Aquaculture Pond Fertilization E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 720

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Ponds are a primary production system to a wide variety of freshwater fish species. Each species have specific and unique nutrient needs and successful pond fertilization is critical to a successful aquaculture enterprise. Aquaculture Pond Fertilization: Impacts of Nutrient Input on Production provides state-of-the-art information for successful fertilization strategies for a broad range of pond-raised species. Aquaculture Pond Fertilization attempts to rectify the seemingly contradictory nutrient recommendations by clearly defining the goals of specific types of aquaculture. Chapters are divided into three sections: The first reviews basic concepts in fertilization applicable to all pond-based production. The second looks at specific nutrient management approaches. The third and final section of chapters looks specifically at key freshwater pond species ranging from tilapia to perch and discusses specific fertilization needs for the successful rearing of these in-demand fish. Looking across species with chapters contributed by leaders in the field Aquaculture Pond Fertilization provides succinct single-volume coverage of an oft-neglected, but vitally important topic in aquaculture production.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Preface

Section 1: General Fertilization Concepts

Chapter 1: Nutrient Cycling

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 PLANT NUTRIENTS

Chapter 2: Pond Ecology

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 ORGANISMS IN THE FISHPOND (OTHER THAN CULTURED SPECIES)

2.3 THE BOTTOM OF THE FISHPOND

2.4 METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE FISHPOND

2.5 POND HYDROLOGY: TAKING ADVANTAGE OF NATURE

2.6 CULTURED FISH SPECIES AND THE POND ENVIRONMENT

2.7 MANAGING FOOD WEBS TO INCREASE FISH PRODUCTION

2.8 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 3: Organic and Inorganic Fertilization

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 ECOLOGY OF CULTURED FISHES

3.3 FERTILIZER MATERIALS

3.4 SUMMARY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

Chapter 4: Water Quality and Pond Fertilization

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 ACIDIC WATERS

4.3 ALKALINE AND SALINE WATER

4.4 WATER TEMPERATURE

4.5 TURBIDITY AND COLOR

4.6 FLUSHING RATE

4.7 WATER DEPTH

4.8 FERTILIZERS, ALKALINITY, AND PH

Chapter 5: Environmental Issues in Pond Fertilization

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 RESOURCE USE

5.3 NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY

5.4 WATER POLLUTION

5.5 AQUACULTURE EFFLUENT RULE IN UNITED STATES

5.6 POND FERTILIZATION BMPS

Chapter 6 : Controlling Plant Pests before Fertilization

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 PLANT COMMUNITIES AND WATER QUALITY

6.3 PLANT PESTS

6.4 PHYSICAL CONTROL MEASURES

6.5 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

6.6 CHEMICAL CONTROL

Section 2: Management Approaches to Pond Fertilization

Chapter 7: Management Strategy 1: Manipulation of Pond Nutrient Ratios

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 LIMITING NUTRIENTS

7.3 THE BENEFITS OF NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION

7.4 NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION IN LABORATORIES

7.5 NUTRIENT RATIO STUDIES IN LAKES

7.6 NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION IN PONDS

7.7 CALCULATIONS FOR NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION

7.8 N:P MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.9 FUTURE RESEARCH

7.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 8: Management Strategy 2: The Algal Bioassay Fertilization Strategy—An Ecological Approach for Efficient Pond Fertilization

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 ABFS METHODOLOGY

8.3 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

8.4 THE ABFS COMPARED WITH OTHER FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES

8.5 SUMMARY: RECOMMENDED FERTILIZATION STRATEGY

8.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 9: Management Strategy 3: Fixed-Rate Fertilizer Applications

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 FIXED-RATE CRITICISMS

9.3 DETERMINING AN APPROPRIATE FERTILIZATION STRATEGY

Section 3: Common Fertilization Practices Currently Used for Production of Selected Species under Various Culture Conditions

Chapter 10: Channel Catfish Pond Fertilization

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 BROODSTOCK PRODUCTION

10.3 HATCHERY PRODUCTION

10.4 NURSERY PRODUCTION

10.5 GROW-OUT PONDS

10.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 11: Walleye and Yellow Perch Pond Fertilization

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 BIOLOGY AND POND PRODUCTION

11.3 LARVAL AND JUVENILE FEEDING

11.4 POND FERTILIZATION REGIMENS

11.5 CURRENT PRACTICES

11.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 12: Some Principles of Pond Fertilization for Nile Tilapia Using Organic and Inorganic Inputs

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE TILAPIA INDUSTRY

12.3 GOALS OF FERTILIZATION

12.4 TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

12.5 FERTILIZATION RATES

12.6 CRSP EXPERIMENTS ON OPTIMUM FERTILIZATION RATES

12.7 MODERN FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS

12.8 FUTURE OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 13: Fertilizing Sunshine Bass Production Ponds

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 HYBRID CROSSES

13.3 AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

13.4 FRY AND FINGERLING CULTURE

13.5 FERTILIZING GROW-OUT PONDS

13.6 FRY AND FINGERLINGS

13.7 ZOOPLANKTON

13.8 FERTILIZATION TECHNIQUES

13.9 TEMPERATURE AND ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS

13.10 INVERTEBRATE PREDATION

13.11 RICE BRAN

13.12 WATER QUALITY

13.13 FERTILIZATION FREQUENCY AND AMOUNT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 14: Challenges to the Intensification of Largemouth Bass Culture

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 SPAWNING PHASE

14.3 NURSERY PHASE

14.4 PRESEASON POND MANAGEMENT AND SELECTION

14.5 ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

14.6 INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

14.7 ZOOPLANKTON

14.8 MONITORING AND MANAGING ZOOPLANKTON DENSITIES

14.9 TIMING OF FILLING PONDS

14.10 UNDESIRABLES

14.11 SUMMARY

Chapter 15: Baitfish Pond Fertilization

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 BAITFISH FARMING

15.3 FOOD HABITS OF COMMON BAITFISH SPECIES

15.4 FERTILIZATION PRACTICES

15.5 SOURCE WATERS AND SOILS

15.6 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FISH

15.7 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 16: Carp Pond Fertilization

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 POND FERTILIZATION AND PRODUCTIVITY

16.3 FERTILIZERS AND MANURES

16.4 FERTILIZER OR MANURE

16.5 MINOR AND ORNAMENTAL CARP

16.6 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 17: Sportfish Pond Fertilization

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 MANAGING RECREATIONAL FISHING PONDS

17.3 BENEFITS AND RISKS OF FERTILIZATION

17.4 IMPLEMENTING A FERTILIZATION PROGRAM

17.5 SUMMARY

Chapter 18: Fertilization of Marine Finfish Nursery Ponds for Aquaculture Production

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 MARINE FINFISH LARVICULTURE SYSTEMS

18.3 ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS OF SEMI-INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS

18.4 ADDITIONAL FOOD SOURCES OF MARINE NURSERY PONDS

18.5 THE ROLE OF FERTILIZATION IN ESTABLISHING A FORAGE BASE IN MARINE NURSERY PONDS

18.6 FERTILIZATION PROTOCOLS FOR MARINE NURSERY PONDS

18.7 FERTILIZATION OF MARINE NURSERY PONDS IN ASIA

18.8 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Index

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Editorial offices: 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-4709-5922-0/2012.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Aquaculture pond fertilization : impacts of nutrient input on production / edited by Charles C. Mischke. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-95922-0 1. Fish ponds–Fertilization. 2. Pond aquaculture. I. Mischke, Charles C. (Charles Christopher) SH157.85.F52A68 2012 639.3′1–dc23 2012001060

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Disclaimer

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Contributors

Jimmy L. AveryDelta Research and Extension Center National Warmwater Aquaculture Center Mississippi State University Stoneville, MS

Claude E. BoydDepartment of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Auburn, AL

Debajyoti ChakrabartyPost Graduate Department of Zoology Krishnagar Government College Nadia, West Bengal, India

Jesse A. ChappellDepartment of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Auburn, AL

Shawn D. CoyleDivision of Aquaculture Aquaculture Research Center Kentucky State University Frankfort, KY

Sanjib Kumar DasWaste Management Cell West Bengal Pollution Control Board Kolkata, West Bengal, India

James S. DianaSchool of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI

Christopher F. HartlebNorthern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, WI

James A. HeldExtension Aquaculture Program University of Wisconsin Lake Mills, WI

J. Alan JohnsonRathbun Fish Culture Research Facility Iowa Department of Natural Resources Moravia, IA

Christopher F. Knud-HansenSolarBee, Inc. Westminster, CO

Robert KrögerDepartment of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville, MS

Gerald KurtenTexas Parks and Wildlife Department Inland Fisheries, Possum Kingdom Fish Hatchery Graford, TX

Li LiAgricultural Experiment Station Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Auburn, AL

Gerald M. LudwigJerry Ludwig Enterprises Stuttgart, AR

Steve MarpleKentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Pfeiffer Fish Hatchery Frankfort, KY

Ana MilsteinFish and Aquaculture Research Station Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) M.P. Hof HaCarmel, Israel

Charles C. MischkeDelta Research and Extension Center National Warmwater Aquaculture Center Mississippi State University Stoneville, MS

J. Wesley NealDepartment of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville, MS

Jian G. QinSchool of Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide, South Australia

Richard W. SoderbergGrant Science Center Mansfield University Mansfield, PA

Nathan StoneAquaculture/Fisheries Center University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Pine Bluff, AR

James H. TidwellDivision of Aquaculture Aquaculture Research Center Kentucky State University Frankfort, KY

Charles R. WeirichAqua Green World Aquaculture Society Perkinston, MS

Preface

The vast majority of freshwater aquaculture is conducted in ponds. With every species cultured, whether cultured intensively or extensively, there is usually at least one pond production stage where pond fertilization is important.

Although pond fertilization is an important cornerstone in aquaculture production, fertilization information is generally dispersed throughout scientific journal articles and extension publications or confined to a single chapter—or even a single paragraph within a chapter—in aquaculture texts. Fertilizer recommendations vary widely depending on the region and species cultured. At first glance, with the wide variation of pond fertilization recommendations, it may seem that pond fertilization recommendations are haphazard guesses. There are basic principles of pond ecology and nutrient cycling that hold true for all fertilization programs. However, specific fertilization goals vary widely, and thus, fertilization strategies vary widely as well.

This book is intended to provide current state-of-the-art information for pond fertilization. Contributed chapters were solicited from the most active and prominent scientists dealing with pond fertilization. Most research findings presented in this book have been published in peer-reviewed literature and elsewhere, but this book organizes the information under a single cover and attempts to rectify the seemingly contradictory recommendations by clearly defining the goals of specific types of aquaculture. When fertilization goals for a particular situation are clearly defined, then the wide varieties of recommendations do not seem to be so random. By assimilating fertilization research into a single volume, one should be able to better understand why certain fertilization strategies are used under different culture situations. This volume should be beneficial to producers and researchers of a wide range of cultured species worldwide.

The first six chapters of this book cover concepts relating to fertilization in general. The next three chapters cover three different strategies of how to approach pond fertilization. Finally, the last chapters cover fertilization specific to a cross-section of selected fish species cultured and the current most common fertilization strategies used for those species. Although not exhaustive of all species cultured, this section covers a broad range of species, in different regions, and under different fertilization goals. Some cultured species rely on natural pond productivity throughout culture, while others are cultured with complete prepared diets.

To allow each author to give a complete perspective of their specific fertilization philosophy, some redundancy was unavoidable. There are also some contradictions from chapter to chapter—mainly related to nutrient limitation and whether to use inorganic or organic fertilizers. For many years, the conventional wisdom has been that phosphorus is the limiting nutrient in freshwater systems. Some authors hold that view, while others have found nitrogen to be a more important limiting factor. Depending on the goals of fertilization, inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, or a combination of both fertilizer types is recommended. These different views relate to different regions where fish are cultured, types of fish and systems used, different fertilization management levels and specific fertilization goals, and different indices measured to determine fertilization success. Hopefully, repetitive information and seemingly contradictory information, when put in context, will be beneficial to understanding the goals of each specific culture situation and why specific management strategies are used.

Charles C. Mischke National Warmwater Aquaculture Center

Section 1

General Fertilization Concepts