Applied Soil Chemistry E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book explores the state-of-the-art information regarding applied soil sciences. It covers the fundamentals, model concepts, principles, chemical reactions, functions, chemical recycling, chemical weathering, acid-base chemistry, carbon sequestration, and nutrient availability of soils. Also, it includes soil chemistry of heavy-metals, environment, clay, ion-exchange processes, analytical tools and applications. This book helps to understand the about soil characteristics targeting soil chemical reactions and interactions and its applications.
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Seitenzahl: 471
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Potential and Challenges of Carbon Sequestration in Soils
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Influences Impacting Carbon Stabilization Rates in Soils
1.3 Carbon-Sequestration Potential of Specific Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems
1.4 Estimates of Global Potential for Carbon Sequestration in Soils
1.5 Conclusions
References
2 A Brief Insight on Factors Controlling Rate of Chemical Weathering of Minerals Existing in Soil
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Comparitive Stability of Minerals on the Basis of Their Sequence of Weathering
2.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Weathering
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Agroecosystems and Bioeconomy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problems Related to Agricultural Intensification
3.3 Important Themes and Indicators
3.4 The Bioeconomy
3.5 On Circular Bioeconomy
3.6 Bioeconomy, Environment, and Natural Capital
3.7 The Bioeconomy in Daily Life
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Technological Advances in Analyzing of Soil Chemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Soil Chemistry
4.3 Conclusion
References
5 An Overview of Soil Chemistry and Role of Its Components in Sorption of Heavy Metals in Soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Composition of Soil
5.3 Soil Characterization
5.4 Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil
5.5 Sorption Behavior of Soil
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Soil and Their Contaminants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
6.3 Contaminants in Soil
6.4 Pollution of Soil
6.5 Chemistry of Saline Soil
6.6 The Effect of Salinity in Plant Growth
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Fertilization and Fertilizer Types
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Purpose and Application Methods of Fertilization
7.3 Classification of Fertilizers
7.4 Fertilizers Containing Organic Matters
7.5 Chemical Fertilizers
7.6 Conclusion and Evaluation
References
8 Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soils
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Outline of the Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soil
8.3 Conclusions
8.4 Abbreviations
Acknowledgment
References
9 Modeling of Pollutant Mobility in Soil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modeling of Heavy Metal Sorption onto Soil or Soil Components
9.3 Modeling of Sorption of Other Pollutants onto Soil or Soil Components
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Soil Chemistry: Composition and Laws
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Materials With Which Nutrients React
10.3 Soil Chemistry: Laws
Acknowledgments
References
11 Parameters of Soil Chemistry
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Concepts of Soil Chemistry
Acknowledgments
References
12 Essential Soil Functions for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity and Food Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Function Indicator
12.3 Soil Organic Matter
12.4 Soil Organic Carbon
12.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge
References
13 Role of Pesticide Applications in Sustainable Agriculture
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Various Types of Pesticides and Their Application in Agriculture
13.3 Modes of Action of Pesticides
13.4 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram illustrating the biological contributions to the ca...
Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram showing how the key variables of climate, vegetatio...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Structure of LDH [30].
Figure 4.2 Q-XAS image of oxidation kinetics of a soil sample [32].
Figure 4.3 Micro and nanoscale characterization of species in the clay fraction ...
Figure 4.4 Soil analysis using machine learning [41].
Figure 4.5 IoT in agriculture [43].
Figure 4.6 Soil analysis using big data [47].
Figure 4.7 Communication model for data dissemination [49].
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Composition of soil.
Figure 5.2 Structure of kaolinite.
Figure 5.3 Structure of montmorillonite.
Figure 5.4 Structure of illite.
Figure 5.5 Saturated and unsaturated soil conditions [28].
Figure 5.6 Conceptual model of soil structure [41].
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Primary composition of the Earth’s crust.
Figure 6.2 Major factors responsible for formation of soil.
Figure 6.3 Types of soil texture.
Figure 6.4 Calamitous effects of pesticides.
Figure 6.5 Major sources of soil pollution.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Surface broadcast application method.
Figure 7.2 Methods used in mixing the fertilizers applied to the soil surface wi...
Figure 7.3 Band application method.
Figure 7.4 Methods of banding fertilizers.
Figure 7.5 Chemical fertilizer application methods.
Figure 7.6 Production of solid nitrogen fertilizers.
Chapter 10
Scheme 10.1 The primary law—ions are reacting to activated surfaces.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Soil composition by volume.
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Estimated soil carbon complements in the top 1 m of common vegetated s...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Various sensors used in agriculture [38].
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Different components of soil and its chemical formula.
Table 5.2 Chemical composition of soil inorganic matter [14].
Table 5.3 Chemical composition of soil organic matter.
Table 5.4 Physical and chemical properties of soil water.
Table 5.5 Association of soil color with elements.
Table 5.6 Adsorption behavior of adsorbents for different adsorbates.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Elementary composition of the Earth’s crust.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Classification of fertilizers.
Table 7.2 Commonly used potassium fertilizers.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 FITEQL input values for the electrical double layer model (first scree...
Table 9.2 A typical screen in FITEQL (II. Species) for hydrated silica - Cd(II) ...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 pH and results.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Scrivener Publishing
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Applied Soil Chemistry
Edited by
Inamuddin
Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Mohd Imran Ahamed
Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Rajender Boddula
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
and
Tariq Altalhi
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-71018-9
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Soil chemistry refers to the chemical reactions in soils that affect the growth and nutrition of plants. Applied soil chemistry is an interdisciplinary field covering soil, water, plants and atmosphere, which impacts plant, animal and human health. Water and nutrients are provided in different types of soil that are home to microorganisms and many other creatures and plants. The properties of these soils affect the crop production of agricultural fields; therefore, this discipline provides support to the sustainable agricultural management of soils.
State-of-the-art information regarding applied soil sciences is explored in this book. In addition to the fundamentals of soil chemistry, model concepts, principles, chemical reactions, functions, chemical recycling, chemical weathering, acid-base chemistry, carbon sequestration, and nutrient availability of soils are highlighted. Also included among the topics are the chemistry of heavy metals in soil environments, ion-exchange processes on clay, along with relevant analytical tools and applications. This book will help the reader understand soil characteristics by targeting soil chemical reactions and interactions and their applications. Since the chapters were written by noted professionals in the field, it will be an excellent reference guide for students, faculty, researchers and professionals in the field of environmental science, earth science, soil chemistry, and agroecology. The subject matter covered in each chapter is summarized below.
Chapter 1 provides details on the significance of soils as a carbon store. Retaining and ideally boosting carbon in soils helps to inhibit its buildup in the atmosphere. It takes some time for soil carbon to become mineralized, whereas soil erosion and tillage continuously release some soil carbon into the atmosphere.
Chapter 2 provides background information on the chemical weathering of minerals. A discussion of the weathering sequence of minerals from the soil mainly sheds light on the factors which control the rate of chemical weathering, including temperature and time factors, biotic process, oxidation, reduction, comparative stability of various minerals, water, leaching, and acidity.
Chapter 3 discusses the effect that agricultural management systems have on soil health by evaluating reduced processing systems, organic fertilizers, and biological control of weeds, along with their effect on the bioeconomy, including agriculture, forestry, fishing, aquaculture, woodworking, biorefineries, and nanobiotechnology. The data provided is based on the evaluation of indicators of physical, chemical, biological, microbiological, and biochemical soil health. The benefits of soil resilience and better adaptation to extreme events are also included.
Chapter 4 discusses the advances in soil chemistry which are based on the analysis of the soil at an in-situ level and the presence of carbon speciation in soil. The analysis of the soil using sensors, the internet of things, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and drones with big data are also discussed.
Chapter 5 details the various components of soil, including solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Different soil characteristics like structure, soil color, texture, bulk density and particle size are discussed in detail. These are important parameters for understanding soil behavior. Sorption behavior of soil for removal of heavy metals is also discussed.
Chapter 6 relates to inclusive edaphology and environmental reactions. Parameters such as composition, textures, soil organic matter, salinity, acidity and chemical reaction of soil are discussed. The main focus is on different kinds of contaminants like pesticides, modern agriculture, synthetic chemicals and their effects on plant growth.
Chapter 7 describes fertilization and fertilizer types. The purpose of fertilization and its application methods are discussed. Fertilizers can be classified into two types depending on the source from which they are obtained: organic (natural) fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. The importance of the use of fertilizers in agricultural lands for sustainable agriculture is explained.
Chapter 8 discusses several approaches which are used to control the overabundance of heavy metals present in soil. The focus of this chapter are the techniques utilized in the past few years to estimate heavy metal content and its mitigation process.
Chapter 9 details the importance and benefits of modeling studies about the retention and mobilization of pollutants. Recently applied models and primary outcomes of modeling studies are also discussed. Additionally, several personal computer programs, which are used for running models, are exemplified in this study.
Chapter 10 provides details of the different laws of soil chemistry. The reaction of ions with the variable charged mineral surfaces, organic matters and clay minerals are discussed. The role of water movement through saturated and unsaturated media is also discussed, with a major focus on gravitational and capillary forces.
Chapter 11 discusses various aspects of assessing the quality of soil using mechanical and physicochemical parameters. Mechanical parameters, which play an essential role in plant growth, are also discussed. There is also a discussion of ion-exchange properties, which is the primary focus of the studies on physicochemical parameters.
Chapter 12 explains the necessary soil functions that could lead to an increase in agricultural production. Essential soil biological processes and their relationship with soil pH are also discussed along with microbial ecophysiological indicators and activities of soil enzymes.
Chapter 13 provides detailed information on the application of pesticides in agriculture. It also elaborates on the numerous types of pesticides, including neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, triazines, carbamates, and pyrethroids. The merits and demerits that are associated with chemical pesticides are also highlighted. This chapter also includes the modes of action and the detrimental effects of these pesticides.
Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula and Tariq AltalhiFebruary 15, 2021
