Asymptomatic Osseous Variations of the Postcranial Human Skeleton E-Book

Emeline Verna

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 166

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Since ancient times, asymptomatic bone variations have been studied in many different disciplines. In radiology, for example, they enable the differentiation of the typical from the anomalous, but in biological anthropology they are especially useful in answering questions about humans and their diachronic and synchronic variability. This book provides an easily accessible presentation of the osseous variations of the postcranial skeleton (from the spine to the feet), which are sometimes poorly understood by the scientific community. These variations are examined one by one, with definitions, population frequencies and complete illustrations given for each. Asymptomatic Osseous Variations of the Postcranial Human Skeleton is intended as a comprehensive reference manual for further research on these types of skeletal variations.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 The Upper Limb

1.1. Clavicle

1.2. Scapula

1.3. Humerus

1.4. Radius

1.5. Ulna

2 The Thorax

2.1. Sternum

2.2. Ribs

3 The Vertebral Column

3.1. First cervical vertebra (atlas)

3.2. Second cervical vertebra (axis)

3.3. Cervical vertebra

3.4. Spine

4 The Pelvic Girdle

4.1. Sacrum

4.2. Coxal bone

5 The Lower Limb

5.1. Femur

5.2. Patella

5.3. Tibia

5.4. Talus

5.5. Calcaneus

5.6. The foot

Appendix: AOVs versus Pathologies

References

Index

Other titles from ISTE in Biology and Biomedical Engineering

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1. Frequency of perforation of the clavicle in medical imaging

Table 1.2. Frequency of perforation of the clavicle on dry bone

Table 1.3. Frequency of the coracoclavicular joint in medical imaging

Table 1.4. Frequency of the coracoclavicular joint on dry bone

Table 1.5. Duplication frequency of the acromial extremity in medical imaging

Table 1.6. Duplication frequency of the acromial extremity on dry bone

Table 1.7. Frequency of the costoclavicular sulcus in medical imaging

Table 1.8. Frequency of the costoclavicular sulcus on dry bone

Table 1.9. Frequency of the coracoclavicular joint in medical imaging

Table 1.10. Frequency of the coracoclavicular joint on dry bone

Table 1.11. Frequency of suprascapular foramen in medical imaging

Table 1.12. Frequency of suprascapular foramen on dry bone

Table 1.13. Frequency of the suprascapular notch in medical imaging

Table 1.14. Frequency of suprascapular notching on dry bone

Table 1.15. Frequency of unfused acromial epiphysis in medical imaging

Table 1.16. Frequency of unfused acromial epiphysis on dry bone

Table 1.17. Frequency of circumflex sulcus in medical imaging

Table 1.18. Frequency of circumflex sulcus on dry bone

Table 1.19. Frequency of the acromial articular facet in medical imaging

Table 1.20. Frequency of the acromial articular facet on dry bone

Table 1.21. Frequency of septal aperture in medical imaging

Table 1.22. Frequency of septal aperture on dry bone

Table 1.23. Frequency of the supracondyloid process in medical imaging

Table 1.24. Frequency of the supracondyloid process on dry bone

Table 1.25. Frequency of the supracondyloid tunnel in medical imaging

Table 1.26. Frequency of the supracondyloid tunnel on dry bone

Table 1.27. Frequency of translucency of the septum in medical imaging

Table 1.28. Frequency of translucency of the septum on dry bone

Table 1.29. Frequency of radial tuberosity orientation in medical imaging

Table 1.30. Frequency of radial tuberosity orientation on dry bone according t...

Table 1.31. Frequency of the double distal radial articular facet in medical i...

Table 1.32. Frequency of the double distal radial articular facet on dry bone

Table 1.33. Frequency of the medial trochlear notch in medical imaging

Table 1.34. Frequency of the medial trochlear notch on dry bone

Table 1.35. Frequency of the lateral trochlear notch in medical imaging

Table 1.36. Frequency of the lateral trochlear notch on dry bone

Table 1.37. Frequency of the trochlear groove in medical imaging

Table 1.38. Frequency of the trochlear groove on dry bone

Chapter 2

Table 2.1. Frequency of sternal clefts (all forms combined) in medical imaging

Table 2.2. Frequency of sternal clefts (all forms combined) on dry bone

Table 2.3. Frequency of non-fusion of sternebrae in medical imaging

Table 2.4. Frequency of non-fusion of sternebrae on dry bone

Table 2.5. Frequency of misplaced manubrium-mesosternal joints in medical imag...

Table 2.6. Frequency of misplaced manubrium-mesosternal joints on dry bone

Table 2.7. Frequency of sternal foramen in medical imaging

Table 2.8. Frequency of sternal foramen on dry bone

Table 2.9. Frequency of manubriosternal fusion in medical imaging

Table 2.10. Frequency of manubriosternal fusion on dry bone

Table 2.11. Frequency of manubrium foramen in medical imaging

Table 2.12. Frequency of manubrium foramen on dry bone

Table 2.13. Frequency of xiphoid foramen in medical imaging

Table 2.14. Frequency of xiphoid foramen on dry bone

Table 2.15. Frequency of the single xiphoid process in medical imaging

Table 2.16. Frequency of the single xiphoid process on dry bone

Table 2.17. Frequency of the bifurcated xiphoid process in medical imaging

Table 2.18. Frequency of the bifurcated xiphoid process on dry bone

Table 2.19. Frequency of the triple xiphoid process in medical imaging

Table 2.20. Frequency of the triple xiphoid process on dry bone

Table 2.21. Frequency of absence of the xiphoid process in medical imaging

Table 2.22. Frequency of absence of the xiphoid process on dry bone

Table 2.23. Frequency of suprasternal bones in medical imaging

Table 2.24. Frequency of suprasternal bones on dry bone

Table 2.25. Frequency of the cervical rib in medical imaging

Table 2.26. Frequency of the cervical rib on dry bone

Table 2.27. Frequency of lumbar ribs in medical imaging

Table 2.28. Frequency of lumbar ribs on dry bone

Table 2.29. Frequency of bifid ribs in medical imaging

Table 2.30. Frequency of bifid ribs on dry bone

Table 2.31. Frequency of costal fusion in medical imaging

Table 2.32. Frequency of costal fusion on dry bone

Table 2.33. Frequency of sacral ribs in medical imaging

Table 2.34. Frequency of sacral ribs on dry bone

Table 2.35. Frequency of intrathoracic ribs in medical imaging

Table 2.36. Frequency of intrathoracic ribs on dry bone

Table 2.37. Frequency of absence of the 12th rib in medical imaging

Table 2.38. Frequency of absence of the 12th rib on dry bone

Chapter 3

Table 3.1. Frequency of ponticulus posticus in medical imaging

Table 3.2. Frequency of ponticulus posticus on dry bone

Table 3.3. Frequency of lateral atlas bridges in medical imaging

Table 3.4. Frequency of lateral atlas bridges on dry bone

Table 3.5. Frequency of retroarticular bridges in medical imaging

Table 3.6. Frequency of retroarticular bridges on dry bone

Table 3.7. Frequency of occipitalization in medical imaging

Table 3.8. Frequency of occipitalization on dry bone

Table 3.9. Frequency of anterior atlas arch deficiency in medical imaging

Table 3.10. Frequency of anterior atlas arch deficiency on dry bone

Table 3.11. Frequency of posterior atlas arch deficiency in medical imaging

Table 3.12. Frequency of posterior atlas arch deficiency on dry bone

Table 3.13. Frequency of double condylar facets of the atlas in medical imagin...

Table 3.14. Frequency of double condylar facets of the atlas on dry bone

Table 3.15. Frequency of spina bifida occulta in medical imaging

Table 3.16. Frequency of spina bifida occulta on dry bone

Table 3.17. Frequency of os odontoideum in medical imaging

Table 3.18. Frequency of os odontoideum on dry bone

Table 3.19. Frequency of open transverse foramen in medical imaging

Table 3.20. Frequency of open transverse foramen on dry bone

Table 3.21. Frequency of double transverse foramen in medical imaging

Table 3.22. Frequency of double transverse foramen on dry bone

Table 3.23. Frequency of bifid spinous process in medical imaging

Table 3.24. Frequency of bifid spinous process on dry bone

Table 3.25. Frequency of spina bifida occulta in all vertebrae combined in med...

Table 3.26. Frequency of spina bifida occulta in all vertebrae combined on dry...

Table 3.27. Frequency of the butterfly vertebrae in all vertebrae combined in ...

Table 3.28. Frequency of butterfly vertebrae in all vertebrae combined on dry ...

Table 3.29. Frequency of spondylolysis in all vertebrae combined in medical im...

Table 3.30. Frequency of spondylolysis in all vertebrae combined on dry bone

Table 3.31. Frequency of transitional vertebrae in medical imaging

Table 3.32. Frequency of transitional vertebrae on dry bone

Table 3.33. Frequency of sacralization in medical imaging

Table 3.34. Frequency of sacralization on dry bone

Chapter 4

Table 4.1. Frequency of lumbarization in medical imaging

Table 4.2. Frequency of lumbarization on dry bone

Table 4.3. Frequency of spina bifida occulta of the sacrum in all vertebrae co...

Table 4.4. Frequency of spina bifida occulta of the sacrum in all vertebrae co...

Table 4.5. Frequency of butterfly vertebra of the first sacral vertebra in med...

Table 4.6. Frequency of butterfly vertebra of the first sacral vertebra on dry...

Table 4.7. Frequency of accessory hip facet in medical imaging

Table 4.8. Frequency of accessory hip facet on dry bone

Table 4.9. Frequency of accessory hip facet on the coxal bone in medical imagi...

Table 4.10. Frequency of accessory hip facet on the coxal bone on dry bone

Table 4.11. Frequency of the pubic spine in medical imaging

Table 4.12. Frequency of the pubic spine on dry bone

Table 4.13. Frequency of acetabular marks in medical imaging

Table 4.14. Frequency of acetabular marks on dry bone

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Frequency of supracondylar apophysis in medical imaging

Table 5.2 Frequency of supracondylar apophysis on dry bone

Table 5.3 Frequency of the fabella in medical imaging

Table 5.4 Frequency of the fabella on dry bone

Table 5.5 Frequency of the third trochanter in medical imaging

Table 5.6 Frequency of the third trochanter on dry bone

Table 5.7 Frequency of the hypotrochanteric fossa in medical imaging

Table 5.8 Frequency of the hypotrochanteric fossa on dry bone

Table 5.9 Frequency of Allen’s fossa in medical imaging

Table 5.10 Frequency of Allen’s fossaon dry bone

Table 5.11 Frequency of posterior cervical (acetabular) imprint in medical ima...

Table 5.12 Frequency of posterior cervical (acetabular) imprint on dry bone

Table 5.13 Frequency of Poirier’s facet in medical imaging

Table 5.14 Frequency of Poirier’s facet on dry bone

Table 5.15 Frequency of dorsal defects in medical imaging

Table 5.16 Frequency of dorsal defects on dry bone

Table 5.17 Frequency of bipartite patella in medical imaging

Table 5.18 Frequency of bipartite patella on dry bone

Table 5.19 Frequency of vastus notch in medical imaging

Table 5.20 Frequency of vastus notch on dry bone

Table 5.21 Frequency of lateral squatting facet in medical imaging

Table 5.22 Frequency of lateral squatting facet on dry bone

Table 5.23 Frequency of medial squatting facet in medical imaging

Table 5.24 Frequency of medial squatting facet on dry bone

Table 5.25 Frequency of lateral squatting facet in medical imaging

Table 5.26 Frequency of lateral squatting facet on dry bone

Table 5.27 Frequency of medial squatting facet in medical imaging

Table 5.28 Frequency of medial squatting facet on dry bone

Table 5.29 Frequency of os trigonum on medical imaging

Table 5.30 Frequency of os trigonum on dry bone

Table 5.31 Frequency of bifid interior articular facets in medical imaging

Table 5.32 Frequency of bifid interior articular facets on dry bone

Table 5.33 Frequency of calcaneus secondarius in medical imaging

Table 5.34 Frequency of calcaneus secondarius on dry bone

Table 5.35 Frequency of absence of the anterior articular surface of the talus...

Table 5.36 Frequency of absence of the anterior articular surface of the talus...

Table 5.37 Frequency of the bipartite anterior facet in medical imaging

Table 5.38 Frequency of the bipartite anterior facet on dry bone

Table 5.39 Frequency of extension of the posterior articular facet in medical ...

Table 5.40 Frequency of extension of the posterior articular facet on dry bone

Table 5.41 Frequency of the peroneal trochlea in medical imaging

Table 5.42 Frequency of the peroneal trochlea on dry bone

Table 5.43 Frequency of retrotrochlear eminence in medical imaging

Table 5.44 Frequency of retrotrochlear eminence on dry bone

Table 5.45 Frequency of the os tibiale in medical imaging

Table 5.46 Frequency of the os tibiale on dry bone

Table 5.47 Frequency of the os peroneum in medical imaging

Table 5.48 Frequency of the os peroneum on dry bone

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Human skeleton. The upper limb is presented in red. For a color ve...

Figure 1.2. Perforation of the clavicle: (a) diagram, right clavicle, superior...

Figure 1.3. (a) 3D reconstruction, left clavicle, postero-superior view; (b) D...

Figure 1.4. Coracoclavicular joint: (a) diagram, right clavicle, lateral view;...

Figure 1.5. (a) 3D reconstruction, left clavicle, posterior view; (b) DICOM im...

Figure 1.6. Duplication of the acromial extremity of the clavicle: (a) diagram...

Figure 1.7. (a) 3D reconstruction, left clavicle, superior view; (b) DICOM ima...

Figure 1.8. Costoclavicular sulcus: (a) diagram, left clavicle, inferior view;...

Figure 1.9. Coracoclavicular joint: (a) diagram, left scapula, anterior view; ...

Figure 1.10. (a) 3D reconstruction, left scapula, posterior view; (b) DICOM im...

Figure 1.11. Suprascapular foramen: (a) diagram, left scapula, anterior view; ...

Figure 1.12. (a) 3D reconstruction, left scapula, posterior view; (b) DICOM im...

Figure 1.13. Suprascapular notch: (a) diagram, left scapula, anterior view; (b...

Figure 1.14. (a) 3D reconstruction, right scapula, posterior view; (b) DICOM i...

Figure 1.15. Unfused acromial epiphysis: (a) diagram, left scapula, posterior ...

Figure 1.16. (a) 3D reconstruction, left scapula, posterosuperior view; (b) DI...

Figure 1.17. Circumflex sulcus: (a) diagram, left scapula, anterior view; (b) ...

Figure 1.18. Acromial articular facet: (a) diagram, left scapula, anterior vie...

Figure 1.19. Septal aperture: (a) diagram, left humerus, anterior view; (b) dr...

Figure 1.20. Supracondyloid process: (a) diagram, left humerus, anterior view;...

Figure 1.21. Supracondyloid tunnel: (a) diagram, left humerus, anterior view; ...

Figure 1.22. Translucency of the septum: (a) diagram, left humerus, anterior v...

Figure 1.23. Radial tuberosity orientation: (a) diagram, right radius, anterio...

Figure 1.24. Double distal radial articular facet: (a) diagram, right radius, ...

Figure 1.25. Medial trochlear notch: (a) diagram, left ulna, anterior view; (b...

Figure 1.26. Lateral trochlear notch: (a) diagram, left ulna, anterior view; (...

Figure 1.27. Trochlear groove: (a) diagram, left ulna, anterior view; (b) dry ...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1. Human skeleton. The thorax is presented in red. For a color versio...

Figure 2.2. Sternal cleft: (a) dry bone, sternal body, anterior view; (b) diag...

Figure 2.3. (a) 3D reconstruction, anterior view; (b) DICOM image, axial secti...

Figure 2.4. Non-fusion of sternebrae: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone...

Figure 2.5. Misplaced manubrium-mesosternal joint: (a) diagram, anterior view;...

Figure 2.6. Sternal foramen: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, anterio...

Figure 2.7. Manubriosternal fusion: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, ...

Figure 2.8. Manubrium foramen: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) 3D reconstructi...

Figure 2.9. Xiphoid foramen: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, anterio...

Figure 2.10. Single xiphoid process: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone,...

Figure 2.11. Bifurcated xiphoid process: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry b...

Figure 2.12. Triple xiphoid process: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone,...

Figure 2.13. Absence of the xiphoid process: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) d...

Figure 2.14. Suprasternal bone: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) 3D reconstruct...

Figure 2.15. Cervical rib on the seventh cervical vertebra: (a) diagram, seven...

Figure 2.16. Cervical rib on the seventh cervical vertebra: (a) 3D reconstruct...

Figure 2.17. Lumbar rib: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, first lumba...

Figure 2.18. Lumbar rib: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b) DICOM imag...

Figure 2.19. Bifid rib: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, right rib, i...

Figure 2.20. Bifid rib: (a) 3D reconstruction, left rib, left lateral view; (b...

Figure 2.21. Costal fusion: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, right ri...

Figure 2.22. Costal fusion (a) 3D reconstruction, left ribs, left lateral view...

Figure 2.23. Diagram, posterior view of the pelvis

Figure 2.24. Diagram, anterior view

Figure 2.25. Absence of the 12th rib: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) 3D recon...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. Human skeleton. The vertebral column is presented in red. For a co...

Figure 3.2. Ponticulus posticus: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) dry bone, sup...

Figure 3.3. Ponticulus posticus: (a) 3D reconstruction, left lateral view; (b)...

Figure 3.4. Lateral atlas bridge: (a) diagram, posterior view; (b) dry bone, p...

Figure 3.5. Lateral atlas bridge: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b) D...

Figure 3.6. Retroarticular bridge: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) dry bone, i...

Figure 3.7. Occipitalization of the atlas: (a) diagram, skull base, inferior v...

Figure 3.8. Occipitalization of the atlas: (a) 3D reconstruction, anterior vie...

Figure 3.9. Anterior atlas arch deficiency: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) 3D...

Figure 3.10. Posterior atlas arch deficiency: diagram, three forms of the abse...

Figure 3.11. Posterior atlas arch deficiency: (a) 3D reconstruction, inferior ...

Figure 3.12. Double condylar facet: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) dry bone, ...

Figure 3.13. Spina bifida occulta: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) dry bone, i...

Figure 3.14. Spina bifida occulta: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b) ...

Figure 3.15. Os odontoideum: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, anterio...

Figure 3.16. Open transverse foramen: (a) diagram of first cervical vertebra, ...

Figure 3.17. Open transverse foramen: (a) 3D reconstruction, second cervical v...

Figure 3.18. Double transverse foramen: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) DICOM ...

Figure 3.19. Double transverse foramen: (a) 3D reconstruction, superior view; ...

Figure 3.20. Bifid spinous process: (a) diagram, superior view; (b) dry bone, ...

Figure 3.21. Bifid spinous process: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b)...

Figure 3.22. Spina bifida occulta: (a) diagram, lumbar vertebra, superior view...

Figure 3.23. Spina bifida occulta: (a) 3D reconstruction, lumbar vertebra, pos...

Figure 3.24. Butterfly vertebra: (a) diagram, lumbar vertebra, anterior view; ...

Figure 3.25. Spondylolysis: (a) diagram, lumbar vertebra, superior view; (b) d...

Figure 3.26. Spondylolysis: (a) 3D reconstruction, lumbar vertebra, posterior ...

Figure 3.27. Transitional vertebra: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) 3D reconst...

Figure 3.28. Sacralization: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone anterior ...

Figure 3.29. Sacralization: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b) DICOM i...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1. Human skeleton. The pelvic girdle is presented in red. For a color...

Figure 4.2. Lumbarization: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, anterior ...

Figure 4.3. Lumbarization: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior view; (b) DICOM im...

Figure 4.4. Complete spina bifida occulta: (a) diagram, posterior view; (b) dr...

Figure 4.5. Complete spina bifida occulta: (a) 3D reconstruction, posterior vi...

Figure 4.6. Butterfly vertebra: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, ante...

Figure 4.7. Butterfly vertebra: (a) 3D reconstruction, infero-anterior view; (...

Figure 4.8. Accessory hip facet: (a) diagram, posterior view; (b) dry bone, ri...

Figure 4.9. Accessory hip facet: (a) diagram, medial view; (b) dry bone, media...

Figure 4.10. Pubic spine: (a) diagram, anterior view; (b) dry bone, anterior v...

Figure 4.11. Pubic spine: (a) 3D reconstruction, superior view; (b) DICOM imag...

Figure 4.12. Acetabular mark: (a) diagram, lateral view; (b) dry bone, lateral...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Human skeleton. The lower limb is presented in red. For a color ver...

Figure 5.2 Supracondylar apophysis: (a) diagram, right femur, posterior view; ...

Figure 5.3 Fabella: (a) diagram, right femur, posteromedial view; (b) 3D recon...

Figure 5.4 Third trochanter: (a) diagram, right femur, posterior view; (b) dry...

Figure 5.5 Hypotrochanteric fossa: (a) diagram, right femur, posterior view; (...

Figure 5.6 Allen’s fossa: (a) diagram, right femur, anterior view; (b) dry bon...

Figure 5.7 Posterior cervical (acetabular) imprint: (a) diagram, right femur, ...

Figure 5.8 Poirier’s facet: diagram, right femur, anterior view

Figure 5.9 Dorsal defect: (a) diagram, right patella, posterior view; (b) 3D r...

Figure 5.10 Bipartite patella: (a) diagram, right patella, anterior view; (b) ...

Figure 5.11 Bipartite patella: (a) 3D reconstruction, right patella, anterior ...

Figure 5.12 Vastus notch: (a) diagram, right patella, anterior view; (b) dry b...

Figure 5.13 Vastus notch: (a) 3D reconstruction, left patella, anterior view; ...

Figure 5.14 Lateral squatting facet: (a) diagram, right tibia, anterior view; ...

Figure 5.15 Medial squatting facet: (a) diagram, right tibia, anterior view; (...

Figure 5.16 Lateral squatting facet: (a) diagram, left talus, superior view; (...

Figure 5.17 Medial squatting facet: (a) diagram, left talus, superior view; (b...

Figure 5.18 Os trigonum: (a) diagram, left talus, superior view; (b) dry bone,...

Figure 5.19 Os trigonum: (a) 3D reconstruction, right talus, lateral view; (b)...

Figure 5.20 Bifid interior articular facet: (a) diagram, right talus, inferior...

Figure 5.21 Calcaneus secondarius: (a) fused pattern 1, unfused pattern 2, rig...

Figure 5.22 Calcaneus secondarius: (a) 3D reconstruction, right foot, antero-l...

Figure 5.23 Absence of the anterior articular surface of the talus: (a) diagra...

Figure 5.24 Bipartite anterior facet: (a) diagram, right calcaneus, superior v...

Figure 5.25 Extension of the posterior articular facet: (a) diagram, right cal...

Figure 5.26 Peroneal trochlea: (a) diagram, right calcaneus, lateral view; (b)...

Figure 5.27 Peroneal trochlea: (a) 3D reconstruction, right foot, lateral view...

Figure 5.28 Retrotrochlear eminence: (a) diagram, right calcaneus, lateral vie...

Figure 5.29 Retrotrochlear eminence: (a) 3D reconstruction, right foot, latera...

Figure 5.30 Os tibiale: (a) diagram, right foot, superior view; (b) 3D reconst...

Figure 5.31 Os peroneum: (a) diagram, right foot, superior view; (b) 3D recons...

Appendix