Biological Controls for Preventing Food Deterioration E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 894

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Various biotic factors cause diseases in crops, which result in food losses. Historically pesticide development has been instructive to us in terms of the benefits derived as well as the hazards that accompany their indiscriminate use. The application of fertilizers and pesticides to crops has become a norm in agricultural production, but this has led to resurgence in pests as they have developed resistance to such chemicals. Biological control of plant pests and pathogens is part of the solution to this problem. This is an area that continues to inspire research and development. It is also the foundation on which sustainable, non-polluting pest control for tomorrow’s farms must be built.

Biological Controls for Preventing FoodDeterioration provides readers with options of non-chemical, eco-friendly, environmentally safe natural alternatives to prevent food from spoilage at pre- and postharvest stages. It covers the principles behind these techniques and their implementation. By integrating theory and practice, this book discusses the potential and associated problems in the development of non-chemical alternatives to protect food and addresses the common hurdles that need to be overcome to enable commercialization and registration of natural products for combating diseases.

Focussing on plant foods, this timely book is unique in scope as it offers an international perspective on food deterioration caused by bacterial, fungal, viral, and mycotoxin contamination. It brings together highly respected scientists from differingyet complementary disciplines in one unified work that is important reading for food safety professionals, researchers and students.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

List of Contributors

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Biologicals: Green Alternatives for Plant Disease Management

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Food supply on a collision course

1.3 The enormity of the problem

1.4 Preventing food losses

1.5 Hazards from synthetic pesticides

1.6 A way out of this crisis

1.7 Types of biopesticides

1.8 Strategies of biological control

1.9 Biopesticides: advantages and limitations

1.10 Major constraints

1.11 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 2: Postharvest Damages of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Its Management

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Diseases and disorders in mandarins

2.3 Strategies for postharvest management

2.4 Naturally occurring antifungal compounds for biocontrol

2.5 Induced resistance

2.6 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 3: Yeasts: Bio-Bullets for Postharvest Diseases of Horticultural Perishables

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Presence of an antagonist

3.3 Introduction of the yeast antagonist in the postharvest system of horticultural perishables

3.4 Commercial production

3.5 Problems in product development and registration

3.6 Enhancement of the bioactivity of the yeast antagonist

3.7 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 4: Dissecting the Mechanisms of Action of Biocontrol Agents to Control Postharvest Diseases of Fruit

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Studying the mechanism of action

4.3 Competition

4.4 The role of biofilm formation

4.5 Production of diffusible and volatile antimicrobial compounds

4.6 Parasitism and release of hydrolases

4.7 Induction of resistance

4.8 The role of oxidative stress

4.9 Conclusion and future prospects

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Potential of PGPR Bacteria in Plant Disease Management

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Beneficial bacteria in soil

5.3 Rhizobacteria

5.4 Bacterial parasites of nematodes

5.5 Mechanisms involved in biocontrol

5.6 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 6: Entophytic Microbes and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases

6.1 Introduction

6.2 How entophytes affect plants

6.3 Entophytes in plant protection

6.4 Entophytes' interactions with fungi

6.5 Interactions with viruses and bacteria

6.6 Entophytes' interactions with nematodes

6.7 Entomopathogenic entophytes

6.8 Entophytes in postharvest management of diseases

6.9 Endophytic microorganisms with the potential to improve phytoremediation

6.10 Mechanisms of entophytic protection

6.11 Bioprospecting entophytes

6.12 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 7: AM Fungi: A Natural Bio-Protectant against Soil Pathogens

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The rhizosphere

7.3 Mycorrhiza

7.4 Soil microbes and AMF dynamics

7.5 The bio-communications of microbes and mycorrhizae

7.6 The role of AMF in plant protection

7.7 AMF as a potential natural bio-protectant

7.8 AMF biocontrol efficacy and mechanisms

7.9 The genetic interpretation of induction

7.10 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 8: Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Bio-Management of Insect Pests

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Storage pests

8.3 Insecticide resistance in storage pests

8.4 The urgent need

8.5 Entomopathogenic fungi

8.6 Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi

8.7 Mode of infection

8.8 Mode of action

8.9 Virulence and viability

8.10 Effect of temperature and relative humidity

8.11 Compatibility of entomopathogens with botanicals

8.12 Compatibility of entomopathogens with chemicals

8.13 Production of entomopathogens

8.14 Constraints on the production and commercialization of entomopathogens

8.15 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 9: The Multifaceted Role of the Trichoderma System in Biocontrol

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Why

Trichoderma

?

9.3 Mechanisms used by

Trichoderma

spp

9.4 Compatibility of the

Trichoderma

system with other microorganisms

9.5 Other applications

9.6 Pesticide susceptibility

9.7 Mass multiplication of

Trichoderma

9.8 Methods of mass multiplication

9.9 Commercial use of

Trichoderma

9.10 Basic components of biocontrol systems

9.11 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 10: Ladybirds: Potential Bioagents against Plant Pests and Vectors

10.1 Insects and humans

10.2 The rise of crop pests and their management

10.3 Biocontrol rediscovered

10.4 Ladybirds: potential bioagents

10.5 Pre-release studies

10.6 Mass production and release techniques

10.7 Success stories

10.8 The urgent need

References

Chapter 11: Biomanagement of Phytonematodes

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Ecologically safe methods/products

11.3 Antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes

11.4 Endophytic bacteria

11.5 Nematophagous fungi

11.6 Predacious nematodes

11.7 Invertebrates

11.8 Proposed mechanisms behind the antagonism

11.9 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 12: The Effect of Essential Oils on the Development of Phytopathogenic Fungi

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Essential oils and their effects

12.3 Bioactivities of essential oils

12.4 Antifungal effects

12.5 Results

12.6 Application of essential oils

12.7 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 13: Chitosan: A Potential Antifungal Compound to Control Anthracnose Disease in Papaya

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Papaya (

Carica papaya

L.)

13.3 Major postharvest diseases of papaya

References

Chapter 14: Induction of Defence Responses for Biological Control of Plant Diseases

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Plant protein-induced systemic resistance

14.3 Ribosome-inactivating proteins

14.4 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

14.5 Systemic acquired resistance

14.6 Induction of SAR and role of PR-proteins and salicylic acid

14.7 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 15: Molecular Markers and Phytopathology

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Types of molecular markers

15.3 Hybridization-based markers

15.4 PCR-based markers

15.5 Sequencing-based markers

15.6 Applications of molecular markers in plant pathogen genomic analysis

References

Chapter 16: Deciphering the Pathogenic Behaviour of Phyto-Pathogens Using Molecular Tools

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Bacteria

16.3 Fungi

16.4 Nematodes

16.5 Viruses

16.6 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 17: Is PCR-DGGE an Innovative Molecular Tool for the Detection of Microbial Plant Pathogens?

17.1 Detection methods of plant pathogens from the past to the present

17.2 Molecular detection techniques of plant pathogens

17.3 Microbial plant pathogens: what we know and how can we benefit?

17.4 PCR-DGGE: novel microbial pathogens detection tool…but how?

17.5 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

v

xvii

xviii

xix

xx

xxi

xxiii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

341

342

343

345

344

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

435

436

437

438

439

440

Guide

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 3.1

Figure 6.1

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 8.1

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 15.8

Figure 15.9

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.11

Figure 15.12

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 5.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 13.1

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Biological Controls for Preventing Food Deterioration

Strategies for Pre- and Postharvest Management

Edited by

Neeta Sharma

University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for

ISBN 978-1-118-53306-2 (hardback)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

To Dr. C.L.Wilson, who inspired and motivated me

Preface

Think Green and Be Green are the new buzzwords doing the rounds globally. The global population has, over the years, callously used up the world's resources; substituting a blatant use of chemicals to sustain the system and to provide for and feed the growing population. This has resulted in the dark clouds of climate change, plant pests, food losses, food scarcity and chemical-laden soils, all looming large, threatening future generations. We are approaching the upper limits of the Earth's human-carrying capacity. It is questionable whether advances in crop production can address these problems in a timely manner and keep up with food demand. Food shortages threatening the future of civilization are a real possibility. Clearly, a comprehensive plan is needed to tackle this impending disaster and it is needed now.

In developing countries, agriculture is the driving force for broad-based economic growth. There is an ever-increasing demand for more food but one of the stumbling blocks to achieving that goal seems to be yield losses due to pests and pathogens. Plant diseases need to be controlled to maintain the quality and abundance of food, feed, and fiber produced by growers around the world. The problem of plant disease, particularly in developing countries, is exacerbated by the paucity of resources devoted to their study. Pest and disease management has played its role in doubling food production in the last 40 years, but pathogens still claim 10–16% of the global harvest. The reason for this is that pest resurgence has developed due to pesticide resistance.

Beyond good agronomic and horticultural practices, growers often rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Conventional insecticides possess inherent toxicities that endanger the health of the farm operators and the consumers, and spoil the environment. The current trend in modern intensive agriculture is characterized by three major interventions: pest control, environmentally safe measures, and consumer demand for healthy and pesticide-free products.

Biologicals have advantages over broad-spectrum conventional pesticides. They affect only the target pest and closely related organisms; they are effective in very small quantities and provide residue-free food and a safe environment. When incorporated into integrated pest management programs, botanical pesticides can greatly reduce the use of conventional pesticides or can be used in rotation or in combination with other insecticides, potentially lessening the overall quantities applied and possibly mitigating or delaying the development of resistance in pest populations.

A variety of biological controls are available for use, but further development and effective adoption will require a greater understanding of the complex interactions among plants, people, and the environment. Today much more is known about biological control agents or BCAs. Biological control is considered a mature science. Research has generated a wealth of information on how BCAs impact plant disease.

This book deals with the current state and future prospects of biologicals in the economic and environmentally safe management of plants and pathogens. It aims to increase awareness of their potential as well as sensitizing the readers to the various aspects of biological control and pest management strategies. The book consists of 17 chapters contributed by eminent scientists, and addresses different topics related to biological control agents and various molecular techniques used in the management of various pathogenic diseases of plants. It is an attempt to disseminate notable and diversified scientific work carried out by leading scientists in their own field.

The book aims to provide the reader with a 360-degree perspective of the quality pre- and post-harvest research being conducted at present and details future ideas being proposed to ensure a food-secure, pesticide-free world.

Neeta Sharma

List of Contributors

K. Acharya

Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

S. K. Basu

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada

Avantina S. Bhandari

NGO Forum for Health, Geneva, Switzerland

N. Chakraborty

Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

Jasenka Ćosić

Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Croatia

Aly Farag El Sheikha

Department of Food Science and Technology, Minufiya University, Minufiya Government, Egypt; Department of Biology, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

Ayman M.H. Esh

Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

N. S. Gupta

Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

Akhtar Haseeb

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Musarrat Haseeb

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Ilmi Hewajulge

Food Technology Section, Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Akansha Jain

Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Drazenka Jurkovic

Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Croatia

Chetan Keswani

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Geetanjali Mishra

Centre for Excellence in Biocontrol of Insect Pests, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Sandhya Mishra

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Omkar

Centre for Excellence in Biocontrol of Insect Pests, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Rakesh Pandey

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India

Vivek Prasad

Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Ramesh Chandra Ray

Regional Centre, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Orissa, India

Birinchi Kumar Sarma

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Amrita Saxena

Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Neeta Sharma

Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Swati Sharma

Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India

Takeo Shiina

Distribution Engineering Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan

Akanksha Singh

Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

H.B. Singh

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Davide Spadaro

Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (Di.S.A.F.A.) and AGROINNOVA Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy

Madhu Prakash Srivastava

Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India

Nupur Srivastava

Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India

Ritu Srivastava

Biotech Park, Lucknow, India

Shalini Srivastava

Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Shradha Srivastava

Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India

Richa Tiwari

Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Abhishek Tripathi

Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan, India

Arpita Tripathi

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India

Karolina Vrandečić

Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Croatia

Shanthi Wilson Wijeratnam

Food Technology Section, Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to all the contributors who so willingly offered their cooperation in making this project a reality in spite of their busy academic schedules. Without their encouragement, enthusiasm, and the timely submission of the chapters, this work would not have been possible.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my husband, Dinesh K. Sharma, who has been an excellent intellectual companion and a constant source of inspiration. I also want to thank my parents for their loving support. I would also like to mention the excellent help provided by my son Areenjay and daughter Avantina for the hours they spent in helping me organize my work throughout this project and make the whole process worthwhile.

Special thanks to John Wiley & Sons Limited for publishing the book with the utmost interest. My special thanks to Andrew Harrison, the Commissioning Editor, who initially motivated me to bring out this book. I am thankful to Fiona Seymour, Becky Ayre, Susan Dunsmore, the copy editor, Gayle Mak, the production editor, Mary Malin and Sangeetha Parthasarathy for sparing no pains to ensure a high standard of publication.

Chapter 1BiologicalsGreen Alternatives for Plant Disease Management

Neeta Sharma

Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India

1.1 Introduction

Worms have destroyed half the wheat, hippopotami have eaten the rest; there are swarms of locusts alight; the rats roam in the field, the cattle devour, the little birds pilfer and if the farmer loses sight for an instant of what remains on the ground, it is carried off by the robbers.

(Anonymous)

Man's dependence on plants for sustenance and survival has always been of paramount importance. The origins of civilization can be traced back to man's discovery and assurance of an available, accessible and affordable food supply. The maintenance of an adequate supply of food is essential for the existence and prosperity of a nation.

Today, we produce about four billion metric tons of food per annum. However, there are claims that food production has increased at the same time that there are counter-claims that report on the depletion of our natural resources. To ensure sufficient food for every inhabitant of the Earth, both in quantity and in quality, native ecosystems are rapidly being converted for human use, destroying forests, soil and native plants and animals. However, pressure is growing on finite resources of land, energy and water. Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today in order to ensure a sustainable future tomorrow. One key issue is the production of sufficient food for everyone in a world of finite resources. At the close of the twentieth century, astonishing advances in agricultural productivity and human ingenuity have not yet been translated into a world free of hunger and malnutrition. To produce sufficient food, commercial and subsistence farming systems must be highly productive, but sustainable and nonpolluting (Sharma, Sharma and Prabha, 2012).

1.2 Food supply on a collision course

While advances in science and technology have greatly increased food availability, we are definitely facing a potential food production crisis. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) projects that global demand for cereals between 1993 and 2020 will increase by 41% to 2490 million metric tons and for roots and tubers to increase by 40% to 855 million tons. Loss of food arguably poses greatest vulnerability to food security worldwide. Approximately half of the population in the Third World does not have access to adequate food supplies. Diseases caused by various biotic factors, a general phenomenon, is a matter of grave concern at the field level as well as after harvest resulting in food losses. Due to poor practices in harvesting, storage and transportation, coupled with market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that 30–50% (nearly 1.2–2 billion tonnes) of all food produced never reaches a human stomach. In developed countries, losses and wastage of food have been estimated to be between 10–60%. In developing countries these losses can run to over 50%. It has been estimated that a minimum of 47 000 000 metric tons of durable crops and 60 000 000 metric tons of perishable crops become victims of various pathogens.