Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1212

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

The deep sea covers over 60% of the surface of the earth, yet less than 1% has been scientifically investigated. There is growing pressure on deep-sea resources and on researchers to deliver information on biodiversity and the effects of human impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Although scientific knowledge has increased rapidly in recent decades, there exist large gaps in global sampling coverage of the deep sea, and major efforts continue to be directed into offshore research.

Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea represents the first comprehensive compilation of deep-sea sampling methodologies for a range of habitats. It reviews the real life applications of current, and in some instances developing, deep-sea sampling tools and techniques. In creating this book the authors have been able to draw upon the experiences of those at the �coal face� of deep-sea sampling, expanding on the existing methodological texts whilst encompassing a level of technical detail often omitted from journal publications. Ultimately the book will promote international consistency in sampling approaches and data collection, advance the integration of information into global databases, and facilitate improved data analyses and consequently uptake of science results for the management and conservation of the deep-sea environment.

The book will appeal to a range of readers, including students, early-career through to seasoned researchers, as well as environmental managers and policy makers wishing to understand how the deep-sea is sampled, the challenges associated with deep survey work, and the type of information that can be obtained.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Origin and scope of the book

Structure of

Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 1: Deep-Sea Benthic Habitats

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Ecosystem and habitat diversity in the deep sea

1.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2: Deep-Sea Fauna

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Life forms

2.3 Life habits

2.4 Adaptations

2.5 Spatial distribution patterns

2.6 Temporal patterns

2.7 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3: Survey and Sampling Design

3.1 Introduction

3.2 General survey design

3.3 Case studies

3.4 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 4: Environmental Sampling

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Conductivity, temperature and depth

4.3 Acoustic Doppler current profilers

4.4 Particulate organic matter

4.5 Sampling strategies

4.6 Future outlook and summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Benthic Habitat Mapping

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Habitat – what do we mean?

5.3 Acquisition of remote-sensed data

5.4 Key elements of survey design for habitat mapping

5.5 Data processing, categorization and map generation

5.6 Acquisition of ground-truth data

5.7 Synthesis

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Deep-Sea Zooplankton Sampling

6.1 Introduction

6.2 General considerations in deep-sea zooplankton sampling

6.3 Examples of zooplankton samplers used in deep-sea studies

6.4 Sampling operations

6.5 Environmental impact of sampling operations

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Trawls

7.1 Introduction

7.2 General description of gear types

7.3 Sampling operations

7.4 Dealing with rough seafloor

7.5 Evaluation of trawl gear performance

7.6 Sample sorting and processing

7.7 Interpretation of data

7.8 Environmental impact considerations

Acknowledgements

Appendix 7.1 Net, ground gear and rigging plans for a typical rough-bottom trawl used both commercially and for research on seamounts in the southern hemisphere (Reproduced with permission of NIWA)

Appendix 7.2 Details of a beam trawl design used by CEFAS in European waters (CEFAS. Reproduced with permission)

Appendix 7.3 Flow diagram of Scanmar sensor use from the

International Bottom Trawl Survey Manual

(Reproduced with permission. ICES, 2010)

References

Chapter 8: Longlines

8.1 General introduction

8.2 Gear description, specifications and modifications

8.3 Sampling operations

8.4 Measurements, metrics and data considerations

8.5 Comparisons with other methods that sample fishes

Acknowledgements

Appendix 8.1 Characteristics of some longline component materials

References

Chapter 9: Epibenthic Sledges

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Description of dredge and sledge types, specifications and modifications

9.3 Sampling operations: how to choose and use a sledge

9.4 Sample sorting and processing

9.5 Interpretation of data

9.6 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 10: Corers and Grabs

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Description of gear types

10.3 Sampling operations

10.4 Sample processing

10.5 Data interpretation

References

Chapter 11: Landers

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Experimental design

11.3 Interpretation of data

11.4 Future developments

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12: Towed Cameras

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Towed camera systems

12.3 Fundamentals of towed camera imaging systems

12.4 Deployment and survey design

12.5 Management of images and metadata

12.6 Data extraction and analysis

12.7 Methods reporting

12.8 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 13: Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles

13.1 Introduction

13.2 General descriptions of submersibles and ROVs

13.3 Submersible and ROV sample collection gear

13.4 Submersible and ROV sample storage gear

13.5 Other gear used during submersible and ROV sampling

13.6 Submersible and ROV sampling operations

13.7 Submersible and ROV sample processing

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 14: Seafloor Observatories

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Planning an observatory system

14.3 Cabled observatories

14.4 Autonomous observatories

14.5 Data processing, management and archiving

14.6 Outreach for seafloor observatories

14.7 The future

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: Sorting, Recording, Preservation and Storage of Biological Samples

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Pre-voyage preparation

15.3 Sorting

15.4 Preservation

15.5 Sample labelling and recording

15.6 Photographing specimens

15.7 Sample storage and transport

Acknowledgements

Appendix 15.1 Example of forms that help sorting staff with consistent taxonomic identification, recording, and preservation standards

Appendix 15.2 Shipping of samples in ethanol or formalin

Appendix 15.3 Recommendations for the completion of a shipping letter (adapted from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, AQIS) for shipping ethanol by air

References

Chapter 16: Information Management Strategies for Deep-Sea Biology

16.1 Introduction

16.2 General information management considerations

16.3 Considerations for specific data types

16.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 17: Data Analysis Considerations

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Hypotheses – what is your question?

17.3 Faunal data – what type of data do you have?

17.4 Environmental data – what should you use?

17.5 Sampling biases – how can you account for them?

17.6 Stratification and covariance – how can you partition out main effects?

17.7 Interpretation – how can you make the best sense of your results?

References

Chapter 18: Application of Biological Studies to Governance and Management of the Deep Sea

18.1 Introduction

18.2 What is managed and who are the managers?

18.3 The role of science

18.4 Management approaches and needs

18.5 Case studies

18.6 Biological studies at the science–policy interface

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19: The Future of Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Data collection

19.3 Data management

19.4 Data analysis

19.5 Future motivations for sampling

Acknowledgements

Glossary

Index

Supplemental Images

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 A summary of the main deep-sea habitats, their definitions, and the types of sampling methods, as well as the main considerations for each method

Chapter 02

Table 2.1  Benthic sampling gear types and their associated target fauna, and the habitats and substrates on which they are typically deployed. [note that gears can also be used to obtain samples or information that can be used to characterise the seafloor substrates.]

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Guide to deployment and retrieval times (hours) of various gear types commonly used in multipurpose surveys

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Basic, derived and supplementary water column properties that are typically measured by CTDs and additional attached sensors in whatever deployment fashion employed (real-time vessel, towed, moored etc.)

Table 4.2 Table summarizing the typical acoustic properties of ADCPs used for oceanographic research, together with general environmental processes that can be quantified

Table 4.3 Summary of methodologies to sample suspended particulate material in the water column with principal advantages/disadvantages of each

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the three echosounder systems most commonly used for mapping seafloor habitat

Table 5.2 Typical MBES operation capabilities (maximum depth in parentheses)

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Comparison of tow duration and sample volume in vertical and oblique hauls (0.25 m

2

MultiNet

®

, five depth strata of 500 m each, maximum depth 2500 m, assumed 1.75:1 wire length to depth ratio in oblique hauls)

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Summary of trawl gear suitable for general types of seafloor and faunal type. Yes has three levels of suitability (low–med–high)

Table 7.2 Calculations of the distance and time (minutes) of the gear behind the vessel, given combinations of depth and amount of wire out (assuming a warp length to depth ratio of 1.8:1)

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Examples of deep-sea longline surveys and fisheries, with details of gear configuration

Table 8.2 Major sampling strategies for deep-sea longline surveys with some general considerations about design and analysis.

Table 8.3 Examples of demersal longline surveys in the Atlantic Ocean including location, depth range covered and number of species caught

Table 8.4 Examples of families of deep demersal ichthyofauna caught on longline surveys

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Pre-sampling considerations: comparison of important technical features (weight, opening–closing device, mesh size), selectivity (target fauna, bottom type) and sampling efficiency (quantitative vs. qualitative) in different sledge and dredge types