Bio-Nanomaterials E-Book

Wolfgang Pompe

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 744

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Written by authors from different fields to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, this book guides the reader through new nano-materials processing inspired by nature.
Structured around general principles, each selection and explanation is motivated by particular biological case studies. This provides the background for elucidating the particular principle in a second section. In the third part, examples for applying the principle to materials processing are given, while in a fourth subsection each chapter is supplemented by a selection of relevant experimental and theoretical techniques.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 1: Molecular Units

1.1 Case Studies

1.2 Basic Principles

1.3 Bioengineering

References

Chapter 2: Molecular Recognition

2.1 Case Study

2.2 Basic Principles

2.3 Engineering of Biomolecular Recognition Systems

References

Chapter 3: Cell Adhesion

3.1 Case Study

3.2 Basic Principles

3.3 Bioengineering

References

Chapter 4: Whole-Cell Sensor Structures

4.1 Case Studies

4.2 Basic Principles

4.3 Bioengineering

References

Chapter 5: Biohybrid Silica-Based Materials

5.1 Case Studies

5.2 Basic Principles

5.3 Bioengineering

5.4 Silicified Geological Biomaterials

References

Chapter 6: Biomineralization

6.1 Case Studies

6.2 Basic Principles

6.3 Bioengineering

References

Chapter 7: Self-Assembly

7.1 Case Study

7.2 Basic Principles

7.3 Bioengineering

References

Appendix A: Constants, Units, and Magnitudes

A.1 Fundamental Constants

A.2 Table of SI Base Units

A.3 Table of Derived Units

A.4 Magnitudes

Appendix B: Energy of a Bent Fiber

Appendix C: Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Appendix D: Task Solutions

Index

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41015-6

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-65529-8

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-65528-1

mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-65527-4

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-65526-7

Cover Design Adam-Design, Weinheim, Germany

Typesetting Thomson Digital, Noida, India

Preface

The various challenges that we are confronted with today require novel solutions that will influence future developments in the field of materials science worldwide. This concerns the necessity to master the transition to regenerative energies. Also, the foreseeable exhaustion of essential resources necessitates developing new materials strategies, such as to use renewable raw materials, to exploit low-grade ores, or to establish widespread materials recycling. In view of this situation, the attitude toward nature has changed: in the past, the progress of mankind was based on extending its domination over nature. Now consensus is growing that future progress has to be achieved in close accordance with nature. Such attitude gave rise to the concept of biologically inspired materials engineering. It includes the development and production of novel materials, such as living tissue for regenerative bone therapy, and novel materials processing techniques, such as biologically controlled mineralization via microorganism–silica hybrid composites. “Bio-inspired” relates to inspiration by some mechanisms or processes present in the organic world, and the attempt to adapt them to technology. According to this nomenclature, “bio-inspired approach” denotes the following: The richness of biomolecular structures and processes serves as basis for the creation of nanostructured materials with novel functionalities, commonly summarized under the term “bionanotechnology.” Here we follow the definition of bionanotechnology as proposed by Ehud Gazit in his book “Plenty of Room for Biology at the Bottom: An Introduction to Bionanotechnology” (Gazit, 2007). In the following, we will focus on materials or processes where adaptation includes the use of biomolecules or living cells, and hence on biologically inspired materials development in a narrower sense. The enormous progress in molecular biology and microbiology over the past 50 years has generated a huge knowledge as the basis to tackle such tasks. Genetic engineering allows the generation of tailored recombinant proteins or microorganisms and thus provides a large “toolbox” for the implementation of biological structures in a technical environment.

Progress of synthetic biology will probably provide a further qualitative leap. In the paper entitled “Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome,” J. Craig Venter and coworkers reported the creation of an artificial bacterial chromosome and its successful transfer into a bacterium, where it replaced the native DNA (Gibson et al., 2010). Under the control of the synthetic genome, the cell started to produce proteins, eventually leading to DNA replication and cell division. The creation of this self-replicating synthetic bacterial cell called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 can be regarded as a milestone on the way from molecular genetics to synthetic biology. An old dream of biologists may become reality soon: engineering organisms designed for specific technological use, such as the efficient production of particular medical drugs or of biofuels via photosynthesis. Close interdisciplinary cooperation of biologists, materials scientists, chemists, physicists, and computer scientists is required to develop this research area successfully and to further public acceptance of the novel products, possibly including even artificial organisms in the future. Interdisciplinary approaches are also necessary regarding ethics and biosafety problems that require thorough assessments of the risk potential on the basis of profound and broadly oriented scientific work.

Based on our experience to teach biologically inspired materials science in various courses at the Technische Universität Dresden, our book aims at providing the basics of this scientific field for students of biology, biotechnology, bioengineering, materials science, chemistry, and physics and thus to lay the ground for interdisciplinary research. The already existing knowledge basis in bio-inspired materials science allows us to arrange practical results around a few general principles identified in the living world. Thus, we have organized the book in seven main chapters coauthored by two or three colleagues: Chapter 11 “Molecular units” by M. Mertig, W. Pompe, and G. Rödel; Chapter 22 “Molecular recognition” by W. Pompe and G. Rödel; Chapter 33 “Cell adhesion” by T. Pompe and W. Pompe; Chapter 44 “Whole-cell sensors” by W. Pompe and G. Rödel; Chapter 55 “Biohybrid silica-based materials” by W. Pompe, H.-J. Weiss, and H. Worch; Chapter 66 “Biomineralization” by M. Gelinsky, W. Pompe, and H.-J. Weiss; and Chapter 77 “Self-assembly” by M. Mertig and W. Pompe. It is recommended that one should begin with more biologically oriented subjects and later turn to those with a stronger materials science focus. The selection and the explanation of general principles have been motivated by particular biological case studies. Every chapter devoted to one such principle is introduced by a few subjectively selected biological case studies. These examples provide the background for elucidating the particular principle in the second section. In the third part of every chapter, examples for materials processing in engineering, medicine, and environmental technologies are given. We are aware that the subject of every chapter could be extended into a whole monograph. However, we see that students of materials science as well as of biology prefer to get an introduction to the whole field allowing them to initiate deeper studies of special topics. Therefore, we try to develop the basic principles as a kind of focusing and connecting part. In addition to biological principles, basic physical and chemical laws have been included since they are likewise essential for successful bio-inspired materials processing. Preferably, we chose a heuristic approach to the various topics. Occasionally, small tasks for quantitative estimates or simple modeling are formulated, including hints for the solutions. We hope that it will motivate the reader to address more complex calculations in the related original literature.

Acknowledgments

The engagement with bio-inspired materials science at the Technische Universität Dresden dates back to an elucidating and exciting discussion between one of us (WP) and Arthur Heuer of Case Western Reserve University at Cleveland 20 years ago. Just at that time, Arthur Heuer, together with a group of other well-known American materials scientists, issued a Science paper on “Innovative materials processing strategies: a biomimetic approach” (Heuer et al., 1992), where he emphasized the great potential of mimicking biological processing strategies. He generously shared his ideas on what could possibly be done by materials scientists in this interdisciplinary research field. Later on, we repeatedly benefited from his personal engagement, as well as from that of Manfred Rühle at the Max-Planck Institute for Materials Science, Stuttgart, by establishing a research group for bio-inspired materials science at the Max-Bergmann Centre at the Technische Universität Dresden. We thank Arthur Heuer deeply for his great visionary advice and permanent support. We would also like to thank the many students and colleagues who supported us with valuable contributions of their research work and by reading drafts of particular chapters. Special thanks go to Michael Ansorge, Annegret Benke, Anne Bernhardt, Anja Blüher, Manfred Bobeth, Martin Bönsch, Horst Böttcher, Lucio Colombi Ciacchi, Florian Despang, Hermann Ehrlich, Angela Eubisch, Christiane Erler, Annett Groß, Katrin Günther, Thomas Hanke, Sascha Heinemann, Klaus Kühn, Mathias Lakatos, Lynne Macaskie, Sabine Matys, Iryna Mikheenko, Martin and Msau Mkandawire, Kai Ostermann, Ralf Seidel, Paul Simon, and Ulrich Soltmann, as well as to many colleagues for providing figures from their work. We also thank the staff of Wiley-VCH, in particular Ulrike Fuchs and Nina Stadthaus, whose engaged work and manifold advices during the extended preparation of the manuscript enabled us to finally complete it.

Dresden, GermanyMarch 2012

Wolfgang PompeGerhard RödelHans-Jürgen WeissMichael Mertig

References

1. Gazit, E. (2007) Plenty of Room for Biology at the Bottom: An Introduction to Bionanotechnology, Imperial College Press, London.

2. Gibson, D.G., Glass, J.I.et al. (2010) Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science, 329 (5987), 52–56.

3. Heuer, A.H., Fink, D.J., Laraia, V.J., Arias, J.L., Calvert, P.D., Kendall, K., Messing, G.L., Blackwell, J., Rieke, P.C., Thompson, D.H., Wheeler, A.P., Veis, A., and Caplan, A.I. (1992) Innovative materials processing strategies: a biomimetic approach. Science, 255 (5048), 1098–1105.