Beyond Blockchain: Reviewing the Impact and Evolution of Decentralized Networks (Part 1) - Sharmila Arunkumar - E-Book

Beyond Blockchain: Reviewing the Impact and Evolution of Decentralized Networks (Part 1) E-Book

Sharmila Arunkumar

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Beschreibung

Beyond Blockchain: Reviewing the Impact and Evolution of Decentralized Networks offers a comprehensive exploration of decentralized technologies that are reshaping digital ecosystems beyond traditional blockchain applications. The book focuses on the transformative potential of decentralized networks across multiple domains, highlighting their significance in enhancing transparency, security, and trust in digital transactions and communications. It delves into the evolution of distributed ledger technologies, including Web3 innovations, smart contracts, and the convergence of blockchain with emerging technologies such as AI, IoT, and quantum computing

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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

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Table of Contents
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
Usage Rules:
Disclaimer:
Limitation of Liability:
General:
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Smart Contracts on Ethereum for Smart Supply Chain Management
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Motivation
Methods and Methodology
Case Study
Overall System View
Data and Chain Components
Function for the Blockchain in Python
Function for Poof of Work
Function of Transation
Analysis of the Results and the Design
Proof of Transaction in GANACHE
Comparative Analysis with a Similar Method
Security Concerns in Smart Contracts for Supply Chain Management
Security Vulnerabilities
Reentrancy Attacks
Integer Overflows and Underflows
Denial of Service (DoS)
Unchecked External Calls
Front-Running
Mitigation Strategies
Secure Coding Practices
Static Analysis Tools
Audits and Peer Reviews
Usage of Safe Math Libraries
Gas Optimization
Time-Locked Transactions
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)
Security in Supply Chain Context
Data Integrity
Access Control
Conclusion and Plans for the Future
Summary and Key Insights
References
Blockchain Model for Sustainable Agriculture Use Cases
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Present Challenges
Motivation
Research Question(s)
The Problem
The Solution
Goals
BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY
Technological Transformation
Smart Agriculture
Agricultural Technologies
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Internet of Things (IoT)
Blockchain Technology
Blockchain in Agriculture
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Blockchain Model for Smart Agriculture
Agriculture Stakeholders/Devices/Processes
Requirements
Design Goals
Blockchain in Smart Agriculture
Efficient Crop and Food Production
An Example: Supply Chain Management of Crops
Food/Product Supply Chain
Predicting and Monitoring Weather Crisis
Managing Agricultural Finance
Benefits and Limitations
Implementation Concerns
CAST STUDIES
DISCUSSIONS
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Enhanced Environmental Monitoring through Blockchain Integration: A Carbon Offset Marketplace Application
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE SURVEY
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Actors and Roles
Entities
System Architecture
Initialization Phase
MetaMask Registration Phase
MetaMask Integration
Establishment of Wallet
Robust Authentication
Easy Wallet Connection
Carbon Offset Buying Phase for Buyers
Carbon Offset Exploration
Streamlined Purchasing Process
Smart Contract Execution
Real-time Updates on Progress
Carbon Offset Listing Phase for Sellers
IMPLEMENTATION
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
Integration Challenges
Economic Impact
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Blockchain's Educational Renaissance
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
SECURE CREDENTIALING: LEVERAGING BLOCKCHAIN FOR ACADEMIC CERTIFICATES
Understanding Blockchain Technology
The Problem with Traditional Credentialing
Blockchain-Based Credentialing Solutions
Immutable Records
Decentralized Verification
Enhanced Security
Improved Accessibility
Implementing Blockchain-Based Credentialing Systems
STREAMLINING ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES WITH SMART CONTRACTS
Understanding Smart Contracts
Challenges in Traditional Administrative Processes
Benefits of Smart Contracts in Education
Automation
Transparency
Cost Reduction
Enhanced Security
Implementing Smart Contracts in Educational Institutions
DECENTRALIZED LEARNING PLATFORMS: REDEFINING ACCESS TO EDUCATION
Decentralized Learning Platforms
Breaking Down Barriers to Access
Geographical Accessibility
Reduced Cost
Flexible Learning Options
Accessibility for Diverse Learners
Language Accessibility
Overcoming Socioeconomic Barriers
Open Educational Resources (OER)
Community Engagement and Support
Bridge to Higher Education
Global Access to Experts and Resources
Democratizing Education
Empowering Learners
Ensuring Transparency and Trust
Challenges and Opportunities
PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY AND TRUST IN EDUCATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
Transparency and Trust
Immutable Ledger for Transaction Records
Decentralized Verification of Credentials
Secure and Transparent Financial Transactions
Enhanced Data Security and Privacy
Trust in Collaborative Educational Initiatives
Ensuring Compliance and Regulatory Standards
Empowering Stakeholders with Data Ownership
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES: IMPLEMENTING BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Implementation Challenges
Stakeholder Resistance
Long-term Sustainability
Interdisciplinary Applications
Ethical Considerations
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES: IMPLEMENTING BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Technical Complexity and Scalability Issues
Understanding the Technical Aspects of Blockchain
Regulatory Compliance and Legal Frameworks
Complexity of Regulatory Compliance
Data Protection and Privacy Regulations
Regulation of Academic Accreditation and Credentialing
Legal Implications of Smart Contracts
Navigating Regulatory Uncertainty
Compliance Strategies and Best Practices
DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY CONCERNS
Protecting Student Data Privacy
Ensuring the Security of Educational Records on the Blockchain
Interoperability with Existing Systems
Integration Challenges with Legacy Systems
Ensuring Seamless Interoperability with Existing Infrastructure
Educating Stakeholders and Overcoming Resistance
Awareness and Training Programs for Educators and Administrators
Addressing Misconceptions and Fears Surrounding Blockchain
Building Support and Buy-in Among Stakeholders
Financial Constraints and Resource Allocation
Budgetary Constraints for Implementation Projects
Allocating Resources for Blockchain Initiatives
Leveraging Grants, Funding Opportunities, and Public-Private Partnerships
FUTURE DIRECTIONS: EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATION
Personalized Learning Experiences
Credentialing and Digital Badges
Lifelong Learning Ecosystems
Enhanced Collaboration and Research
Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in Education
Ethical Considerations and Social Impact
FUTURE DIRECTION AND CALL FOR ACTIONS
Encouragement for Innovation
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Blockchain to Unblock the Bio-verse: Implications of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare and Allied Fields
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Decentralization
Immutability
Transparency
Security
Components of a Blockchain Network
Nodes
Blocks
Transactions
Cryptography
Consensus Mechanisms
Types of Blockchain Technology
Public Blockchains
Private Blockchains
Consortium Blockchains
Consensus Mechanism in Blockchain
Proof of Work (PoW)
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Additional Mechanisms
The Potential of Blockchain to Revolutionize Healthcare
Improving Medical Record Management
Revolutionizing the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
Enhancing Efficiency in Insurance Processes
Challenges and Considerations
Scalability
Privacy
Regulatory Compliance
Interoperability
Outlook
APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN IN HEALTHCARE
Electronic Healthcare Record Management
Blockchain Models
Permissionless Model
Permissioned and Consortium Model
Medical Data Access Control Architecture Based on Blockchain
SM2 Signature Algorithm
Interplanetary File System (IPFS)
Smart Contract-based Access Control Technology
Use of Counterfeit Blocks in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Clinical Trials
Role of Blockchain in Clinical Trials
Enhanced Data Security and Integrity
Improved Transparency and Traceability
Streamlined Data Management
Facilitation of Data Sharing and Collaboration
Ensuring Compliance with Regulations
Challenges and Considerations
Research Data Management
Applications of Blockchain in Research Data Management
Data Security and Integrity
Transparent and Auditable Data Records
Data Sharing and Collaboration
Intellectual Property Protection
Streamlined Data Traceability and Compliance
Decentralized Data Storage
Considerations and Challenges
Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring
Use of Blockchain in Telemedicine
Secure and Immutable Medical Records
Interoperability
Smart Contracts
Use of Blockchain in Remote Patient Monitoring
Secure Patient Data Storage
Privacy of Patient Data
Data Authenticity
Decentralized Network
ADVANTAGES OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Enhanced Data Security and Privacy
Improved Interoperability and Data Integrity
Health Data Interoperability in Blockchain Applications
The Interoperability Challenge
Strategies for Interoperability
Case Study
Emerging Trends
Streamlined Administrative Process
Integration with Existing Systems in Healthcare
Challenges of Integration
Strategies for Integration
Middleware Solutions
Data Standardization
Hybrid Architectures
APIs for Interoperability
Training and Change Management
Case Study
Managing the Storage Capacity
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Steps 4, 5 and 6
Step 7
Reduced Healthcare Fraud Errors
Blockchain Applications in IoT
Algorithms in Consensus
Proof of Work (PoW)
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Intelligent Contracts
Privacy and Data Security
CHALLENGES
Regulatory Compliance and Legal Issues
The Legal Concern Regarding Patients Information and Digital Health Records
Blockchain Technology and the Right to Eternity: An Interaction
The Role that Blockchain Technology Plays in Lowering Drug-related Crime
Blockchain Technology's Scalability and Performance Concerns Provide Insights into the Scalability Issue
Specific Block Dimensions
Higher Volume of Data
Exchanges
The Number of Nodes
Protocol
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Equity and Access to Healthcare Services
Trust and Transparency in Healthcare System
CASE STUDIES AND REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES: BLOCKCHAIN RESHAPING THE HEALTHCARE LANDSCAPE
Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Healthcare
Empowering Patients and Streamlining Care
Saving Lives with Transparent Organ Donation Management
Combating Counterfeit Drugs with Blockchain-Powered Supply Chain Tracking
Highlights on Patient’s Privacy
How Blockchain Protects Patient Privacy
Possible Risks
Practical Examples
Global Health Implications
Deep Dive into Challenges: Navigating the Roadblocks for Blockchain in Healthcare
Scalability: Bottleneck or Stepping Stone?
Regulatory Labyrinth: Charting a Clear Course
Interoperability: Bridging the Blockchain Islands
Future Trends and Opportunities: Blockchain's Transformative Impact on Healthcare
Precision Medicine Takes Center Stage
Clinical Trials Revolutionized
Supply Chain Transparency and Efficiency
Healthcare Fraud Prevention
Empowering Patients with Secure Data Management
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: CHARTING THE COURSE FOR BLOCKCHAIN IN HEALTHCARE
Emerging Technologies and Innovations in Blockchain
Interoperable Blockchain Platforms
Permissioned Blockchains and Hyperledger Fabric
Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT)
Strategies for Overcoming Challenges and Adoption Barriers
Scalability Solutions
Sharding
Sidechains
Developing Clear Regulatory Frameworks
Collaboration is Key
Defining the Rules of the Road
Building a Blockchain-Savvy Workforce
Educational Initiatives
Upskilling the Workforce
Fostering Collaboration
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Overcoming Challenges and Embracing the Future: Building a Blockchain-Powered Healthcare Ecosystem
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain: Transforming the Healthcare Industry's Future
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Literature Review
Conventional Security Mechanisms
Role of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Healthcare Industry
Health Records Management
Drug Traceability and Supply Chain Management
Clinical Research
Blockchain Medical Technology
Healthcare Applications of Artificial Intelligence
The Relationship Between AI and Blockchain
The Proposed Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Architecture for the Healthcare Sector
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Transaction Throughput
Latency
Block Time and Block Size
Technical Details
Data Integrity and Security
Blockchain
Smart Contracts
AI Integration
Machine Learning Algorithms
NLP (Natural Language Processing)
Examples
Disease Diagnosis
Valid Prescription
Benefits of Blockchain Security Frameworks and Artificial Intelligence over Conventional Security Frameworks
Case Studies and Real-World Applications of AI and Blockchain
MedRec
BurstIQ
MyClinic.com
Walmart
Gemini Data
Medical Chain
Chronicled
Limitations and Problems of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence technology in Healthcare Industry
Blockchain's Limitations in Healthcare
Scalability
Data Privacy Concerns
Regulatory Difficulties
Compatibility
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Has Its Limitations
Data Bias and Quality
Interpretability
Regulatory Barriers
Compatibility with Existing Systems
Moral Aspects to Consider
Future Directions for Healthcare Industry Using AI and Blockchain
Better Data Security and Interoperability
Customized Health Care and Medicine
Disease Prevention and Predictive Analytics
Drug Discovery and Development
Supply Chain Administration and Preventive Fraud
Remote Patient Monitoring and Telemedicine
Research and Cooperation in the Medical Field:
Challenges Such as Scalability, Energy Consumption, Security Risks, and Regulatory Hurdles in Decentralized Networks
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Beyond Blockchain: Reviewing the Impact and Evolution of Decentralized Networks
(Part 1)
Edited by
Sharmila Arunkumar
Department of ECE
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
Ghaziabad, India
Neha Goel
Department of ECE
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
Ghaziabad, India
R.K. Yadav
Department of ECE
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
Ghaziabad, India
Manoj Kumar
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
University of Wollongong in Dubai
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
&
Shashi Bhushan
Department of Computer and Information Sciences
University Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia

BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.

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PREFACE

In recent years, decentralized networks have fundamentally reshaped the way data is managed, transactions are processed, and trust is established in digital ecosystems. Part 1 of this book, Beyond Blockchain: Reviewing the Impact and Evolution of Decentralized Networks, provides an in-depth examination of the foundational principles and early-stage innovations in decentralized technologies. It aims to equip readers with the essential knowledge to understand the emerging impact of decentralized systems across multiple domains.

This book includes six carefully chosen chapters that explain both the basic ideas and real-life uses of decentralized networks beyond just blockchain. It is a helpful guide for students studying computer science, IT, and similar subjects, and also useful for professionals who want to understand how these technologies are being used in the real world.

Chapter 1 introduces the foundational concepts of decentralized networks and presents an overview of recent innovations and future opportunities across industries such as finance, healthcare, and supply chain management. Chapter 2 explores smart contracts on Ethereum, focusing on their transformative role in creating transparent and automated smart supply chain systems. Chapter 3 shifts attention to sustainable agriculture, showcasing blockchain models that support environmental monitoring and carbon offset marketplaces.

In Chapter 4, the focus turns to education, discussing how blockchain can streamline certification, learning management, and institutional transparency. Chapter 5 and 6 examine the integration of blockchain and AI within the healthcare sector, unveiling the vision of a Bioverse, a secure, intelligent healthcare ecosystem driven by decentralized data sharing and automation.

We believe this book will not only enhance readers’ understanding of the foundational applications of decentralized networks but also stimulate further inquiry and development in this dynamic field.

Sharmila Arunkumar Department of ECE Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, IndiaNeha Goel Department of ECE Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, IndiaR.K. Yadav Department of ECE Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, IndiaManoj Kumar Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong in Dubai Dubai, United Arab Emirates &Shashi Bhushan Department of Computer and Information Sciences

List of Contributors

Abhijit S. BodheDepartment of Computer Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, IndiaAman M. DeshpandeDepartment of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaAtharva J. WarokarDepartment of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaBharat Bhushan NaibGalgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaChetan D. BawankarDepartment of Information Technology, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, IndiaDeepak RathodUniversity School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, IndiaDevraj GautamAkhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi, IndiaGunjan GuptaCape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, Cape Town, South AfricaKanika GargRaj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaLatika C. BawankarDepartment of Mathematics, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, IndiaMegha SinghUniversity School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, IndiaNilesh P. SableDepartment of Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence), Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaNeha GoelRaj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaPalanivel KuppusamyPondicherry University, Puducherry, IndiaPrathamesh L. DeoDepartment of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaPriya M. ShelkeDepartment of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaSuresh Joseph KanagarajPondicherry University, Puducherry, IndiaSahil A. ChaudhariDepartment of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, IndiaShivangi YadavUniversity School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, IndiaSayan ChatterjeeUniversity School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, IndiaSandeep BhatiaGalgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaYogesh S. DeshmukhDepartment of Information Technology, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India

Smart Contracts on Ethereum for Smart Supply Chain Management

Chetan D. Bawankar1,*,Latika C. Bawankar2,Yogesh S. Deshmukh1,Abhijit S. Bodhe3
1 Department of Information Technology, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India
2 Department of Mathematics, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India
3 Department of Computer Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India

Abstract

Raw materials are manually produced, and data is often stored and managed insecurely, leading to increased overall time and dissatisfaction among clients. Blockchain technology, with its decentralization and robust security, revolutionizes data storage by improving data security, time management, and transaction efficiency. This chapter examines the use of Ethereum-based smart contracts to enhance supply chain management, streamline transactions, safeguard data, and optimize time management. By establishing legally binding agreements, smart contracts reduce ambiguity in operations. However, Smart Contract Management (SCM) tags are costly and have limited lifespans. Supply chain management is inherently sensitive, and logistics require strict confidentiality to protect product information. The study aims to decouple supply chain processes from data security concerns, addressing the challenges posed by outdated systems that have persisted for decades. Key areas of focus include inventory management, product quality, and resolving supply-demand discrepancies, with data security being a critical priority. This proposed solution integrates smart contracts and peer-to-peer encryption, leveraging the immutability of blockchain ledgers to prevent unauthorized access by hackers. Registered users gain secure website access, ensuring controlled data sharing. Cryptographic methods further enhance transaction security, while damaged products can be retained as evidence for dealer compensation. This approach is not only secure and effective but also instills greater customer confidence during transactions. By modernizing supply chain systems, this study demonstrates the potential to transform the industry, making operations more efficient, user-friendly, and reliable.

Keywords: Ethereum blockchain, DDOS, Internet-of-Things, Smart contract, Supply chain management.
*Corresponding author Chetan D. Bawankar: Department of Information Technology, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has unlocked innovative applications across various fields, with supply chain management being a prominent beneficiary. Blockchain's core features—transparency, traceability, and security—are essential for managing the complexities of modern supply chains. To fully harness these advantages, integrating smart contracts has proven to be a transformative solution.

Smart contracts are self-executing agreements with terms directly encoded into their framework, eliminating the need for intermediaries and ensuring transactions and processes are executed automatically when predetermined conditions are met. This chapter highlights Ethereum, a leading blockchain platform, as the foundation for implementing smart contracts in supply chain systems. Efficiently managing the flow of goods within a company's supply chain is crucial in today’s interconnected global economy, where it plays a significant role. Supply chain management (SCM) is commonly defined as the process of transferring goods from producers to consumers.

SCM encompasses various stages, beginning with raw materials and ending with the end customer. These stages typically include producers, distributors, and retailers. Goods are sourced, packaged, and transported to their destinations through a series of coordinated steps. While traditional supply chain management offers several advantages, it often falls short of fully adhering to regulatory standards. For example, assigning product quality and allowing the final consumer to reverse transactions highlight some of its limitations. Forward flows, such as the movement of goods from their source to the destination, are among the most common processes in the field.

The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has introduced groundbreaking applications across various fields, particularly in supply chain management (SCM) [1]. Blockchain's transparency and immutability offer significant advantages for modernizing traditional supply chain methods. By providing a secure framework for collecting data and executing automated scripts or applications, known as smart contracts, blockchain has the potential to transform SCM. Smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements embedded in code, allow supply chain managers to track the origin and safety of goods while supporting reverse flows, such as product returns and refunds, fostering a more trustworthy global market [2].

This research develops a conceptual framework for an SCM system using blockchain and smart contracts. The goal is to ensure secure transactions and deliver high-quality products to customers. Blockchain, a continuously growing ledger of transactions linked and secured by cryptography, requires verification by the majority of nodes in the network [3]. Once validated, blocks are added to the chain across all nodes, enhancing security and transparency. However, managing multiple instances of the same data remains resource-intensive.

Blockchain's decentralized nature ensures data integrity, as it cannot be altered or hacked. There are three primary types of blockchains: public (permissionless), private (permissioned), and consortium. Each has unique characteristics tailored to its geographical or operational context. According to Szabo, smart contracts are “computerized transaction protocols that fulfill contract conditions.” These contracts are typically written in high-level programming languages such as Java, Python, or Solidity, with Ethereum being a notable platform for deploying them [4, 5]. Hyperledger, for example, employs NodeJS and Python for its smart contracts, while Ethereum uses solidity to create secure and publicly accessible scripts that execute autonomously within a protected environment.

Cryptocurrency plays a pivotal role in blockchain systems, serving as a digital asset for secure transactions and block creation. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin rely on blockchain technology for functionality. Blockchain protocols govern network interactions, enabling cryptographic authentication and facilitating the use of tokens and smart contracts. Coins and tokens, though related, differ in purpose [6, 7]. Coins are tied to a blockchain protocol, while tokens represent specific applications or ideas built on that protocol. For instance, miners are rewarded with cryptocurrency, which can also be used for third-party transactions.

Supply chain management has become increasingly vital in the global market. However, it faces numerous challenges, including the need for trust between buyers and sellers, secure transactions, and the elimination of intermediaries who can manipulate market values for personal gain. Many organizations lack encrypted systems to store private information, leaving them vulnerable to cyberattacks [8, 9]. Additionally, there is often limited price transparency due to intermediary influence. The current system primarily supports one-way movement of goods, leaving consumers to bear the risks associated with defective products. Manual processes and human errors further exacerbate inefficiencies, leading to increased costs and difficulty in identifying root causes [10-12].

The importance of SCM in the global economy cannot be overstated, as it directly impacts market stability. Blockchain technology has been proposed as a solution for supply chain risk management, addressing issues like operational risks, trade authenticity, repayment risks, and contingent risks. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, blockchain mechanisms can enhance supply chain management by integrating with existing systems to improve information sharing, security, and efficiency. This research introduces a blockchain-based information-sharing framework utilizing smart contracts and consensus mechanisms to provide cryptographic keys securely to all stakeholders [13, 14].

Studies, such as one by Alfonso-Lizarazo et al., highlight the benefits of integrating forward and backward logistics in supply chains, such as in the palm oil industry [15]. Beyond its traditional role as a decentralized ledger, blockchain extends to broader decentralized network applications, including distributed decision-making, resource sharing, and communication protocols. Smart contracts act as a bridge between these concepts, enabling trust-based automation without relying on centralized systems, thus revolutionizing supply chain processes [16, 17].

Statement of the Problem

Supply chain management systems face challenges daily that demand prompt attention and resolution. These challenges can vary in complexity and severity. Utilizing cloud computing offers several benefits, such as meeting customer expectations, ensuring high standards of quality and sustainability, and effectively managing supplier relationships. However, the number of challenges confronting supply chain management continues to grow annually, particularly as concerns about security intensify. A failure in the supply chain will inevitably impact a company’s financial stability and overall performance [18-20].

Motivation

Blockchain technology employs distributed node consensus mechanisms, encryption, and intelligent script code to ensure secure data transmission and access. This framework enables the validation and storage of data while introducing a new paradigm for distributed computing and infrastructure, allowing for programming and data management.

Within a blockchain system, each participant's transaction data is stored in a data block, which is then linked sequentially to form a chronological chain of data blocks [21, 22]. Consequently, modifications to the main data structure are impossible without impacting other sections of the chain. Only new information can be added, and any changes require approval from a specified percentage of participants. Furthermore, existing data cannot be altered or deleted. The identity of each participant and the transaction details between entities are made open and transparent, promoting consistency and transparency in decision-making [23].

Methods and Methodology

This section provides an in-depth review of various strategies and tools. Instead of representing a physical supply chain, the model illustrates an information service chain built on blockchain technology. Every transaction is securely recorded on the blockchain, making the logistics industry's activities a source of data for the blockchain system. In other words, the calculation of start and end times for data systems within a blockchain-powered digital environment accurately reflects the operations of the supply chain, commonly referred to as smart contract design. This concept applies specifically to electronic contracts [24-28].

Case Study

A study demonstrates how Ethereum can ensure efficient resource allocation and secure data sharing in IoT-based systems [33]. This approach safeguards data exchange and resource management for mobile IoT sensors operating in a distributed environment. Smart contracts were implemented to automate resource allocation and regulate the secure transfer of data between sensors, which reduced computational overhead, enhanced data integrity, and fostered trust among network entities.

Technical Aspects: Ethereum smart contracts were employed for authentication and access control, incorporating gas-efficient designs to optimize resource usage for mobile devices. Scalability challenges were addressed using Layer 2 solutions, which managed the increased volume of data exchanges effectively.

BMW’s blockchain initiative focused on tracking the provenance of components in automotive manufacturing. It addressed inefficiencies in managing global suppliers and part recalls [34]. Smart contracts automated vendor payments once delivery was verified, reducing transaction errors and streamlining procurement processes. Ethereum Layer 2 solutions, such as Polygon, were used to achieve cost-effective scaling.

Resource Management and Secure Data Exchange: Ethereum’s role in managing IoT systems involves deploying smart contracts for operations like sensor registration, resource allocation, and data exchange.

Gas Costs: Frequent updates in sensor readings posed challenges due to gas fees, which were mitigated by implementing gas-efficient smart contract designs.Transaction Speed: Real-time sensor data exchange was achieved by utilizing Layer 2 solutions to overcome the base-layer transaction speed limitations of Ethereum.