Applied Water Science, Volume 2 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE VOLUME 2 The second volume in a new two-volume set on applied water science, this book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involve the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment. This generates high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment have flourished. Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are due to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic and are a potential threat to water, soil, and air. Their consumption in higher concentrations gives hazardous outcomes. Water quality is usually measured in terms of chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities that can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries. This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering. This outstanding new volume: * Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science * Is written by leading experts in the field * Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike * Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field Audience: This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the fields of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater: A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods
1.3 Conclusion
References
2 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived Adsorbents in Water Treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Treatment
2.3 Adsorption
2.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in Water Treatment
2.5 Disadvantages
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Water Remediation
3.3 Reactor Modeling
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated Microbial Electrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Constructed Wetland–Microbial Fuel Cell (CW–MFC) System
4.3 iMETLand State of the Art
4.4 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Directions
References
5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process
5.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment
5.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals and Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution
6.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of Periodate
6.4 Application of UV/ for Organics Degradation
6.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory Conditions
6.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process
6.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process
6.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological Biotechnology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics
7.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques
7.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes
7.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem
8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles
8.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water
8.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water
8.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant
8.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology for Water Remediation
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heavy Metals in Environment
9.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies
9.4 Applications of Metal–Organic Framework in Heavy Metals Removal
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation
10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation
10.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms
10.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation
10.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation
10.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal
10.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts Production
10.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based Bioremediation
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection
11.3 Conclusion
References
12 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation
12.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation
12.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled Continuous Technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Water Remediation Technologies: The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry
13.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry: State-of-the-Art
13.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation
References
14 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principle Involved
14.3 Advanced Oxidation Process
14.4 Perspectives and Recommendations
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
15 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs
15.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts
15.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
16 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the Adsorption Process
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Adsorption Fundamentals
16.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals
16.4 Isotherm Models
16.5 Adsorption Kinetics
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater
17.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment
17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
18 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using Agricultural Waste
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Components in Wastewater and Their Negative Impact
18.3 Techniques for Remediation of Wastewater
18.4 Agricultural Waste Materials
18.5 Agricultural Waste-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Wastewater Remediation Through Nanoparticles
18.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents
18.7 Conclusions
References
19 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatments
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater
19.3 Pesticide-Contaminated Wastewater
19.4 Surfactant Pollution
19.5 Microplastic Pollution
19.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment
19.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters
19.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 The schematic system of various treatment systems. Reprinted and repr...
Figure 1.2 Two configurations of MBRs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]...
Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram of (a) conventional activated sludge and (b) aerobi...
Figure 1.4 Degradation stages of organic matter in anaerobic processes. Reproduc...
Figure 1.5 The SEM images (a, b) and FTIR spectra (c) of walnut shell activated ...
Figure 1.6 The comparison of Walnut shell activated carbon with other adsorbents...
Figure 1.7 Magnetic separation of the magnetic adsorbents during adsorption proc...
Figure 1.8 Oxidation potential of various oxidizing agents.
Figure 1.9 The structure of amoxicillin.
Figure 1.10 Schematic representation of (a) photo-Fenton, (b) sono-photo-Fenton....
Figure 1.11 The degradation efficiency of amoxicillin via different Fenton type ...
Figure 1.12 (a) Removal efficiencies of ciprofloxacin via magnetic processes (b)...
Figure 1.13 Schematic of O
3
/H
2
O
2
batch system. Reproduced with permission from R...
Figure 1.14 Schematic of the reactor used for electrolysis, ozonation, and E-Per...
Figure 1.15 SEM images of (a) TiO
2
(b) WO
3
, the effect of irradiation on removal...
Figure 1.16 Proposed mechanism of sulfamethoxazole degradation. Reprinted and re...
Figure 1.17 Mechanisms of electrocoagulation process. Modified from Ref. [164] w...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Categories of multi-phase flows.
Figure 3.2 The different multiphase flow regimes. Reprinted with permission of F...
Figure 3.3 Counters of irradiance distribution for different TiO
2
concentrations...
Figure 3.4 The geometry of annular VUV/UV reactor. Reprinted with permission of ...
Figure 3.5 Parts per billion (ppb) atrazine concentration with the corresponding...
Figure 3.6 The schematic diagram of VUV/UV reactor. Reprinted with permission of...
Figure 3.7 The schematic diagram of bubble column. Reprinted with permission of ...
Figure 3.8 The schematic diagram for FLR. Reprinted with permission of Vuthaluru...
Figure 3.9 The bed expansion for cone with 533 mm static height, 500 µm particle...
Figure 3.10 Generalized lumped-parameter conceptual model for air sparging proce...
Figure 3.11 Continuous rotating cylinder electrode scheme: (a) form one, (b) for...
Figure 3.12 A filter-press type cell electrochemical reactor. Reprinted with per...
Figure 3.13 (a) The Picture of the filter-press reactor in serpentine array, (b)...
Figure 3.14 (a) Configuration of flow battery, (b) conventional, serpentine and ...
Figure 3.15 The view of the computational domain of a fuel cell with interdigita...
Figure 3.16 Scheme of a liquid phase motion and the bubbles velocity in an elect...
Figure 3.17 Example of the reacting regions in a fibrous media, which are obtain...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Number of publications increasing with the years in the field of MFC+...
Figure 4.2 Conceptual illustration of CW–MFC.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Speciation diagram of 1 mM periodate in pure water [28].
Figure 6.2 Periodate (0.25 mM) photodecomposition in water using a 253.7 nm-irra...
Figure 6.3 Photolysis of 30 mM in the presence of 1 mM TDG at pH 3 [35]. [I] r...
Figure 6.4 Possible reduction pathway of periodate to iodide based on radiolysis...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 COD, BOD, and pH variation of leachate during waste degradation in ac...
Figure 7.2 Scheme of a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Reproduced and r...
Figure 7.3 Schematic of aerobic and anaerobic principles.
Figure 7.4 Schematic of an anoxic–aerobic membrane bioreactor. Reproduced and re...
Figure 7.5 Structure of four drugs.
Figure 7.6 Different combination of MBR system for removal of COD and ammonia.
Figure 7.7 Schematic diagram of the three-stage UASB system. Reprinted and repro...
Figure 7.8 Different configurations of AnMBR systems (a) Side-stream AnMBR; (b) ...
Figure 7.9 Biogas production of the AnCMBR (anaerobic flat-sheet ceramic membran...
Figure 7.10 Removal efficiency of various heavy metals by hybrid system of SBR/c...
Figure 7.11 Schematic diagram of electro-ozonation/adsorbent augmented SBR syste...
Figure 7.12 Schematic of aerated lagoon. Reproduced and Reprinted with permissio...
Figure 7.13 Abatement of parameters in lagooning treatment system for landfill l...
Figure 7.14 Schematic of a trickling filter in a wastewater treatment plant. Rep...
Figure 7.15 Combination of SBR with four aeration tanks. Reprinted and reproduce...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Impact of some heavy metals on human health. Heavy metals have been r...
Figure 9.2 An overview showing redistribution of heavy metals in groundwater (Re...
Figure 9.3 Classification of heavy metals removal technologies.
Figure 9.4 A typical structure of metal–organic framework containing organic lin...
Figure 9.5 Typical applications of Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to remove env...
Figure 9.6 Typical mechanism of heavy metal removal by Cu
3
(BTC)
2
-SO
3
H metal– org...
Figure 9.7 Preparation steps for thiol-functionalized metal–organic framework (M...
Figure 9.8 Schematic presentation of the preparation 2-aminoterephthalic acid-Zn...
Figure 9.9 Possible mechanism of Cr(VI) uptake by
Nitrosomonas
-modified Uio-66. ...
Figure 9.10 Graphical representation of Pb (II) adsorption mechanism by COF base...
Figure 9.11 Adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) at different pH values (Reproduced fr...
Figure 9.12 Development of MOFs for Arsenic removal (Reprinted from Wang
et al.
...
Figure 9.13 Graphical demonstration of adsorption using different materials (Rep...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Mechanisms of bioremediation by microalgae cell. The active mechanis...
Figure 10.2 Scheme of an integrated system for bioremediation and production of ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Pictorial representation of various common phytoremediation mechanis...
Figure 12.2 Factors affecting nanophytoremediation of various metals and their u...
Figure 12.3 Commercial prospects of plants used for phytoremediation in contamin...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Classification of emerging organic contaminants and illustrative mol...
Figure 13.2 From chemistry to sonochemical water remediation: the interconnectio...
Figure 13.3 Reactional zones related to single acoustic cavitation bubble.
Figure 13.4 Possible sonochemical schema for the degradation of acid orange 7.
Figure 13.5 Physical and chemical effects induced by ultrasound and acoustic cav...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Type of advanced oxidation process.
Figure 14.2 General Scheme of AOPs
Figure 14.3 Ozonation reactor assembly.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 A summary of the advanced oxidation processes (modified from Ref. [1...
Figure 15.2 Schematic of morphological transformation processes of CuO nanostruc...
Figure 15.3 Schematic of the hollow CuO/ZnO composite performance in TC degradat...
Figure 15.4 SEM micrograph of (a) Mn and (b) Fe doped CuO/ZnO nanocomposites; ba...
Figure 15.5 Catalytic mechanism of CuO@Al2O3/PMS system and the probable sites o...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Schematic illustration of physical and chemical adsorption.
Figure 16.2 Comparison of pinewood biochar with Douglas fir biochar for removal ...
Figure 16.3 Ibuprofen structure at different pHs.
Figure 16.4 Deprotonation of the 17β-estradiol molecule at pH > pKa.
Figure 16.5 Effect of adsorbent dosage on levofloxacin removal [33].
Figure 16.6 SEM images of biochar prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures. ...
Figure 16.7 Possible mechanisms responsible for adsorption of tetracycline on bi...
Figure 16.8 Comparison of the adsorption capacity of Pomelo peel biochar with ot...
Figure 16.9 Molecular structure of daptomycin.
Figure 16.10 Molecular structure of levofloxacin.
Figure 16.11 Comparison of different adsorbents for tylosin removal.
Figure 16.12 Intraparticle diffusion curve for tetracycline and doxycycline.
Figure 16.13 Mechanism of norfloxacin adsorption by magnetic biochar in the pres...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Various sources for agricultural wastewater generation.
Figure 17.2 The basic steps of the anaerobic digestion process.
Figure 17.3 Working process diagram of Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Bioreactor.
Figure 17.4 Flow diagram of Aerobic wastewater treatment system.
Figure 17.5 Activated Sludge System Process.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Flow chart showing use of agricultural waste to treat contaminated w...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Schematic of a combined system of Fenton’s treatment and biological ...
Figure 19.2 Constructed wetland mediated treatment of wastewater contaminated wi...
Figure 19.3 Tangled strands of microfibers collected from the water (a, c) and s...
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Comparison of aerobic granular sludge and conventional activated sludg...
Table 1.2 Comparison of different activated carbons for antibiotic adsorption.
Table 1.3 Comparison of the adsorption capacities of some magnetic adsorbents fo...
Table 1.4 Comparison between ozone and Peroxone.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Application examples of bark-derived adsorbents in removal of pollutan...
Table 2.2 Application examples of spent coffee-derived adsorbents in removal of ...
Table 2.3 Application examples of feathers and feathers-derived adsorbents in re...
Table 2.4 Application examples of husks and husk-derived adsorbents in removal o...
Table 2.5 Application examples of leaves and leave-derived adsorbents in removal...
Table 2.6 Application examples of banana peels and banana peel-derived adsorbent...
Table 2.7 Application examples of citruses peels and citruses peel-derived adsor...
Table 2.8 Application examples of garlic peels and garlic peel-derived adsorbent...
Table 2.9 Application examples of litchi peels and litchi peel-derived adsorbent...
Table 2.10 Application examples of various peels and adsorbents derived from the...
Table 2.11 Application examples of rinds and rind-derived adsorbents in removal ...
Table 2.12 Application examples of seeds-derived adsorbents in removal of pollut...
Table 2.13 Application examples of plant stones-derived adsorbents in removal of...
Table 2.14 Application examples of spent tea-derived adsorbents in removal of po...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Concentration of arsenic in water. Modified after Siddiqui
et al.
[14]...
Table 3.2 Reactors for liquid-phase reactions. Modified after Henkel [68].
Table 3.3 Reactors for gas-liquid reactions. Modified after Henkel [68].
Table 3.4 Reactors for liquid-solid reactions. Modified after Henkel [68].
Table 3.5 Electrothermal reactors. Modified after Henkel [68].
Table 3.6 List of the reaction-taking place for degradation of 1,4-dioxane in 18...
Table 3.7 The fluid–solid exchange coefficient of different drag models. Modifie...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Summary of selected recent studies on CW–MFC.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Recent investigations and performance evaluation of FO membrane techno...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Studies utilizing photoactivated periodate for the degradation of orga...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Characteristics of different wastewaters.
Table 7.2 Leachate characteristics in relation to landfill age [21].
Table 7.3 Some important characteristics of leachate in different sites (regions...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Applications of Metal–organic framework for heavy metals removal.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Main heavy metals bioremediated by microalgal species.
Table 10.2 Bioremediation behavior of microalgal species subjected to present su...
Table 10.3 Bioremediation of emerging compounds by different microalgae species.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Nanoparticles from various sources augmented in soil with plants used...
Table 12.2 Phytoremediation strategies for removal of contaminants.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Sonochemical scheme of the possible reactions occurred inside an O/H
2
...
Table 13.2 Sonochemical scheme of the possible reactions occurring between free ...
Table 13.3 Non-exhaustive list of pollutants degraded by sonochemical process.
Table 13.4 General scheme describing the sonochemical degradation of organic sub...
Table 13.5 Apparent kinetics constants of sonochemical degradation of EOCs relea...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Advantages and limitations of homogeneous Fenton process.
Table 15.2 An overview of the earlier works using CuO-based catalysts for dyes d...
Table 15.3 An overview of the earlier works using CuO-based catalysts for pharma...
Table 15.4 An overview of the earlier works using CuO-based catalysts for phenol...
Table 15.5 An overview of the earlier works using CuO-based catalysts for other ...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 The optimum contact time for different biochar composites for pharmac...
Table 16.2 Summarizes the optimum pH value for pharmaceutical adsorption by bioc...
Table 16.3 Thermodynamic parameters of pharmaceutical removal by biochar-based a...
Table 16.4 The adsorption capacity of rice straw biochar with other sorbents tow...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Various bacteria and fungi used for the bioremediation of agriculture...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Various agricultural wastes for removing contaminants from wastewater...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Literature survey on constructed wetland mediated treatments of pharm...
Table 19.2 Brief summary of probable health and environmental risks associated w...
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Applied Water Science Volume 2
Remediation Technologies
Edited by
Inamuddin
Mohd Imran Ahamed
Rajender Boddula
and
Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAand Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-72473-5
Cover image: Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involves the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment generating high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving the water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment has flourished. Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are owing to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic that are a potential threat for water, soil, and air, their consumption in higher concentrations provided hazardous outcomes. The water quality is usually measured keeping in mind chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of the effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities those can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries.
This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering.
Chapter 1, brief introduces pharmaceuticals’ and antibiotics’ pollution. Different methods for antibiotic removal from aqueous environments are presented. The performance of various technologies is discussed.
Chapter 2 describes the application of adsorbents in water remediation. These are natural and low-cost materials including bark, feather, husks, leaves, peels, rinds, seeds, stones, spent coffee and tea. The often neglected issue related to the disadvantages and challenges of such materials’ usage is thoroughly discussed.
Chapter 3 focuses on various types of reactors, which are used in water remediation. The models of multiphase flows are described and an overview of modeling and simulation of water remediation reactors are presented. Furthermore, the design of new reactors with modern geometry are discussed.
Chapter 4 reviews the iMETL and technology which is to integrate constructed wetland with microbial electrochemical technology. The synergy between these two separate technologies, the recent trend of application, its potential for industrial wastewater treatment and the challenges for scaling up the system and future scope is also discussed.
Chapter 5 focuses on forward osmosis technology as an emerging membrane process for the treatment of petroleum industry wastewater. Also, recent advances in forward osmosis membranes challenges ahead and future perspective are briefly discussed.
Chapter 6 presents details about UV/periodate (IO4−) process that is one of the recent advanced oxidation technologies for water treatment. It discusses fundamental aspects of the photochemical decomposition of periodate in water and addresses factors influencing the process efficiency. The recent works on the degradation of organic pollutants by this process are also reviewed.
Chapter 7 attempts to introduce a various biological-based technique for leachate treatment. Sanitary landfills are one of the modern technologies for wastes management and control. However, the generation of landfill leachate is a great issue regarding landfills. Biological treatment is one of the most popular practices for leachate treatment.
Chapter 8 discusses the role of metal-organic framework nanoparticles and their various adsorption applications in removal of different categories of contaminants of water such as heavy metal ions, organic, inorganic and radioactive materials. It also describes the metal-organic framework nano particles-based membrane technology for water remediation. Toxicity, safety and environmental impacts of metal-organic framework nanoparticles are also highlighted.
Chapter 9 focuses on the application of metal-organic frameworks in removing heavy metals. The first part of the chapter discusses the existence of heavy metals in the environment and common removal technologies. The second part discusses the application of metal-organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks-based hybrid materials for heavy metals removal.
Chapter 10 provides information about the potential of microalgae as a biotechnological tool for polluted environments’ bioremediation. Mechanisms involved in bioremediation using microalgae are described. The main focus is given on the microalgae bioremediation ability to a series of inorganic, organic, and emerging pollutants. Products generated from the bioremediation are also included.
Chapter 11 describes the hybrid advanced oxidation based photocatalytic techniques for effective and efficient treatment of contaminated water for achieving disinfected water. It also explains the merits and demerits of various hybrid-techniques for treating the wastewater discharged from various industries.
Chapter 12 elaborates various methods of phytoremediation as an ecofriendly alternative to sequestrate the metal ions and many alternative methods’ risks and opportunities. This chapter discusses not only the best and promising solutions to heavy metal contamination in soil and water using plants but also economic alternatives.
Chapter 13 discusses the role of ultrasound in water remediation through physical and chemical mechanisms ranging from acoustic streaming to sonochemistry. It particularly focuses on continuous flow sonochemistry, addresses technological feasibility and highlights the place of micro-flow sonoreactors applied to water remediation. Their scalability concerns are then discussed with regards to numbering up and scaling out strategies.
Chapter 14 explains the principles involved in the advanced oxidation process. This chapter also summarizes the commonly utilized advanced oxidation process such as Fenton, peroxination, sonolysis, ozonation, ultraviolet radiation-based, and photon-Fenton process for the water as well as wastewater remediation.
Chapter 15 details the application of copper oxide-based catalysts in advanced oxidation processes. A brief overview of catalytic advanced oxidation processes, recent advances and applications of copper oxide-based catalysts in advanced oxidation processes, and future perspectives are discussed.
Chapter 16 discusses the applicability of biochar absorbents for pharmaceuticals’ removal. The operational parameters and isotherms/kinetics models are discussed in details.
Chapter 17 discusses various sources of agricultural wastewater and its composition. Several biological treatment methods such as anaerobic, aerobic digestion, bioremediation of pesticides and microalgae usage for the treatment of agro-industrial effluents are reviewed in detail. The primary focus is given to bioremediation technologies and future outlook for wastewater treatment.
Chapter 18 focuses on the source, classification and threats of different emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, surfactants, microplastics, and endocrine disrupters to human and environment along with the efficient biological treatments like aerobic granulation, constructed wetland and other bioreactor mediated techniques with mitigation policies.
Chapter 19 highlights various approaches to remediate different wastewater samples. Low-cost, renewable, agricultural and processed industrial agriculture waste materials as bio-adsorbents for the elimination of several pollutants from wastewater is presented.
