Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 5055

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Building on the strength of the previous two editions, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the third installment of the classic human anatomical reference launched by Dr. Ronald Bergman. With both new and updated entries, and now illustrated in full color, the encyclopedia provides an even more comprehensive reference on human variation for anatomists, anthropologists, physicians, surgeons, medical personnel, and all students of anatomy.

Developed by a team of editors with extensive records publishing on both human variation and normal human anatomy, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the long awaited update to this classic reference.

Leseprobe

Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation

R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD

Professor and Chief Scientific Officer, Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States Professor of Anatomy Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University, Grenada Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom

Mohammadali M. Shoja, MD

Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran

Marios Loukas, MD, PhD

Professor and Chair Department of Anatomical Sciences, Dean of Research, School of Medicine

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Tubbs, R. Shane. | Shoja,    Mohammadali M. | Loukas, Marios. Title: Bergman's comprehensive encyclopedia of human anatomic variation /    [edited by] R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD, Professor and Chief Scientific Officer,    Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States, Professor of    Anatomy, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University,    Grenada, Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee,    Scotland, United Kingdom, Mohammadali M. Shoja, MD, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center,    Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Marios Loukas,    MD, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Dean of    Research, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada. Other titles: Comprehensive encyclopedia of human anatomic variation |    Encyclopedia of human anatomic variation Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Includes    index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015039645 | ISBN 9781118430354 (cloth) Subjects: LCSH: Human anatomy—Variation—Encyclopedias. | Human    anatomy—Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC QM24 .C65 2016 | DDC 612.003—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039645

As the reader sees from the title of this textbook, it is dedicated to Dr. Ronald Bergman. Dr. Bergman was not the first to collect and publish on the variations of the human anatomy (e.g. Henle, Macalister, Adachi). However, he was the first to publish on this topic at such an in depth and comprehensive scale. My first introduction to Dr. Bergman's Compendium of Human Anatomic Variation was as a graduate student. As any dissector will eventually do, I came across something unusual in one of our cadavers during a routine dissection. I asked by my mentor, Dr. George Salter, about this who said, “You know there used to be a book in the lab office that focused on the anatomic variations of the body.” After some digging, I was delighted to find this book, which I set out to memorize as best as I could. From that day on, Dr. Bergman's book and Gray's Anatomy were my main resources for studying anatomy. Therefore, this current text is not only an updated resource but also a tribute to the pioneering efforts of Dr. Ronald Bergman who reminded us that no two bodies are the same!

R. Shane Tubbs

I would like to dedicate my work on this enormous project to my son, Isaiah. Isaiah you are the light of my life! To my wife, Susan, you are the best. Many thanks to Drs. Rod Oskouian and Johnny Delashaw for their encouragement. Also, Dr. W. Jerry Oakes has supported this project and my other academic endeavors and I sincerely thank him. Lastly, I thank Dr. E. George Salter for persuading me to take on a career in anatomy and for first introducing me to the Compendium of Human Anatomic Variation!

R. Shane Tubbs

To Susan and Shane Tubbs, a very beautiful couple.

Mohammadali M. Shoja

To the love of my life, my wife Joanna Loukas

Marios Loukas

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

Foreword

Foreword

1 Skull

Frontal bone

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Vomer

Inferior nasal concha

Maxilla

Palatine bone

Zygomatic bone

Mandible

Nasal bone

Teeth

Middle ear bones

References

Further reading

2 Hyoid bone

References

3 Cervical vertebrae

Embryology

Atlas

Axis

Uncinate process

Transverse foramen

Spinous processes

Klippel–Feil syndrome

Cervical ribs

References

4 Thoracic vertebrae

Embryology

Vertebral bodies

Pedicles

Facets

Transverse processes

Laminae and spinous processes

References

5 Lumbar vertebrae

Embryology

Anatomic variations

References

6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae

References

Further reading

7 Scapula

Body of the scapula

Scapular articulations with ribs

Curvature of the scapular body

Tubercle of Luschka

Lateral border of scapula

Medial border of scapula

Superior border of scapula

Scapular notch

Coracoid process

Shape of the glenoid fossa

Shape of acromion

Os acromiale

References

8 Clavicle

Introduction

Statistical shape analysis

Principal component analysis

Geometric variation

Anatomic variation

Discussion and conclusions

Summary

References

9 Humerus

Retroversion of the humeral head

Intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove

Supracondylar process and the ligament of Struthers

Supratrochlear foramen

References

Further reading

10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Radius

Ulna

Variations of the hand

Thumb

Accessory ossicles of the wrist and hand

Coalitions of the carpal bones

Specific variations in carpal bone

References

Further reading

11 Ribs and sternum

Ribs

Sternum

References

Further reading

12 Pelvic bones

Sexual dimorphism of the os coxa

Individual variations within the os coxa

Malformations of the os coxae

References

Further reading

13 Bones of the lower limb

Imaging considerations and normal variations

Femur

Patella

Knee

Tibia and fibula

Foot

Foot anomalies

Limb deficiencies

References

Further reading

14 Temporomandibular joint

Introduction

Variations in each component

Congenital anomalies

References

15 Shoulder joint

Humeral head and glenoid fossa positions

Labrum

Capsule

Ligaments

Tendons

Rotator cuff muscles

Bursae and recesses

Sternoclavicular

Acromioclavicular

Coracoclavicular joint

References

Further reading

16 Elbow joint

Distal humerus

Proximal radius

Proximal ulna

Capsule and ligaments

References

17 Wrist and hand joints

Anatomical variants within the hand

The thumb

Anatomical variants of the carpus

Bone-specific variations

Anatomical variants of the hand and wrist ligaments and cartilaginous structures

References

Further reading

18 Sacroiliac joints

Articulation characteristics

Shape of the SIJ

Width and uniformity of the SIJ space

Position of the sacral auricular surface, morphology, and orientation

Auricular cartilage thickness and micro-anatomy

Innervation of the SIJ

SIJ structure and mobility through fetal period and aging

Racial and gender differences and pregnancy- and mobility-related variations

References

19 Hip joint

Acetabulum

Labrum

Femur

Muscles

References

20 Knee joint

Femoral intercondylar notch, condylar orientation, and tibial eminence

Genu varum, genu valgum, and recurvatum

Patella

Capsule

Bursae and Plicae

Fat pad

Menisci

Retinaculum

Ligaments

Musculotendinous variations

References

Further reading

21 Ankle and foot joints

Bones

Ligaments

Bursae

References

Further reading

22 Orbital muscles

Rectus muscles of the orbit

Obliquus superior (superior oblique)

Obliquus inferior (inferior oblique)

Levator palpebrae superioris

References

Further reading

23 Middle ear muscles

Variations of the tensor tympani muscle

Variations of the stapedius muscle

References

24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication

Facial muscles of the mouth

Facial muscles around the nose

Facial muscles around the eyes

Extrinsic muscles of the ear

Muscles of the scalp

Platysma muscle

Muscles of mastication and other inconsistent muscles in the infratemporal fossa

References

25 Anterior neck muscles

Mylohyoid

Digastric

Stylohyoid

Platysma

Infrahyoid muscles in general

Levator glandulae thyroidea

Sternocleidomastoid

Cleidocervical or levator claviculae

References

Further reading

26 Pharyngeal muscles

Superior constrictor

Middle constrictor

Inferior constrictor

Stylopharyngeus

Salpingopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus

References

27 Soft palate and tongue muscles

Soft palate

Tongue

Other variants of the tongue

References

Further reading

28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles

Scalenus anterior (anterior scalene)

Scalenus medius (middle scalene)

Scalenus posterior (posterior scalene)

Scalenus minimus

Longus colli

Longus capitis

Rectus capitis anterior

Rectus capitis lateralis

References

29 Laryngeal muscles

Cricothyroid muscle

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Arytenoid muscle

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Supernumerary fascicles

References

30 Back muscles

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

Serratus anterior

Serratus posterior superior and inferior and supracostalis

Splenius capitis and cervicis muscles

Erector spinae

Transversospinalis

Suboccipital muscles

Occipitalis minor (of Santorini)

Intertransversarii

Interspinales

Levatores costarum brevis and longus

Quadratus lumborum

References

Further reading

31 Scapulohumeral muscles

Subscapularis

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Deltoid

References

32 Arm muscles

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

References

33 Forearm muscles

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor pollicis longus

Pronator Quadratus

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Supinator

Extensor digitorum communis

Extensor digiti minimi (proprius) (manus)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor indicis

References

34 Hand intrinsic muscles

Thenar muscles

Hypothenar muscles

Lumbricals

Dorsal interossei

Palmar interossei

Clinical implications

References

35 Thoracic wall muscles

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Poland’s syndrome

Pectoralis minimus

Pectoralis intermedius

Chondroepitrochlearis

Costocoracoideus (chondrocoracoideus)

Infraclavicularis

Interclavicularis anticus digastricus

Supraclavicularis proprius (tensor fascia colli)

Sternoclavicularis

Sternohumeralis

Diaphragm

Sternalis

References

36 Abdominal wall muscles

Anterior abdominal muscles

Lateral abdominal muscles

Posterior abdominal muscles

References

Further reading

37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter

Levator ani muscle

Coccygeus (also known as ischiococcygeus)

External anal sphincter

References

38 Perineal muscles

Superficial transverse perineus

Deep transverse perineus

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiopubicus

Ischiocavernosus

References

Further reading

39 Gluteal muscles and lateral rotators of the hip

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Piriformis

Obturator internus

Gemelli

Quadratus femoris

References

40 Thigh muscles

Anterior compartment

Medial compartment

Posterior compartment

References

Further reading

41 Leg muscles

Anterior compartment

Lateral compartment

Posterior compartment: superficial muscles

Posterior compartment: deep muscles

References

42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Muscles of the dorsal aspect of foot

Muscles of the plantar aspect of foot

References

43 Internal carotid artery and the anterior cerebral circulation

Internal carotid artery

Circle of Willis

Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery

References

44 Vertebrobasilar arteries

Vertebral and basilar arteries

References

Further reading

45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries

Trigeminal artery

Stapedial artery

Hypoglossal artery

Primitive ophthalmic arteries

Proatlantal intersegmental artery

Otic artery

Persistent primitive olfactory artery

References

Further reading

46 Common carotid and cervical part of the internal carotid arteries

Common carotid artery

Cervical internal carotid artery

References

Further reading

47 External carotid artery

Superior thyroid artery

Facial artery

Lingual artery

Superficial temporal artery

Maxillary artery

Ascending pharyngeal artery

Occipital and posterior auricular arteries

References

Further reading

48 Vertebral artery

Origin

Transverse segment

Suboccipital segment

Intradural segment

Size, hypolasia, atresia

Anastomoses

Branches

References

49 Thoracic aorta

Embryology

Aortic valve

Coronary arteries

Hypoplasia of the ascending aorta

Aortic arch branching variations

References

50 Coronary arteries

Anomalies of origin and course

Anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy

Anomalies of coronary termination

Anomalous anastomotic vessels

Multiple concomitant coronary arterial anomalies (and atypical anomalies)

Coronary anomalies in congenital heart disease

Coronary typology and dominance

Extracardiac circulation

List of abbreviations

References

51 Pulmonary arteries

Main pulmonary artery

Lobar branch of pulmonary artery

References

Further reading

52 Subclavian artery

Trunk formation of the subclavian artery

Internal thoracic artery

Inferior thyroid artery

Suprascapular artery

Transverse cervical artery

Costocervical trunk

Other

References

53 Upper limb arteries

Axillary artery

Brachial artery

Radial artery

Ulnar artery

Arteries of the hand

References

54 Abdominal aorta

Abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Inferior phrenic artery

Middle suprarenal arteries

Renal artery

Gonadal arteries

Lumbar arteries

Median sacral artery

Common iliac artery

References

55 Renal arteries

Historical background

Normal anatomy of the renal arteries

Single-origin renal artery from abdominal aorta

Multiple origin or termination of the renal arteries

References

56 Internal iliac arteries

Aorto-iliac arterial system

Branching pattern of the internal iliac artery

Branches of the internal iliac arterial system

References

57 Lower limb arteries

Embryonic development of the lower extremity vascular enlage

Proximal branches

Deep branches

Knee vascular variants

Foot and ankle vascular variants

References

58 Arteries of the spinal cord

Arterial supply to the cervicothoracic segment

Arterial supply to the midthoracic segment

Arterial supply of the thoracolumbar segment

Arterial anastomoses of the spinal cord

Summary of variations of the arteries to the spinal cord

References

59 Diploic veins

Introduction

MR imaging

References

60 Dural venous sinuses

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Confluences of sinuses (torcular Herophili)

Transverse sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Straight sinus (sinus rectus)

Superior petrosal sinus

Middle petrosal sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus

Tentorial sinuses

Falcine venous plexus/sinus

Occipital sinus

Termination of the superior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital sinuses

Marginal sinus

Cavernous sinus

Sphenoparietal sinus

Ophthalmo-petrous/-petrosal sinus of Hyrtl

Basilar venous plexus

Petrosquamous sinus

Accessory sinus of Kelch

Accessory sinus of Verga

Petro-occipital sinus/vein

Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses/circular sinus

Inferior intercavernous sinus

Laterocavernous sinus

Other variations

References

Further reading

61 Cerebral veins

Veins of the deep venous system

Veins of superficial venous system

References

62 Emissary veins

Posterior condylar emissary vein

Mastoid emissary vein

Occipital emissary vein

Parietal emissary vein

Petrosquamosal sinus

Ophthalmic veins

Sphenoidal emissary vein (Vesalius)

Emissary veins of the foramen ovale

Internal carotid venous plexus

Emissary vein of the foramen cecum

Emissary veins of the foramen lacerum

Emissary veins of the clivus

Anterior condylar vein

Temporal emissary vein

Superficial petrosal emissary vein

References

63 Veins of the neck

Common facial vein

Anterior jugular vein

External jugular vein

Communicating vein

Internal jugular vein

Inferior thyroid vein

Superior thyroid vein

Middle thyroid vein

Fourth thyroid vein

Posterior thyroid vein

Vertebral veins

References

Further reading

64 Veins of the upper limb

Deep veins

Superficial veins

Anastomosis

References

65 Intrathoracic veins

Azygos venous system

Internal thoracic vein

Superior intercostal vein

Supreme intercostal vein

Brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava

Pulmonary veins

References

Further reading

66 Cardiac veins

The coronary sinus and its tributaries

Anterior cardiac or right cardiac venous system

Venous drainage of particular regions of the heart

Venous anastomotic circulation

Valves of the cardiac veins

Coronary sinus variations and anomalies

Final remarks

List of abbreviations

References

67 Pulmonary veins

References

68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems

Inferior vena cava

Portal and hepatic veins

References

Further reading

69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins

Adrenal veins

Renal veins

Lumbar veins

Ascending lumbar veins

Gonadal veins

Azygos veins

References

Further reading

70 Iliac veins

Introduction

Common iliac vein

Duplication

Agenesis

High junction

Variations due to drainage patterns of the internal iliac veins

Other rare variations

Internal iliac vein

External iliac vein

References

71 Veins of the lower limb

Developmental venous anomalies

Superficial veins of the lower limb

Deep veins of the lower limb

Perforating veins/perforators

References

72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord

Intrinsic system

Extrinsic system

Extradural system

References

73 Thymus

Thymic anatomical variations

Ectopic thymus

Accessory thymic tissue

Cystic accessory thymic tissue

73.6 Other variations

References

74 Tonsils

Palatine tonsil

Pharyngeal tonsil

Tubal tonsil

References

75 Thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, and right lymphatic duct

Cisterna chyli

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

References

Further reading

76 Lymphatics of the lower limb

Lymph nodes

Lymph vessels

Anatomical variations of the lymphatic system

Lymph drainage territories in the lower extremities

Anatomical changes to the lymphatics in lymphedematous lower extremities

References

77 Forebrain

Cavum velum interpositum

Cavum septum pellucidum

Cavum vergae

Ectopic brain tissue

Sylvian fissure

Other Sulci/Fissures

References

78 Cerebral ventricles

Lateral ventricles

Foramen of Monro

Third ventricle

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Fourth ventricle

Foramen of Magendie

Foramen of Luschka

References

79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Embryology

Pons

Medulla

Cerebellum

References

80 Subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space size

Subarachnoid cisterns

Arachnoid trabeculae

Arachnoid membranes

Arachnoid membranes over the pineal region

Other arachnoid membranes

Subarachnoid space within the Fallopian canal

References

81 Meninges

Dura mater

Dural folds

Dural sac (DS)

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

References

Further reading

82 Spinal cord and associated structures

Overview of the spinal cord

Meninges

Dentate ligaments

The correlation of spinal cord segments with bony anatomy

Lengths of L1 through coccygeal cord segments

Diameter of L1–S1 cord segments

Changing orientation of spinal cord segments relative to the vertebral levels during development

The volume of the spinal cord

Variation of the caudal end of the spinal cord and the diameter of the filum

Other

References

Further reading

83 Cranial nerves

N

-VI

Nerve N: terminal nerve

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

Optic nerve (CN II)

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Ophthalmic nerve, the trigeminal nerve roots, the trigeminal ganglion, and the ciliary ganglion (V

1

)

Maxillary nerve (V

2

)

Mandibular nerve (V

3

)

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

References

Further reading

84 Facial nerve

Intermediate nerve of Wrisberg

Cisternal segment

Canalicular segment

Facial nerve sensory ganglia

Endotemporal variations of the facial nerve

Labyrinthine segment

Geniculate segment

Tympanic and mastoid segments

Variations in the branches of the main facial nerve trunk

References

85 Vestibulocochlear nerve

References

86 Glossopharyngeal nerve

Origin from the brain stem

Intracranial course

Tympanic branch

Carotid branch

Pharyngeal branches

Muscular branches

Lingual division and its branches

Anastomotic branches

References

87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves

Vagus to glossopharyngeal nerve anastomoses

Vagovagal anastomoses

Vagus to accessory nerve anastomoses

Vagus to hypoglossal nerve anastomoses

Vagus to cervical nerve anastomoses and vagocervical complex

Hypoglossal nerve and its anastomoses

Accessory nerve to cervical nerve anastomoses

Autonomic anastomoses to lower cranial nerves

References

Further reading

88 Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic trunk

Sympathetic ganglia

Superior cervical ganglion

Inferior cervical ganglion

Stellate ganglion

Middle cervical ganglion

Thoracic sympathetic ganglia

Lumbar sympathetic ganglia

Sacrococcygeal sympathetic ganglia

Ansa subclavia

Rami communicans

Superior cardiac nerve

Cardiac plexus

Splanchnic nerves

Celiac ganglion

External carotid plexus

Parasympathetic ganglia

Ciliary ganglion

Otic ganglion

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Submandibular ganglion

Other

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

References

Further reading

89 Spinal nerves

C1 dorsal root, ganglion, and ramus

Connections between dorsal rootlets

Greater occipital nerve

Lesser occipital nerve

Communications between cervical dorsal rami

Thoracic, lumbar, sacrococcygeal roots, and nerves

Cluneal nerves

References

Further reading

90 Cervical plexus

Ansa cervicalis

Great auricular nerve

Lesser occipital nerve

Phrenic nerve

Transverse cervical nerve

Supraclavicular nerves

Cervical rami communicantes

Cervical plexus connections to accessory nerve

References

Further reading

91 Nerves of the upper extremity

Overview

Typical brachial plexus

Nerves arising from the supraclavicular brachial plexus

Nerves arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

Nerves arising from the medial cord of the brachial plexus

Nerves arising from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Conclusion

References

92 Lumbosacral plexus

Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

Pudendal plexus

Coccygeal plexus

References

93 Facial asymmetry

References

Further reading

94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows

Abnormal distance between the eyes: telecanthus

Major eyelid malformations

Palpebral fissures and folds

Abnormal position of eyelid

Eyelashes and eyebrows

References

Further reading

95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus

Globe protrusion

Refractive error

Cornea

Conjunctiva

Anterior chamber

Canal of Schlemm and the ocular drainage apparatus

Iris

Lens and pupil

Sclera

Lacrimal apparatus

Atypical lacrimal glands

Canaliculus

Nasolacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and canal

Ectopic lacrimal tissue

References

96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses

Variations of the nasal turbinates

Variations of the maxillary sinus

Variations of ethmoidal air cells

Variations of the uncinate process

Frontal and sphenoid sinuses pneumatization

References

97 Ear

Variations of the external ear

Variations of the auditory meatus

Variations of the internal auditory canal

Variations of the facial nerve

Vascular variations

Variations of the round and oval windows

Variations of the Eustachian tube

Variations of the inner ear

Variations of the vestibular and cochlear aqueduct

References

Further reading

98 Salivary glands and ducts

Parotid glands

Parotid ducts

Submandibular glands

Submandibular ducts

Sublingual glands and ducts

Heterotopic and minor salivary glands

References

Further reading

99 Thyroid gland

Anatomy

Embryology

Variations of the thyroid gland

Arterial variations of the thyroid gland

References

100 Parathyroid glands

Anatomy

Embryology

References

101 Laryngeal cartilages

Major cartilages

Supernumerary cartilages

Ossification of the laryngeal cartilages

References

102 Trachea

Absence of the trachea

Congenital tracheal stenosis

Tracheal diverticulum

Tracheal bronchus

References

103 Lungs

Horizontal (minor) and oblique (major) fissures

Supernumerary fissures

Agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia of the lung

Horseshoe lung

Pulmonary sequestration

Anatomical variations of the bronchial pattern

References

104 Heart

Pericardium

Heart dimensions (weight, length, position)

Situs inversus/situs ambiguous/bifid apex

Atrial appendages (left and right)

Foramen/fossa ovalis

Pectinate muscle (tenia sagitalis/crista terminalis)

Tendon of Todaro

Eustachian valve

Thebesian valve

Papillary muscles and chorda tendinae

Papillary muscle complex

Moderator band

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Tendon of the infundibulum

False tendons

Sinu-atrial node

Atrioventricular node

Sinutubular junction

References

Further reading

105 Esophagus

Pleuroesophageal muscle

Bronchoesophageal muscle

Esophageal diverticulum

Esophageal duplication cyst

Esophageal atresia

Failure of separation of the trachea and esophagus

Congenital esophageal stenosis

References

106 Stomach

Microgastria

Atresia of the stomach

Hourglass stomach

Congenital (or infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Duplication of the stomach

Diverticula

Congenital muscular defect

Heterotopic pancreatic mucosa

Double or triple pyloric antrum or pylorus

References

107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts

Development of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts

Gallbladder

Cystic duct

Hepatic ducts

Common bile duct

Pancreaticobiliary junction

Cystic artery

References

Further reading

108 Liver

Accessory hepatic grooves

Agenesis or hypoplasia of the right lobe of the liver

Agenesis or hypoplasia of the left lobe of the liver

Accessory lobes of the liver

References

Further reading

109 Pancreas

Agenesis or hypogenesis of the pancreas

Annular pancreas

Portal annular pancreas

Heterotopic pancreas

Bifid tail of the pancreas

Pancreatic ducts

References

110 Spleen

Splenic lobulations and clefts (notches)

Accessory spleen

Wandering spleen

Congenital absence of the spleen (asplenia, splenic agenesis)

Polysplenia

References

111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon

Midgut rotation

Duodenum

Suspensory ligament of the duodenum

Ileum and jejunum

Vermiform appendix

Ileocecal valve

Cecum

Colon

References

112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus

Normal anatomy

Anatomic variations

Implications

References

113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter

Ectopia or variations in of ascent-pelvic ectopia

Horseshoe kidney

Intrathoracic kidney

Ectopic kidneys other than Horseshoe Kidney

Abnormalities of rotation

Nephroptosis

Floating kidney

Primary megaureter

Supernumerary kidney

Solitary functioning kidney (SFK)

Urinary bladder and ureters

References

114 Adrenal gland

Absence of adrenal glands

Fused adrenal glands

Ectopic adrenal gland

Malposition of the adrenal glands

References

115 Male genitourinary system

Penis

Scrotum

Testes

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicles

Prostate

Bulbourethral glands

References

116 Female genital system

Ovary

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Hymen

Clitoris

Labia majora

Labia minora

Bulbs of vestibule and greater vestibular glands

References

117 Placenta and umbilical cord

Placenta

Umbilical cord

References

118 Breast

Development

Anatomy

Blood supply, lymphatics, innervation

Asymmetry

Supernumerary

Shape variation

Physiological changes (pregnancy, lactation, involution)

Gynecomastia

References

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Chapter 30

Table 30.1

Table 30.2

Table 30.3

Table 30.4

Table 30.5

Table 30.6

Table 30.7

Table 30.8

Table 30.9

Table 30.10

Table 30.11

Table 30.12

Table 30.13

Chapter 35

Table 35.1

Table 35.2

Table 35.3

Table 35.4

Table 35.5

Table 35.6

Table 35.7

Table 35.8

Chapter 39

Table 39.1

Table 39.2

Table 39.3

Table 39.4

Table 39.5

Table 39.6

Table 39.7

Table 39.8

Table 39.9

Chapter 41

Table 41.1

Table 41.2

Table 41.3

Chapter 50

Table 50.1

Table 50.2

Table 50.3

Table 50.4

Table 50.5

Table 50.6

Chapter 55

Table 55.1

Table 55.2

Chapter 56

Table 56.1

Table 56.2

Table 56.3

Table 56.4

Table 56.5

Table 56.6

Table 56.7

Table 56.8

Table 56.9

Table 56.10

Table 56.11

Table 56.12

Table 56.13

Table 56.14

Table 56.15

Table 56.16

Table 56.17

Table 56.18

Table 56.19

Table 56.20

Table 56.21

Table 56.22

Table 56.23

Table 56.24

Table 56.25

Table 56.26

Table 56.27

Table 56.28

Table 56.29

Table 56.30

Table 56.31

Chapter 58

Table 58.1

Table 58.2

Chapter 61

Table 61.1

Table 61.2

Table 61.3

Table 61.4

Chapter 65

Table 65.1

Table 65.2

Chapter 66

Table 66.1

Table 66.2

Table 66.3

Chapter 73

Table 73.1

Table 73.2

Chapter 75

Table 75.1

Table 75.2

Chapter 78

Table 78.1

Table 78.2

Table 78.3

Table 78.4

Chapter 81

Table 81.1

Table 81.2

Table 81.3

Chapter 82

Table 82.1

Chapter 84

Table 84.1

Table 84.2

Table 84.3

Chapter 86

Table 86.1

Chapter 91

Table 91.1

Table 91.2

Table 91.3

Table 91.4

Table 91.5

Table 91.6

Table 91.7

Table 91.8

Chapter 92

Table 92.1

Table 92.2

Table 92.3

Table 92.4

Table 92.5

Chapter 95

Table 95.1

Table 95.2

Table 95.3

Table 95.4

Table 95.5

Table 95.6

Chapter 97

Table 97.1

Table 97.2

Table 97.3

Table 97.4

Table 97.5

Table 97.6

Table 97.7

Table 97.8

Table 97.9

Table 97.10

Chapter 99

Table 99.1

Table 99.2

Table 99.3

Table 99.4

Table 99.5

Table 99.6

Table 99.7

Table 99.8

Table 99.9

Chapter 100

Table 100.1

Chapter 103

Table 103.1

Table 103.2

Chapter 107

Table 107.1

Chapter 115

Table 115.1

Table 115.2

Table 115.3

Chapter 118

Table 118.1

Table 118.2

Table 118.3

Table 118.4