Biological Oceanography E-Book

Charles B. Miller

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1400

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This new edition of Biological Oceanography has been greatly updated and expanded since its initial publication in 2004. It presents current understanding of ocean ecology emphasizing the character of marine organisms from viruses to fish and worms, together with their significance to their habitats and to each other.

The book initially emphasizes pelagic organisms and processes, but benthos, hydrothermal vents, climate-change effects, and fisheries all receive attention. The chapter on oceanic biomes has been greatly expanded and a new chapter reviewing approaches to pelagic food webs has been added. Throughout, the book has been revised to account for recent advances in this rapidly changing field. The increased importance of molecular genetic data across the field is evident in most of the chapters.

As with the previous edition, the book is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students of ocean ecology and professional marine ecologists.

Visit www.wiley.com/go/miller/oceanography to access the artwork from the book.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Companion website

Title page

Copyright page

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 1 Ocean ecology: some fundamental aspects

Seawater

A few mathematical reminders

Conclusion

Chapter 2 The phycology of phytoplankton

Evolution of phytoplankton

Main constituents of marine phytoplankton

In closing

Chapter 3 Habitat determinants of primary production in the sea

Estimation of primary production

Effects of light intensity (also called irradiance, illumination, and photon flux)

Models for photosynthesis

Measuring phytoplankton growth

Effects of temperature variation on primary productivity

Resting stages

Cautions and future prospects

Chapter 4 Numerical models: the standard form of theory in pelagic ecology

Seasonality in phytoplankton

Rate equation modeling

A simple pelagic ecosystem model

A (somewhat) more complex NPZ model

An aside: problems in solving of differential equation systems numerically

More sophisticated models, subarctic Pacific ecosystem dynamics

ERSEM-PELAGOS, a model of pelagic processes in European and global seas

The life and times of individual animals

Overview

Chapter 5 A sea of microbes: archaea, bacteria, protists, and viruses in the marine pelagial

Prokaryotes

Molecular systematics of planktonic prokaryotes

Distribution and molecular systematics of planktonic archaea

Bacterial abundance and production in the euphotic zone

Bacterial respiration and growth efficiency

Food-chain transfer via dissolved organic matter (DOM)

Chemical characteristics of DOM and POM

Nutrient regeneration in microbial food webs

Bacterivores, protist consumers of bacteria

Viruses, viral lysis of bacteria, and the viral shunt

Herbivorous microzooplankton

Chapter 6 The zoology of zooplankton

Collection

An introductory description of the forms of planktonic animals

Aesthetics

Chapter 7 Production ecology of marine zooplankton

Feeding mechanics

Feeding rates and factors affecting them

Evaluation of mesozooplankton production

Chapter 8 Population biology of zooplankton

Reproductive biology and fecundity

Mortality rates and age distribution of mortality

Causes of mortality

Life-history variations

Diel vertical migration

Chapter 9 Pelagic food webs

Approaches to what animals eat

Lower-level trophic transfers in the sea

Top-down cascades

Marine food-web modeling: Ecopath and Ecosim

Chapter 10 Biogeography of pelagic habitats

What is a “species”?

Global patterns

Pacific patterns

Pattern maintenance

Diversity and community structure

Speciation in pelagic habitats

Paleontological stratigraphy of the ocean basins in relation to planktonic biogeography

Mapping the zoogeography of the past

Speciation, again

Does speciation really occur in this way?

Coastal distributions and the indicator species concept

Chapter 11 Biome and province analysis of the oceans

Longhurst’s analysis

Westerlies biomes

Polar biomes

Subtropical gyre biomes

Equatorial biomes

Coastal biomes and coastal upwelling ecosystems

The Indian Ocean

An invitation

Chapter 12 Adaptive complexes of meso- and bathypelagic organisms

Hiding out

Vision in near darkness

Getting fed down deep

Reproduction in the mesopelagic

Chapter 13 The fauna of deep-sea sediments

Sampling gear

Megafauna – largest denizens of the deep

Macrofauna – sieve pickings

Micro- and meiofauna

Gradients with depth and surface productivity

Benthic biogeography

Resources at the seafloor

Seasonal cycling in the deep sea

Chapter 14 Some benthic community ecology

Community analysis: a quantitative approach

Benthos, more community ordinations

Community analysis – a functional guild approach

Benthont movement and feeding

Bulk benthic processes

Total benthic metabolism

Food supply relative to metabolism

Community response

Closing note

Chapter 15 Submarine hydrothermal vents

Chemosynthesis

Biogeography of vent faunas

Representative “charismatic” vent invertebrates

Faunal arrangement around vents

Longevity of vents and colonization of new vents

Site for the origin of life?

Chapter 16 Ocean ecology and global climate change

Global warming and CO2

CO2 and the glacial–interglacial cycle

Iron fertilization of the sea to counteract global warming

Decadal-scale changes in ocean conditions and biota

Phenology effects

Lessons from El Niño

Ocean acidification

A closing note

Chapter 17 Fisheries oceanography

Stocks or “unit” stocks

Dynamic methods

Fishery economics

Regime changes

Terminology notes

Status of world fisheries

Ecological impacts

Last words

REFERENCES

Index

Color plates

COMPANION WEBSITE

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/miller/oceanography

With figures and tables from the book for downloading

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Miller, Charles B., 1940–

 Biological oceanography / Charles B. Miller and Patricia A. Wheeler. – 2nd ed.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4443-3301-5 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-4443-3302-2 (pbk.)

 ISBN 978-1-1182-2316-1 (mobi) – ISBN 978-1-1182-2317-8 (epdf) – ISBN 978-1-1182-2318-5 (epub)

 1. Marine ecology. I. Wheeler, Patricia A., 1949– II. Title.

 QH541.5.S3M55 2012

 577.7–dc23

2011046023

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Scientific scholarship has changed markedly in the nine years since writing was finished on the first edition. Our journals are no longer printed on paper and studied in a library. Rather journals come to us as computer files. Only ten years back, papers printed adjacent to those suggested to us by colleagues or indexing services were often interesting and took us afield to exciting and divergent facts and ideas. Now the indices can find almost everything written about almost anything (metagenomics of arctic archaea, growth rings in whale teeth, swimming mechanics of amphipods, …); but the leaps into unrelated subjects are rarer. Moreover, the shear quantity of oceanographic (and biological!) literature is intimidating. There are more scientists everywhere and virtually all of them are publishing in English. Many long-standing journals now run to thousands and tens-of-thousands of “pages” yearly, and to that has been added a layer of new open access, on-line only journals. Thus, it is difficult to keep up with even sub-subspecialties (say, replacement of phosphorus in Prochlorococcus metabolism). We suspect that you prospective oceanographers, for whom this book is intended, will need to become extremely specialized, descending into the narrow wells you will drill into the expanding array of biological and oceanographic problems. Nevertheless, starting with a fairly wide perspective in your field will serve you well, and maintaining a usable introduction across the diverse aspects of biological oceanography has been our goal in revising Biological Oceanography.

Our perspective in this book is resolutely organismal: what are the prokaryotes, algae, protists and animals living in the seas and how do they make their way in the water, survive through generations, feed themselves and each other? How are these organisms distributed and why? What specific adaptations are required to live in blazing surface sunshine, dark deep waters, in bottom mud and near hydrothermal vents? How will those adaptations serve and change as the oceans warm and grow more acidic from dissolving carbon dioxide? We take this approach for the lighted upper layers, dim mesopelagic zone and the seafloor, emphasizing for each some aspects of ecological studies conducted in them. There are other perspectives, particularly an emphasis on biological-physical interactions. Those are mentioned many times here, but a more directed treatment in that vein is provided in a third (2006) edition of Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems by K. H. Mann and J. R. N. Lazier, also published by Wiley-Blackwell. We recommend it when that emphasis is sought.

We have tried to select exemplary studies for many types of organism-organism and organism-habitat interaction. Some are recent. Many were left in from the first edition; not all topics have been studied recently and there is value in avoiding the impression that ocean ecology began in 2003. On the other hand, many topics have been “hot” in this decade, and for those we have chosen new examples. There is more molecular genetics, which has swept across all aspects of biology, including biological oceanography. A new first chapter considers some basic aspects of living in water, especially salt water. An updated discussion of spring blooms has been moved to Chapter 11 on pelagic biomes, and that discussion is greatly expanded. There is a new chapter on pelagic food chains, including identification of trophic levels from gut contents and from stable isotope ratios.

If you have been active in biological oceanographic research, your study may be shown or at least cited, but only a very small fraction of useful studies could be cited. Yours could be “on the cutting room floor”, or likely we never found it at all. Not being included is not to be taken as judgment about your work. Some specialists found their fields under-represented in the first edition. That will happen again with the second edition, and we recommend to those who are teaching to fill gaps for their students with their own knowledge and distribution materials.

Like other scientists we are at least moderately opinionated about our subject matter and that of others. Much of that opinion has been allowed out on parade here. As you students and teachers find things to disagree with us about, perhaps something that can be explained better, let us know about it. For the moment we are still working and would like the communication to go both ways. Let us hear from you. Thanks.

Charles B. Miller and Patricia A. Wheeler

Corvallis, Oregon, USA

November 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Most warmly, we thank Martha Clemons and John Westall, our spouses, for helping us through the long sieges of study that revising this book has required. Thanks to Dean Mark Abbott for making the College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (CEOAS, Oregon State University) facilities available to us deep into “retirement”, and thanks to all our colleagues at CEOAS for sharing their expertise. Dave Reinert of CEOAS made improvements in many figures, and Guin Library staff Janet Webster, Susan Gilmont and Judy Mullen helped us with the mysteries of computerized literature. Thanks to the Oxford staff of Blackwell, particularly Ward Cooper for recruiting a second edition and Kelvin Matthews for seeing the manuscript through the press. Caroline Needham provided thoughtful copy editing, and Anne Bassett and Kevin Fung managed typesetting. Thanks to the one to three scientists who reviewed each chapter at the request of the publisher; Wiley-Blackwell resolutely kept your identities secret. All were helpful critics, offering useful suggestions. Even those disappointed in our chapters offered ways to improve them. We particularly thank Harold Batchelder, Michael Behrenfeld, Peter Franks, Bruce Frost, Erica Goetze, David Kirchman, Michael Landry, Tammi Richardson, Antoni Rosell Melé, Phillip Mundy, Evelyn Sherr, Barry Sherr, Suzanne Strom, Erik Thuesen, George Waldbusser and Jonathan Zehr, all of whom told us they provided reviews or looked at chapters at our request. Errors inevitably remain, all assignable to us not to the reviewers. Thanks also to the unhappy reviewer of Chapter 1, who felt it was too much an exercise in “cultural erudition”. How else could we know we even approached that goal?

We thank all the scientists whose papers provided figures, over three hundred of you, some no longer alive. Dudley Chelton, Matthew Church, Erica Goetze, Nicolas Gruber, Christophe Menkes, Heidi Sosik, Taro Takahashi and Peter Thor provided modified figures or figure files with better resolution. Thanks to them.

Thanks to the following journals and organizations holding copyrights for permission to reprint figures: Advances in Marine Biology (Fig. 13.21); American Naturalist (7.19, 13.14, 13.16, 13.17); Annual Review of Genetics (Plate 2.1); Applied Environmental Microbiology (5.7, 15.6, Box Fig. 5.1.1); Aquatic Microbial Ecology (5.13, 7.10d&e, 9.6, 11.30); Archiv für Hydrobiologie (5.8); Arctic (Plate 11.3); Biodiversity and Conservation (13.20); Biogeochemistry (3.13); Biological Bulletin (12.18); Biological Reviews (12.10, 12.11); British Journal of Experimental Biology (Box Fig. 7.2); Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo (10.10); (Bulletin of Marine Science (11.7, 17.12a&b); Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (10.5, 10.6, 10.7b, 10.8, 10.15); CalCOFI Atlas (6.7, 10.12, 10.24, 10.25); CalCOFI Reports (16.22a, 17.4, 17.21); Canadian Journal of Zoology (10.3, 15.4); Current Opinion in Microbiology (Plate 5.1); Deep-Sea Research (2.4, Box Fig. 2.3.2, 3.16); Deep-Sea Research I (13.9, 13.23a&b, 15.2, 15.8); Deep-Sea Research II (1.8b, 2.20, 3.9, 3.20, Plate 4.1, 4.10, 5.9, 8.5, 8.14, Plate 8.3, 10.14, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.15, 11.16, 11.18, 11.23, 11.25, 11.33, 11.34, 11.35, 13.26, 13.28, 13.29, Plate 13.1, 14.18, 14.29, Plate 16.4); Discovery Reports (6.5, 10.9); Earth and Planetary Science Letters (3.16); Ecology (Table 3.3, 11.14, 17.14); Ecology Letters (9.11); Evolution (10.22, 10.23); Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Plate 11.3); Fisheries Investigations (9.1); Fishery Bulletin (8.8, 10.16); Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (15.5); GeoEye (Plate 2.3); Geophysical Research Letters (11.17, 11.19, Plates 11.4, 11.6, 16.3); Global Biogeochemistry (Plate 16.2); Global Change Biology (16.21, 16.23); Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University (7.16); Hydrobiologia (6.6); IATTC Bulletin (17.5a); IATTC Annual Report (17.15); ICES Journal of Marine Science (8.3, Plate 8.2, 9.9, 11.31, 11.32); International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin (17.6a) International Pacific Halibut Commission Technical Reports (17.8); International Review of Cytology (2.7a&b); International Review of Hydrobiology (7.11, 7.12); Isaacs Papers-Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library (13.1); Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moskow (12.1); Journal du Conseil (11.9); Journal of Crustacean Biology (7.2, 15.7); Journal of Experimental Biology (7.9, Plate 7.1, 12.8); Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (8.6, 8.7); Journal of Fisheries Biology (17.2); Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1.4); Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (Box Fig. 2.5.2, Table 3.2, 11.36, 11.39, 11.42, Plate 11.2); Journal of Marine Research (10.13, 14.19); Journal of Marine Science (3.5, 8.15); Journal of Marine Systems (4.11, 4.12, 16.22b&c, 17.20); Journal of Phycology (1.7, 2.6, 2.7c&d, 2.8, 2.9, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 3.2, 3.3, 3.7, 3.11, 3.12); Journal of Plankton Research (1.8a); Journal of the Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom (12.7, 12.9, 13.3a); Limnology and Oceanography (Table 2.3, 3.10, 3.14b, 3.17, 3.19, Box Fig. 3.1.1, Table 3.1, 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10a,b&c, 7.18, 7.20, 8.2, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 8.16, 8.19, 9.4, 9.5, 10.4a, 11.3, 11.26, 11.28, Plate 11.1, 14.21, 14.22, 14.26, 14.27, 14.28); Limnology and Oceanography-Methods (11.13); Marine Biological Research (11.20, 14.25a&b); Marine Biology (3.6c, 4.3, Plate 6.7, 7.5, 7.6, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, Box Fig. 7.4, Box Fig. 7.5, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.17, 14.1, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.5, 14.7, 14.8); Marine Ecology Progress Series 5.6, 5.10, 7.17, 9.2, 12.19, 14.20, 14.24, 16.19); Marine Geology (14.17c); Memoires of the Geological Society of America (1.6, 10.17, 10.19, 10.20, 10.21); Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (5.3); Monterey Bay Aquarium (Plates 6.2, 6.3); Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (13.6); National Geographic (Plates 6.6, 6.12); Nature (1.1, 3.15, 5.4, 8.17, 11.2, Plate 11.5, 14.16, 16.2, 16.15, 17.23); Nature Geoscience (16.13); Nature Reviews (5.1); New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (14.9, 14.10); North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin (17.6b); OCB News (11.24); Oceanography (13.24, 13.25); Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review (13.7c&d, 14.12, 14.23); Oceanologica Acrta (16.17); Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London (8.1, 12.2, 12.4); Physiologia Plantarum (3.6a&b); Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (17.22); Proceedings, Royal Society of London (8.18); Progress in Phycological Research (2.5a); Progress in Oceanography (3.4, 3.8, 4.9, 4.8, 9.3, 9.7, 9.13, Plate 10.2, 11.37, 11.38, 11.40, 11.41, 16.24, 17.10); Quaternary Science Review (16.12); Rapports et proces-verbaux, Conseil permanent, Exploration Mer (17.9a,b&c); Remote Sensing of Environment (2.16); Review of Fish Biology and Fisheries (17.19); San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science (14.11, Plates 14.1, 14.2, 14.3); Science (2.10, 3.1, 9.10, 10.18, 11.27, 12.3, 12.5, Plate 14.4); South African Journal of Marine Science (17.18); The Veliger (6.3); Treatise on Geochemistry (Elsevier) (15.1); Trends in Biochemical Science (15.3).