Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics E-Book

John H. Seinfeld

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2267

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Expanded and updated with new findings and new features * New chapter on Global Climate providing a self-contained treatment of climate forcing, feedbacks, and climate sensitivity * New chapter on Atmospheric Organic Aerosols and new treatment of the statistical method of Positive Matrix Factorization * Updated treatments of physical meteorology, atmospheric nucleation, aerosol-cloud relationships, chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons * Each topic developed from the fundamental science to the point of application to real-world problems * New problems at an introductory level to aid in classroom teaching

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Part I: The Atmosphere and Its Constituents

Chapter 1: The Atmosphere

1.1 History and Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere

1.2 Climate

1.3 Layers of the Atmosphere

1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere

1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere

1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere

1.7 Airborne Particles

1.8 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes

Problems

References

Chapter 2: Atmospheric Trace Constituents

2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime

2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds

2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds

2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds

2.6 Atmospheric Ozone

2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols)

2.8 Mercury

2.9 Emission Inventories

Appendix 2.1 Us Air Pollution Legislation

Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics)

Problems

References

Part II: Atmospheric Chemistry

Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics

3.1 Order of Reaction

3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics

3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation

3.4 Reactions of Excited Species

3.5 Termolecular Reactions

3.6 Chemical Families

3.7 Gas–Surface Reactions

Problems

References

Chapter 4: Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry

4.1 Radiation

4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere

4.3 Beer−Lambert Law and Optical Depth

4.4 Actinic Flux

4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry

4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases

4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3

4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude

4.9 Photodissociation of o3 to Produce o and o(1D)

4.10 Photodissociation of No2

Problems

References

Chapter 5: Chemistry of the Stratosphere

5.1 Chapman Mechanism

5.2 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles

5.3 HOx Cycles

5.4 Halogen Cycles

5.5 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles

5.6 Ozone Hole

5.7 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry

5.8 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

5.9 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere

5.10 Ozone Depletion Potential

Problems

References

Chapter 6: Chemistry of the Troposphere

6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere

6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, AND O3

6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide

6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane

6.5 The NOx and NOy Families

6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NOx

6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules

6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation

6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry

6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere

6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons

6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds

6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds

6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds

6.15 Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury

Appendix 6 Organic Functional Groups

Problems

References

Chapter 7: Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase

7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere

7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law

7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria

7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates

7.5 S(IV)–S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry

7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions

7.7 Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

7.8 Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry

7.9 Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry

7.10 Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry

7.11 Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry

Problems

References

Part III: Aerosols

Chapter 8: Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol

8.1 The Size Distribution Function

8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions

8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition

8.4 Spatiotemporal Variation

Problems

References

Chapter 9: Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles

9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: The Mean Free Path

9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law

9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle

9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field

9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles

9.6 Aerosol and Fluid Motion

9.7 Equivalent Particle Diameters

Problems

References

Chapter 10: Thermodynamics of Aerosols

10.1 Thermodynamic Principles

10.2 Aerosol Liquid Water Content

10.3 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface: The Kelvin Effect

10.4 Thermodynamics of Atmospheric Aerosol Systems

10.5 Aerosol Thermodynamic Models

Problems

References

Chapter 11: Nucleation

11.1 Classical Theory of Homogeneous Nucleation: Kinetic Approach

11.2 Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory: Constrained Equilibrium Approach

11.3 Recapitulation of Classical Theory

11.4 Experimental Measurement of Nucleation Rates

11.5 Modifications of the Classical Theory and More Rigorous Approaches

11.6 Binary Homogeneous Nucleation

11.7 Binary Nucleation in the H2So4–H2O System

11.8 Nucleation on an Insoluble Foreign Surface

11.9 Ion-Induced Nucleation

11.10 Atmospheric New-Particle Formation

11.11 Appendix 11 The Law Of MASS ACTION

Problems

References

Chapter 12: Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry

12.1 Mass and Heat Transfer to Atmospheric Particles

12.2 Mass Transport Limitations in Aqueous-Phase Chemistry

12.3 Mass Transport and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry

12.4 Mass Transfer to Falling Drops

12.5 Characteristic Time for Atmospheric Aerosol Equilibrium

Problems

References

Chapter 13: Dynamics of Aerosol Populations

13.1 Mathematical Representations of Aerosol Size Distributions

13.2 Condensation

13.3 Coagulation

13.4 The Discrete General Dynamic Equation

13.5 The Continuous General Dynamic Equation

Appendix 13.1 Additional Mechanisms of Coagulation

Appendix 13.2 Solution of (13.73)

Problems

References

Chapter 14: Atmospheric Organic Aerosols

14.1 Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

14.2 Volatility of Organic Compounds

14.3 Idealized Description of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

14.4 Gas–Particle Partitioning

14.5 Models of Soa Formation and Evolution

14.6 Primary Organic Aerosol

14.7 The Physical State of Organic Aerosols

14.8 Soa Particle-Phase Chemistry

14.9 Aqueous-Phase Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

14.10 Estimates of the Global Budget of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol

Problems

References

Chapter 15: Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation

15.1 Scattering and Absorption of Light by Small Particles

15.2 Visibility

15.3 Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction Coefficients From Mie Theory

15.4 Calculated Visibility Reduction Based on Atmospheric Data

15.5 Appendix 15 Calculation of Scattering and Extinction Coefficients By Mie Theory

Problems

References

Part IV: Physical and Dynamic Meteorology, Cloud Physics, and Atmospheric Diffusion

Chapter 16: Physical and Dynamic Meteorology

16.1 Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere

16.2 Atmospheric Stability

16.3 The Moist Atmosphere

16.4 Basic Conservation Equations for the Atmospheric Surface Layer

16.5 Variation of Wind with Height in the Atmosphere

Appendix 16.1 Properties of Water and Water Solutions

Appendix 16.2 Derivation of the Basic Equations of Surface-Layer Atmospheric Fluid Mechanics

Problems

References

Chapter 17: Cloud Physics

17.1 Equilibrium of Water Droplets in the Atmosphere

17.2 Cloud and Fog Formation

17.3 Growth Rate of Individual Cloud Droplets

17.4 Growth of a Droplet Population

17.5 Cloud Condensation Nuclei

17.6 Cloud Processing of Aerosols

17.7 Other Forms of Water in the Atmosphere

Appendix 17 Extended KÖhler Theory

Problems

References

Chapter 18: Atmospheric Diffusion

18.1 Eulerian Approach

18.2 Lagrangian Approach

18.3 Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches

18.4 Equations Governing the Mean Concentration of Species in Turbulence

18.5 Solution of the Atmospheric Diffusion Equation for an Instantaneous Source

18.6 Mean Concentration from Continuous Sources

18.7 Statistical Theory of Turbulent Diffusion

18.8 Summary of Atmospheric Diffusion Theories

18.9 Analytical Solutions for Atmospheric Diffusion: The Gaussian Plume Equation and Others

18.10 Dispersion Parameters in Gaussian Models

18.11 Plume Rise

18.12 Functional Forms of Mean Windspeed and Eddy Diffusivities

18.13 Solutions of the Steady-State Atmospheric Diffusion Equation

Problems

References

Part V: Dry and Wet Deposition

Chapter 19: Dry Deposition

19.1 Deposition Velocity

19.2 Resistance Model for Dry Deposition

19.3 Aerodynamic Resistance

19.4 Quasilaminar Resistance

19.5 Surface Resistance

19.6 Measurement of dry Deposition

19.7 Some Comments on Modeling and Measurement of Dry Deposition