36.2

Scheme 36.3

Scheme 36.4

Scheme 36.5

Scheme 36.6

Scheme 36.7

Scheme 36.8

Scheme 36.9

Scheme 36.10

Scheme 36.11

Scheme 36.12

Scheme 36.13

Scheme 36.14

Scheme 36.15

Scheme 36.16

Figure 36.4

Figure 36.5

Scheme 36.17

Scheme 36.18

Scheme 36.19

Scheme 36.20

Scheme 36.21

Scheme 36.22

Scheme 36.23

Figure 36.6

Scheme 36.24

Scheme 36.25

Scheme 36.26

Scheme 36.27

Scheme 36.28

Scheme 36.29

Scheme 36.30

Scheme 36.31

Scheme 36.32

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 37.3

Figure 37.4

Figure 37.5

Figure 37.6

Scheme 37.1

Figure 37.7

Figure 37.8

Figure 37.9

Figure 37.10

Figure 37.11

Scheme 37.2

Figure 37.12

Figure 37.13

Figure 37.14

Figure 37.15

Figure 37.16

Figure 37.17

Scheme 38.1

Scheme 38.2

Scheme 38.3

Scheme 38.4

Scheme 38.5

Scheme 38.6

Scheme 38.7

Scheme 38.8

Figure 38.1

Scheme 38.9

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

List of Contributors

Part 1

Chapter 1

Pages

iii

iv

xv

xvi

xvii

xviii

xix

xx

xxi

xxii

xxiii

xxiv

xxv

xxvi

xxvii

xxviii

xxix

xxx

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

951

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

974

975

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305

1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1315

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

1321

1322

1323

1324

1325

1326

1327

1328

1329

1330

1331

1332

1333

1334

1335

1336

1337

1338

1339

1340

1341

1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353

1354

1355

1356

1357

1358

1359

1360

1361

1362

1363

1364

1365

1366

1367

1368

1369

1370

1371

1372

1373

1374

1375

1376

1377

1378

1379

1380

1381

1382

1383

1384

1385

1386

1387

1388

1389

1390

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

1400

1401

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

1431

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

1437

1438

1439

1440

1441

1442

1443

1444

1445

1446

1447

1448

1449

1450

1451

1452

1453

1454

1455

1456

1457

1458

1459

1460

1461

1462

1463

1464

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469

1470

1471

1472

1473

1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479

1480

1481

1482

1483

1484

1485

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491

1492

1493

1494

1495

1496

1497

1498

1499

1500

1501

1502

1503

1504

1505

1506

1507

1508

1509

1510

1511

1512

1513

1514

1515

1516

1517

1518

1519

1520

1521

1522

1523

1524

1525

1526

1527

1528

1529

1530

1531

1532

1533

1534

1535

1536

1537

1538

1539

1540

1541

1542

1543

1544

1545

1546

1547

1548

1549

1550

1551

1552

1553

1554

1555

1556

1557

1558

1559

1560

1561

1562

1563

1564

1565

1566

1567

1568

1569

1570

1571

1572

1573

1574

1575

1576

1577

1578

1579

1580

1581

1582

1583

1584

1585

1586

1587

1588

1589

1590

1591

1592

1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

1598

1599

1600

1601

1602

1603

1604

1605

1606

1607

1608

1609

1610

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

1616

1617

1618

1619

1620

1621

1622

1623

1624

1625

1626

1627

1628

1629

1630

1631

1632

1633

1634

1635

1636

1637

1638

1639

1640

1641

1642

1643

1644

1645

1646

1647

1648

1649

1650

1651

1652

1653

1654

1655

1656

1657

1658

1659

1660

1661

1662

1663

1664

1665

1666

1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672

1673

1674

1675

1676

1677

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

1683

1684

1685

1686

1687

1688

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

1696

1697

1698

1699

1700

1701

1702

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

1708

1709

1710

1711

1712

1713

1714

1715

1716

1717

1718

1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728

1729

1730

1731

1732

1733

1734

1735

Edited by Boy Cornils, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Matthias Beller, and Rocco Paciello

Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds

A Comprehensive Handbook in Four Volumes

Third Edition

Volume 1–4

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32897-0

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-65176-4

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-65175-7

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-65174-0

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-65173-3

List of Contributors

Bruce A. Arndtsen

McGill University

Department of Chemistry

Sherbrooke St. W. 801

Montreal

QC H3A 0B4

Canada

Benjamin N. Atkinson

University of Bath

Department of Chemistry

Claverton Down

Bath BA2 7AY

UK

Manfred Baerns

Fritz-Haber Institut der MPG

Dept. Inorganic Chemistry

Faraday-Weg 4-6

14195 Berlin

Germany

Moritz C. Baier

Universität Konstanz

Fachbereich Chemie

Lehrstuhl für Chemische Materialwissenschaften

Universitätsstr. 10

78457 Konstanz

Germany

Katalin Barta

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Stratingh Institute for Chemistry

Nijenborgh 4

9747 AG Groningen

The Netherlands

Klaus Beckerle

RWTH Aachen University

Institute of Inorganic Chemistry

Landoltweg 1

52056 Aachen

Germany

Arno Behr

Technische Universität Dortmund

Fachbereich Bio- und Chemie Ing.

Emil-Figge-Str. 66

44227 Dortmund

Germany

Matthias Beller

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der

Universität Rostock e.V. (LIKAT)

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

David E. Bergbreiter

Texas A&M University

Department of Chemistry

P.O. Box 30012

College Station

TX 77842-3012

USA

Hans Ulrich Blaser

Furglerstrasse 10

9000 St. Gallen

Switzerland

Armin Börner

Universität Rostock

Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V.

Albert Einstein Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Uwe T. Bornscheuer

University of Greifswald

Institute of Biochemistry

Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis

Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4

17487 Greifswald

Germany

Alexandra Grosse Böwing

Bayer Antwerpen NV

Scheldelaan 600

2040 Antwerpen

Belgium

Fabrizio Cavani

Università di Bologna

Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”

Viale Risorgimento 4

40136 Bologna

Italy

A. Rosie Chhatwal

University of Bath

Department of Chemistry

Claverton Down

Bath BA2 7AY

UK

Peter Claus

TU Darmstadt

Ernst-Berl Institut

Petersenstr.20

64287 Darmstadt

Germany

David J. Cole-Hamilton

University of Saint Andrews

School of Chemistry

Purdie Building

St Andrew's

Fife KY17 9ST

UK

Anna Company

Universitat de Girona

Departament de Química

Campus Montilivi

17071 Girona

Catalonia

Spain

Christophe Copéret

ETH Zürich

Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences

Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5

8093 Zürich

Switzerland

Boy Cornils

Kirschgartenstr. 6

65719 Hofheim

Germany

Miquel Costas

Universitat de Girona

Departament de Química

Campus Montilivi

17071 Girona

Catalonia

Spain

Johannes W. de Boer

Catexel B.V.

BioPartner Center Leiden

Galileiweg 8

2333 BD Leiden

The Netherlands

Johannes G. de Vries

University of Groningen

Stratingh Institute for Chemistry

Nijenborgh 4

9747 AG Groningen

The Netherlands

and

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Peter J. Deuss

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Stratingh Institute for Chemistry

Nijenborgh 4

9747 AG Groningen

The Netherlands

Eite Drent

University of Saint Andrews

School of Chemistry

Purdie Building

St Andrew's

Fife KY17 9ST

UK

Gwilherm Evano

Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO)

Avenue F.D. Roosevelt

50 CP160/06

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Miguel A. Esteruelas

Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC

Departamento de Química Inorgánica - ISQCH

Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)

Plaza de San Francisco

s/n

50009 Zaragoza

Spain

Giancarlo Franciò

RWTH Aachen University

Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie

Worringerweg 2

52074 Aachen

Germany

Robert Franke

Evonik Industries AG

Paul-Baumann-Str. 1

45772 Marl

Germany

Lukas Gooßen

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I

ZEMOS 2/27

Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum

Germany

Karol Grela

Faculty of Chemistry

Biological and Chemical Research Centre

University of Warsaw

Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw

Poland

Douglas B. Grotjahn

San Diego State University

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

5500 Campanile Drive

San Diego

CA 92182-1030

USA

Cai-Hong Guo

Shanxi Normal University

School of Chemistry and Materials Science

Linfen 041004

China

Ronald Hage

Catexel B.V.

BioPartner Center Leiden

Galileiweg 8

2333 BD Leiden

The Netherlands

Frédéric Hapiot

Université d'Artois

UMR CNRS 8181

Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS)

62300 Lens

France

Marko Hapke

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Marcus Harrer

Philipps-Universität Marburg

Fachbereich Chemie

Hans-Meerwein-Straße

35043 Marburg

Germany

Marco Haumann

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik

Egerlandstr. 3

91058 Erlangen

Germany

Florent Héroguel

ETH Zürich

Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences

Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5

8093 Zürich

Switzerland

Wolfgang A. Herrmann

Technical University Munich

Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center

Lichtenbergstr. 4

85748 Garching

Germany

Sandra Hinze

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Norbert Hoffmann

CNRS

Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne

Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (UMR 7312)

Equipe de Photochimie

UFR Sciences

B.P. 1039

51687 Reims

France

Shingo Ito

The University of Tokyo

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

7-3-1 Hongo

Bunkyo-ku

Tokyo 113-8656

Japan

Ralf Jackstell

Universität Rostock

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Haijun Jiao

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.

Universität Rostock

Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Reinhard Jira

Kabastastrasse 9

81243 München

Germany

Kathrin Junge

Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock

Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a

18059 Rostock

Germany

Philippe Kalck

Université de Toulouse UPS-INP-LCC

Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination UPR CNRS 8241

composante ENSIACET

4 allée Emile Monso BP 44362

31030 Toulouse Cedex 4

France

Walter Kaminsky

University of Hamburg

Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry

Bundesstr. 45

20146 Hamburg

Germany

Mariusz Kędziorek