Bio-Based Plastics E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Wiley Series in Renewable Resources
- Sprache: Englisch
The field of bio-based plastics has developed significantly in the last 10 years and there is increasing pressure on industries to shift existing materials production from petrochemicals to renewables.
Bio-based Plastics presents an up-to-date overview of the basic and applied aspects of bioplastics, focusing primarily on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Emphasizing materials currently in use or with significant potential for future applications, this book looks at the most important biopolymer classes such as polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Detailed consideration is also given to the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability.
Topics covered include:
- Starch
- Cellulose and cellulose acetate
- Materials based on chitin and chitosan
- Lignin matrix composites from natural resources
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- Poly(lactic acid)
- Polyesters, Polyamides and Polyolefins from biomass derived monomers
- Protein-based plastics
Bio-based Plastics is a valuable resource for academic and industrial researchers who are interested in new materials, renewable resources, sustainability and polymerization technology. It will also prove useful for advanced students interested in the development of bio-based products and materials, green and sustainable chemistry, polymer chemistry and materials science.
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs
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Seitenzahl: 735
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013
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Contents
Cover
Series
Title Page
Copyright
Series Preface
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Bio-Based Plastics – Introduction
1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Plastics
1.2 A Brief History of Bio-Based Plastics
1.3 Market for Bio-Based Plastics
1.4 Scope of the Book
Chapter 2: Starch
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Starch
2.3 Starch-Filled Plastics
2.4 Structural Starch Modifications
2.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Raw Materials
3.3 Structure
3.4 Principles of Cellulose Technology
3.5 Properties and Applications of Cellulose-Based Plastics
3.6 Some Recent Developments
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Materials Based on Chitin and Chitosan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan
4.3 Processing of Chitin to Materials and Applications
4.4 Chitosan Processing to Materials and Applications
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Lignin Matrix Composites from Natural Resources – ARBOFORM®
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Approaches for Plastics Completely Made from Natural Resources
5.3 Formulation of Lignin Matrix Composites (ARBOFORM)
5.4 Chemical Free Lignin from High Pressure Thermo-Hydrolysis (Aquasolv)
5.5 Functionalizing Lignin Matrix Composites
5.6 Injection Moulding of Parts – Case Studies
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6: Bioplastics from Lipids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition and Structure of Lipids
6.3 Sources and Biosynthesis of Lipids
6.4 Extraction of Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds
6.5 Biopolymers from Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds
6.6 Applications
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Basics, Production and Applications of Microbial Biopolyesters
7.1 Microbial PHA Production, Metabolism, and Structure
7.2 Available Raw Materials for PHA Production
7.3 Recovery of PHA from Biomass
7.4 Different Types of PHA
7.5 Global PHA Production
7.6 Applications of PHAs
7.7 Economic Challenges in the Production of PHAs and Attempts to Overcome Them
7.8 Process Design
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Poly(Lactic Acid)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Historical Outline
8.3 Synthesis of Monomer
8.4 Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid)
8.5 Processing
8.6 Crystallization
8.7 Physical Properties
8.8 Hydrolytic Degradation
8.9 Thermal Degradation
8.10 Biodegradation
8.11 Photodegradation
8.12 High-Performance Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Materials
8.13 Applications
8.14 Recycling
8.15 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Other Polyesters from Biomass Derived Monomers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Isohexide Polyesters
9.3 Furan-Based Polyesters
9.4 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Copolymers
9.5 Bio-Based Terephthalates
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Technical Performance of Polyamides
10.3 Chemical Synthesis
10.4 Monomer Feedstock Supply Chain
10.5 Producers
10.6 Sustainability Aspects
10.7 Improvement and Outlook
References
Chapter 11: Polyolefin-Based Plastics from Biomass-Derived Monomers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Polyolefin-Based Plastics
11.3 Biomass
11.4 Chemicals from Biomass
11.5 Chemicals from Biotechnology
11.6 Plastics from Biomass
11.7 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Petrochemical Technology
11.8 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Biotechnology
11.9 Bio-Polyethylene and Bio-Polypropylene
11.10 Perspective and Outlook
References
Chapter 12: Future Trends for Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers: The Case Study of Development and Application of Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Production of Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers (rPBPs)
12.3 The Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers (SELPs)
12.4 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 13: Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 First- and Second-Generation Crops: Advantages and Disadvantages
13.3 The Amount of Land Needed to Grow Feedstock for Bio-Based Plastics
13.4 Productivity and Availability of Arable Land
13.5 Research on Feedstock Optimization
13.6 Advanced Breeding Technologies and Green Biotechnology
13.7 Some Facts about Food Prices and Recent Food Price Increases
13.8 Is there Enough Land for Food, Animal Feed, Bioenergy and Industrial Material Use, Including Bio-Based Plastics?
References
Chapter 14: The Promise of Bioplastics – Bio-Based and Biodegradable-Compostable Plastics
14.1 Value Proposition for Bio-Based Plastics
14.2 Exemplars of Zero or Reduced Material Carbon Footprint – Bio-PE, Bio-PET and PLA
14.3 Process Carbon Footprint and LCA
14.4 Determination of Bio-Based Carbon Content
14.5 End-of-Life Options for Bioplastics – Biodegradability-Compostability
14.6 Summary
References
Index
Wiley Series in Renewable Resources
Series Editor
Christian V. Stevens – Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Titles in the Series
Wood Modification – Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes
Callum A. S. Hill
Renewables – Based Technology – Sustainability Assessment
Jo Dewulf & Herman Van Langenhove
Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass
James H. Clark & Fabien E.I. Deswarte
Biofuels
Wim Soetaert & Erick Vandamme
Handbook of Natural Colorants
Thomas Bechtold & Rita Mussak
Surfactants from Renewable Resources
Mikael Kjellin & Ingegärd Johansson
Industrial Application of Natural Fibres – Structure, Properties and Technical Applications
Jörg Müssig
Thermochemical Processing of Biomass – Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power
Robert C. Brown
Biorefinery Co-Products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolites and Value-Added Biomass Processing
Chantal Bergeron, Danielle Julie Carrier and Shri Ramaswamy
Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals
Charles E. Wyman
Forthcoming Titles
Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber Composites
Douglas Stokke, Qinglin Wu & Guangping Han
Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
Doug Karlen
Cellulose Nanocrystals: Properties, Production and Applications
Wadood Hamad
Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, 2nd edition
James Clark & Fabien Deswarte
Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials: Chemistry, Technology and Applications
Francisco García Calvo-Flores, José A. Dobado, Joaquín Isac García, Francisco J. Martin-Martinez
This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bio-based plastics : materials and applications / editor Stephan Kabasci. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-119-99400-8 (cloth) 1. Biopolymers. 2. Plastics. I. Kabasci, Stephan. TP248.65.P62B5184 2014 668.4–dc23 2013026528
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-1-119-99400-8
Cover images © Fraunhofer UMSICHT
Series Preface
Renewable resources and their modification are involved in a multitude of important processes with a major influence on our everyday lives. Applications can be found in the energy sector, chemistry, pharmacy, the textile industry, paints and coatings, to name but a few fields.
The broad area of renewable resources connects several scientific disciplines (agriculture, biochemistry, chemistry, technology, environmental sciences, forestry…), but it is very difficult to take an expert view on their complicated interactions. The idea of creating a series of scientific books focusing on specific topics concerning renewable resources is therefore very opportune and can help to clarify some of the underlying connections in this field.
In a very fast-changing world, trends do not only occur in fashion and politics; hype and buzzwords occur in science too. The use of renewable resources is more important nowadays; however, it is not hype. Lively discussions among scientists continue about how long we will be able to use fossil fuels, opinions ranging from 50 years to 500 years, but they do agree that the reserve is limited and that it is essential to search not only for new energy carriers but also for new material sources.
In this respect, renewable resources are a crucial area in the search for alternatives to fossil-based raw materials and energy. In the field of energy supply, biomass and renewable-based resources will be part of the solution alongside other alternatives such as solar energy, wind energy, hydraulic power, hydrogen technology and nuclear energy.
In the material sciences, the impact of renewable resources will probably be even bigger. Integral crop use and the use of waste streams in certain industries will grow in importance, leading to a more sustainable way of producing materials.
Although our society was much more based on renewable resources centuries ago (almost exclusively so), this disappeared in the Western world in the nineteenth century. Now it is time to focus again on this field of research. This should not mean a retour à la nature, but it does require a multidisciplinary effort at a highly technological level to perform research on new opportunities, to develop new crops and products from renewable resources. This will be essential to guarantee a level of comfort for a growing number of people living on our planet. The challenge for coming generations of scientists is to develop more sustainable ways to create prosperity and to fight poverty and hunger in the world. A global approach is certainly favoured.
This challenge can only be met if scientists are attracted to this area and are recognized for their efforts in this interdisciplinary field. It is therefore also essential that consumers recognize the fate of renewable resources in a number of products.
Furthermore, scientists do need to communicate and discuss the relevance of their work so that the use and modification of renewable resources does not follow the path of the genetic engineering concept in terms of consumer acceptance in Europe. In this respect, the series will certainly help to increase the visibility of the importance of renewable resources.
Being convinced of the value of the renewables approach for the industrial world, as well as for developing countries, I was delighted to collaborate on this series of books focusing on different aspects of renewable resources. I hope that readers will become aware of the complexity, interactions, interconnections, and challenges of this field and that they will help communicate the importance of renewable resources.
I would like to thank the staff from Wiley's Chichester office, especially David Hughes, Jenny Cossham and Lyn Roberts, in seeing the need for such a series of books on renewable resources, for initiating and supporting it and for helping to carry the project through to the end.
Last but not least I want to thank my family, especially my wife Hilde and children, Paulien and Pieter-Jan, for their patience and for giving me the time to work on the series when other activities seemed to be more inviting.
Christian V. Stevens Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Belgium Series Editor ‘Renewable Resources’ June 2005
Preface
The world is becoming increasingly aware of the fact that fossil raw materials are a finite resource. Their use needs to be reduced considerably in order to achieve sustainable development, defined by the UN Brundtland Commission in 1987 as: ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
In the chemical products sector, bio-based raw materials are the only renewable alternative to replace fossil carbon sources. In some product categories, such as detergents, renewable resources already hold a large share of the used raw materials due to their superior suitability and functionality. In the major chemical product category (with respect to the annually produced amount) of plastics, however, renewable resources still play a very small role. Nonetheless, steadily increasing numbers of bio-based polymers and products thereof have been developed. Moreover, the number of scientific papers for this topic is growing rapidly.
This book, as a part of the ‘Wiley Series on Renewable Resources’ presents a wide range of bio-based plastics and highlights some of their applications. Emphasis is placed on materials that are presently in use or show a significant potential for future applications. The book contains an up-to-date, broad, but concise overview of basic and applied aspects of bioplastics. The main focus is on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Elastomers, thermosets and coating applications, like natural rubber or alkyd resins, will be covered in other volumes in the series.
The book is organized in several chapters and deals with the most important biopolymer classes like the different polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, chitin), lignin, proteins and (polyhydroxy alkanoates) as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as with materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Additional chapters on general topics – the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability – provide important information related to all bio-based polymer classes.
On behalf of all the authors, I would like to invite you to enter the world of bio-based plastics. Enjoy reading!
Stephan Kabasci Fraunhofer-Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Germany July 2013
List of Contributors
