Biofuel Cells E-Book
190,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes calls for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro- or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters. This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for anyone working in the areas of energy and the environment.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 821
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells
1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis
1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis
1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst
1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells
1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena
1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control
1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis
References
2 Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells
2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofuel Cells
3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
3.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body
3.6 Biomedical Applications
3.7 Limitations
3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Abbreviations
4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs
4.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials
4.4 Applications of EBFCs
4.5 Challenges
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Operating Principles of MFC
5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs
5.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs)
6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells
7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells
7.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Glucose Biofuel Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Merits of BFC Over FC
8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells
8.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation
8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode
8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks)
8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes
8.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC)
9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC)
9.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC)
9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones
10.3 Attractiveness
10.4 Architecture
10.5 Issues and Perspectives
10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering
10.7 Conclusions
References
11 Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement
11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
12.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst
12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs
12.5 Chemical Catalyst
12.6 Microbial Catalyst
12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13 Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biofuel Cell
13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell
13.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells
13.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells
14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell
14.2 Types
14.3 Biofuel Cells
14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells
15.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells
15.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells
15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability
15.7 Conclusion and Future Direction
Acknowledgements
References
16 Anodes for Biofuel Cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Anode Material Properties
16.3 Anode
16.4 Anode Modification
16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
17 Applications of Biofuel Cells
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fuel Cell
17.3 Biofuel Cells
17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell
17.5 Single Compartment EBFCs
17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell
17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source
17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters
17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail
17.10 Application of Biofuel Cell
17.11 Conclusion
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 (a) Structure of a subunit of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger ...
Figure 1.2 Molecular dynamics studies of the structure of the active site of wil...
Figure 1.3 (a) Structure of laccase from Trametes versicolor elucidated by Bertr...
Figure 1.4 Schematic of popular enzyme immobilization techniques. (a) Adsorption...
Figure 1.5 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with aldehydes. (c)...
Figure 1.6 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with epoxides. (c) ...
Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic representation of a polarization curve for an ideal and...
Figure 1.8 Structural and electronic modifications of supports to improve the el...
Figure 1.9 Types of supports reported for biofuel cells.
Figure 1.10 Schematic of the i − E curves for mediated and non-mediated electrod...
Figure 1.11 Comparison of direct and mediated electron transfer in electrodes co...
Figure 1.12 Characterization of the performance of a GOx anode and a Lac cathode...
Figure 1.13 Integration of bioprocesses with microbial electrolysis cells (MEC).
Figure 1.14 Overview of hypothetic mechanism for CH4 production from CO2. (a) In...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of a typical EFC.
Figure 2.2 Photograph of a snail with implanted biocatalytic electrodes (Adapted...
Figure 2.3 (a) Photograph of the implantation of microbioelectrodes into the rat...
Figure 2.4 (a) Photograph of the biofuel cell sheet and LEDs connected with the ...
Figure 2.5 Photograph of the contact lens encapsulated enzymatic biofuel cell an...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Progress in the advancements in the biofuel cell efficiency.
Figure 3.2 Basic design of a biofuel cell.
Figure 3.3 Fabrication and performance of a 1.5-ml MFC device. (a) Schematic pre...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 A generalized schematic of an EBFC representing important components ...
Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase in EBF...
Figure 4.3 Different methods for the immobilization of enzymes.
Figure 4.4 Different method for the enzyme immobilization on the support [39].
Figure 4.5 Different methods of cross-linking enzymes for their immobilization [...
Figure 4.6 A biocompatible EBFC based on bioelectrodes. EBFC components. Bioelec...
Figure 4.7 Multiple sources of failure of implanted bioelectric devices [75].
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Working principle of a typical dual-chamber MFC.
Figure 5.2 Main electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cell (MFC).
Figure 5.3 Integration of stacked MFC in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Da...
Figure 5.4 Current applications of microbial fuel cell (MFC) platform.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram of biofuel cell.
Figure 6.2 Classification of fuel cell.
Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of a biofuel cell (enzyme based). Reproduced with p...
Figure 6.4 Various implanTable/wearable medical microelectronic devices: pacemak...
Figure 6.5 (a) Photograph of a flexible paper based device with a carbon black t...
Figure 6.6 (a) Schematic representation of CNTF-based biofuel cell and (b) schem...
Figure 6.7 Rewrapping structure of the fuel cell fabricated by using MWCNT sheet...
Figure 6.8 (a) Image of the wearable enzyme-based biofuel cell which is used to ...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 UV-Visible spectra of enzyme solution before immobilization (red) and...
Figure 8.2 A typical CV of glucose oxidation onto Immobilized glucose oxidase su...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Various cell configuration of PBEC-FC.
Figure 9.2 Working principle of dual chamber PS-BFC with biocatalyst on the cath...
Figure 9.3 A coupled p-BFC with cathodic PBR half-cell.
Figure 9.4 Single chamber p-BFC.
Figure 9.5 The diagram of sediment PS-BFC.
Figure 9.6 (a) Photovoltaic (PV)-electrolysis device schematic for solar water s...
Figure 9.7 Mechanistic illustration of photoelectrode reactions under illuminati...
Figure 9.8 (a) Energy diagram for the promotion and delivery of electron from mi...
Figure 9.9 (a) Schematic diagram of a single chamber PE-BFC with the phtobioanod...
Figure 9.10 Schematic diagram showing (a) a dual-chamber PE-BFC with the photobi...
Figure 9.11 (a) FESEM image showing the G/CNT biofilm tightly attached to the ca...
Figure 9.12 (a) The SEM image of BTNA, (b) photocurrent generation of BTNA and T...
Figure 9.13 (a) The SEM images of TK/TiO2 and FDH-CH3V(CH2)9COOH electrode, (b) ...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Diagrammatic representation biological fuel cell which generating cu...
Figure 11.2 Diagrammatic representation of half-biofuel cell.
Figure 11.3 Classification of bio fuel cells.
Figure 11.4 Diagrammatic representation of product type system. (a) Fermenter no...
Figure 11.5 Mediated electron transfer and direct electron transfer process, (a)...
Figure 11.6 Photo microbial biofuel cell.
Figure 11.7 Different stages of fabrication of: (a) the microelectrode array, (b...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Double chamber biofuel cell with bio anode and bio cathode.
Figure 12.2 ORR pathways and their thermodynamic potentials.
Figure 12.3 Summary of possible ORR pathways through different mechanisms.
Figure 12.4 Typical polarisation curve featuring important zones and parameters ...
Figure 12.5 (a) RRDE voltammograms at 1,600 rpm and 10 mV/s (b) Variation of num...
Figure 12.6 Classification of cathode catalysts in biofuel cell.
Figure 12.7 (a) RDE curves of MnO2/CNTs nanohybrids with mass content of CNTs 40...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Basic schematic of a microbial desalination cell.
Figure 13.2 Air cathode microbial desalination cell (adapted from Mehanna et al....
Figure 13.3 Biocathode microbial desalination cell (adapted from Wen et al. [22]...
Figure 13.4 Stacked microbial desalination cell (adapted from Kim & Logan [24]).
Figure 13.5 Recirculation microbial desalination cell (adapted from Qu et al. [4...
Figure 13.6 Microbial electrolysis and desalination and chemical production cell...
Figure 13.7 Capacitive microbial desalination cell (adapted from Forrestal et al...
Figure 13.8 Upflow microbial desalination cell (adapted from Jacobson et al. [31...
Figure 13.9 Osmotic microbial fuel cell (adapted from Zhang & He [32]).
Figure 13.10 Bipolar membrane microbial desalination cell (adapted from Kim & Lo...
Figure 13.11 Decoupled microbial fuel cell.
Figure 13.12 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation microbial desalination cell (...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 First fuel cell appratus. Ox and hy represents oxygen and hydrogen. ...
Figure 14.2 Electrochemical reaction take place at electrodes; fuel is added fro...
Figure 14.3 A complex bipolar fuel cell stacking arranged vertically each cell h...
Figure 14.4 Structures of MCFC. Modified from Reference [45].
Figure 14.5 Schematic diagram of PEMFC with combination of DMFC hydrogen from an...
Figure 14.6 Schematic diagram DMFC. Modified from Reference [34].
Figure 14.7 Schematic diagram of AKFC. Modified from reference [45].
Figure 14.8 Schematic diagram of MFCs. Modified from Ref. [60].
Figure 14.9 A model of single and double-chambered MFC. Modified from Ref. [76].
Figure 14.10 Schematic showing the aerobic and anaerobic chamber of MFC and high...
Figure 14.11 Working principle of a MFCs. In the anode chamber, MED (mediators) ...
Figure 14.12 In the anode chamber, transfer of electrons from electron donor (su...
Figure 14.13 Generalized scheme of enzymatic biofuel cell. Anode is catalyzed by...
Figure 14.14 Schematic representation of GBFC. Modified from Ref. [118].
Figure 14.15 Single-walled carbon nanotubes based GBFC. Modified from Ref. [117]...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Conceptual framework for biofuel cells towards sustainability.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 MFC cathode chambers along with possible electron acceptors.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell.
Figure 17.2 Schematic diagram of a typical two chambered Microbial Fuel Cell (MF...
Figure 17.3 Enzymatic biofuel cell (Mediator electron transfer based).
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Cell potential for typical reactions with microbial bioanode, and a mi...
Table 1.2 Examples of microbial biocatalysts in the form of pure cultures and co...
Table 1.3 Mechanism for extracellular electron transfer at the interface microor...
Table 1.4 Types of proteins involved in the EET in Geobacter sp. and Shewanella ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Summary of energy sources, corresponding enzymes and their cofactors. ...
Table 4.2 Nanomaterials used for the immobilization of enzymes by different meth...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 An overview of performance of MFC with different anode, cathode materi...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 The material used for the fabrication of electrode and photoelectrode ...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Various terminal electron acceptors in MFCs and EFCs.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Characteristics of different fuel cells.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Membrane-less biofuel cell performances.
Table 15.2 Secondary sources as a substrate for bioelectricity generation and po...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Various anode materials along with their advantages and disadvantages...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
Pages
v
ii
iii
iv
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
491
492
493
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Biofuel Cells
Materials and Challenges
Edited by
Inamuddin,
Mohd Imran Ahamed,
Rajender Boddula,
and
Mashallah Rezakazemi
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119724698
Cover image: Russell Richardson
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes call for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro- or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters.
This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for the peoples working in the areas of energy and environment. This book is an essential reference guide for readers, students, faculty, engineers, industrialists, energy chemists, material scientists, electrochemists biotechnologists, microbiologists, and environmentalists who would like to understand the science behind the advanced renewable energy, advanced materials and flexible implantable devices, etc. This book includes the seventeen chapters and the summaries are given below.
Chapter 1 provides details about the factors that influence electron transfer in two categories of bioelectro catalysis, the enzymatic and the microbial catalysis. Anodic and cathodic relevant reactions for these two types of biocatalysts are discussed in addition to their applications. Challenges for preparation of electrodes as well as various techniques and strategies for immobilization of enzymes and bacteria are discussed in details.
Chapter 2 highlights recent progress in implantable and wearable biofuel cell technologies and their breakthrough applications particularly in living bodies. Important parameters such as sufficient and stable power output, long duration, biocompatibility, biofouling, inflammation that need to be resolved before being converted into a commercial product are discussed.
Chapter 3 discusses some of the challenges and factors that affect the overall performance and efficiency of biofuel cells. Biofuel cell development is an emerging versatile technological platform for harvesting the desired energy requirements of miniature implantable medical devices to meet the challenges of various biomedical applications under physiological conditions.
Chapter 4 discusses the basic structure of an enzymatic fuel cell. Various enzymes used in enzymatic biofuel cells and their modes of electron transport are mentioned. Enzyme immobilization strategies and different materials for enzyme immobilization are also detailed. Finally, the advantages and prospects with pertaining challenges are discussed.
Chapter 5 provides general knowledge about microbial fuel cell technology. The basic working principle of the microbial fuel cell is discussed. Furthermore, the components of microbial fuel cell technology, i.e. reactor configurations, anode and cathode materials and type of substrates are elaborated. The application, challenges, and prospects of microbial fuel cell technology are also presented.
Chapter 6 summarizes the basic principles of the biofuel cells and their uses in various fields. The discussion is mainly focused on the flexibility to the biofuel cells, recent advances and the challenges that are faced by flexible biofuel cells.
Chapter 7 discusses various types of carbon-based nanomaterials in the biofuel domain. Detailed discussion on carbon-based nanomaterials like cellulose starch, glucose, carbon nanoparticles, nanographene, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers are presented. Finally, a separate section on carbon-based nanomaterials is presented.
Chapter 8 discusses different types of biofuel cells with special emphasis on glucose-based biofuel cell. Advantages of using glucose oxidase as a natural enzyme-catalyst in these cells are described. Prevention of loss of efficiency at high temperatures due to denaturation of enzymes using polyols is discussed.
Chapter 9 summarizes the basic working principles of various configurations of photoelectrochemical fuel cells that suit different applications and their performance. Several promising applications are also discussed including wastewater treatment, power generation, fuel production, and a wide range of contaminant degradation.
Chapter 10 focuses on various engineering architectures for biofuel cells. It explores the attractiveness of biofuel cells as energy sources. Various routes for design and fabrication of these cells, material options available, relevant characterization techniques, perspectives and future challenges are discussed.
Chapter 11 discusses the history and classification of biofuel cells and biochemical reactions. The classification of biofuel cells comprises bio-electro chemicals producing whole organisms, producing hydrogen gas, etc. Additionally, various commercial applications of biofuel cells are discussed in detail.
Chapter 12 addresses the development and experimental progress of oxygen reduction reactions cathode catalyst for biofuel cells applications. Classification, mechanism, activity and performance of oxygen reduction reaction cathode catalyst are discussed in details. Additionally, various aspects concerning their electrochemical activity and their limitations in terms of technological applications are highlighted in this chapter.
Chapter 13 starts with an introduction for working mechanisms of fuel cells, biofuel cells, and the microbial desalination cell. A major focus is given to explore various configurations of desalination cells designed so far. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the factors affecting the performance and efficiency of desalination cells.
Chapter 14 discusses the types, designs, working principles, applications of biofuel cells and conventional fuel cells. It explains in detail about the types of various fuel cell and biofuel cells such as molten carbonate, proton exchange membrane, direct methanol, solid oxide, alkaline, phosphoric acid fuel cells, microbial, enzymatic, glucose, photochemical and flexible biofuel cells as well as their advantages, limitations, and applications.
Chapter 15 deliberates on different classes of biofuel cells with a focus on wearable biofuel cells, fuel used and bioelectricity generation outlining possible bioelectronic applications. The issues, challenges and scalability of biofuel cells are discussed and addressed through a proposed sustainable solution roadmap.
Chapter 16 discusses different types of anodes that are currently being utilized in biofuel cells. The main idea of this chapter is to deliver information related to recent advancements in the field of anode materials, along with their capability to improve the overall performance of biofuel cells.
Chapter 17 discusses the emerging alternative sources of renewable energy in the form of biofuel cells. The fundamental concepts, and types of biofuel cells and their applications are explained. The prospects of biofuel cells as substitutes of conventional technologies and their potentialities in novel applications are presented.
