Biomaterials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 306

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Discovered in the 20th century, biomaterials have contributed to many of the incredible scientific and technological advancements made in recent decades. This book introduces and details the tenets of biomaterials, their relevance in a various fields, practical applications of their products, and potential advancements of the years to come. A comprehensive resource, the text covers the reasons that certain properties of biomaterials contribute to specific applications, and students and researchers will appreciate this exhaustive textbook.

Leseprobe

Contents

Introduction

1 History of Biomaterials

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The evolution of biomaterials: several generations

1.3. Was gold the first “biomaterial”?

1.4. The use of glass to replace eyes

1.5. Wood, leather, stainless steel to replace amputated limbs

1.6. Conclusions

1.7. Bibliography

2 Definitions

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Definitions of a “biomaterial”

2.3. Biomedical device

2.4. Other definitions: implant, prosthesis, organ, graft, etc

2.5. Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, nanomedicine

2.6. Bibliography

3 Materials Used in Biomaterial Applications

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Metals and alloys

3.3. Bioceramics

3.4. Polymers

3.5. Conclusions

3.6. Bibliography

4 Biocompatibility and Norms

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Definitions of “biocompatibility”

4.3. Discussion on biocompatibility

4.4. Host response

4.5. Biocompatibility – how can we evaluate it?

4.6. Infection, sterilization, prevention of infection

4.7. Norms and biocompatibility?

4.8. Conclusion

4.9. Bibliography

5 Bioactive Polymers and Surfaces: A Solution for Implant Devices

5.1. Introduction

5.2. History

5.3. Model “bioactive” polymers

5.4. “Bioactive” prosthetic surfaces

5.5. Bibliography

6 Functionalization of Biomaterials and Applications

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Applications

6.3. Bibliography

7 Biomaterial Structures for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Replacement

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Off the shelf ligaments

7.3. Tissue-engineered constructs

7.4. Concluding remarks

7.5. Bibliography

8 Animal Models for Orthopedic Applications of Tissue Engineering

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Factors involved in choosing a model

8.3. The good model for the good question research: decision-making approach

8.4. Conclusions

8.5. Bibliography

9 Ceramic Materials for Dental Prostheses

9.1. The place of ceramics in modern prosthetic dentistry

9.2. Dental ceramics systems

9.3. Glass ceramics

9.4. Infiltrated ceramics

9.5. Polycrystalline ceramics

9.6. Perspectives

9.7. Bibliography

10 Dental Adhesives

10.1. Introduction

10.2. The different adhesive systems

10.3. General principles of bonding to mineralized dental tissues

10.4. A word on dental bonding system composition

10.5. About the lifespan of dental bonding

10.6. Clinical illustration

10.7. Acknowledgments

10.8. Bibliography

11 Glass Ionomer Cements: Application in Pediatric Dentistry

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Resin-modified and high viscous glass ionomer cements

11.3. Dental adhesion and surface treatments

11.4. Glass ionomers: application in pediatric dentistry

11.5. Conclusion

11.6. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2014The rights of Véronique Migonney to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947880

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-585-6

Introduction

The aim of writing this book is to give a general and clarified overview on the biomaterials field. This book pretends to allow people to respond to some questions such as: what are biomaterials? Why are they used? When is it necessary to use them?

In addition to these very simple questions, but seldom well understood, the restrictions due to the biological environment and the implantation in the body also have to be well known. What does “biocompatibility” mean? What are the restrictions of the use of biomaterials? These questions and corresponding response are decisive for the appropriate and safe use of biomaterials as implants and prostheses. Directives, rules and certification processes have to be taken into account to certify the reliability of biomaterial implants and to prevent further problems from occurring, such as the recent highlighted problem of the silicone breast implants, or those of the cytotoxicity of some debris generated in the case of particular joint implants etc. Other problems exist and are even less known; they have to be seriously taken into account.

To conclude, this book is proposed to help simplify the definition and the overview of the biomaterials fields and does not claim to compete with major detailed books in the domain of biomaterials; these have to remain the references and were written and edited by certain founding fathers of biomaterials science: Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine by B. Ratner, A. Hoffman, F. Schoen and J. Lemons and the Dictionary of Biomaterials by D. Williams.

This short book is simply presented in order to be accessible to anyone interested in biomaterials. It arose from the numerous questions I received not only from students but also from colleagues, scientific or not, foreign or not to the domain of biomaterials, which showed that the biomaterials field is not well understood. It attempts to prevent some classical confusion regarding biomaterials and its field of applications. It is voluntarily short and will refer to more important work when it will be necessary.

I truly thank my colleagues who accepted to contribute to this work, my “fathers” in biomaterials science, the editor who trust on me inviting me to write this book and my family who is every day living with a researcher and teacher obsessed by biomaterials and all its correlated interrogations.

Introduction written by Véronique MIGONNEY.

1

History of Biomaterials

1.1. Introduction

The aim of this chapter is to give an outline of the long, progressive and amazing history of biomaterials.

To begin the chapter entitled “History of biomaterials” it is necessary to give a first simple definition of the term “biomaterials”:

“Biomaterials are materials intending to supply all or part of a deficient organ”.

This quite restricted definition – which will be improved throughout this book – gives an idea and an overview of the goals, needs and even potential applications of biomaterials. We will discover that even through the use of biomaterials dates from a very long time ago, the notion of biomaterials science emerged in the 1960s due to the agreement of a few of open-minded scientists wishing to build this new domain of science. Then, the word “biomaterials” started to be used at the same time as the birth of learned societies in this domain: European and American researchers worked a lot to build the American and European Societies for Biomaterials. This will be developed later.

1.2. The evolution of biomaterials: several generations

Today, we can briefly differentiate four generations of biomaterials:

1) The first generation started with humanity and was simply restricted to the materials which were available in the natural environment of the human being and used to simply repair organs.

2) The second is very long and started with the “history” of the improvement of the human knowledge and finished in the middle of the 20th century – this generation gained all the benefits from the industrial revolution.

3) The third and actual generation started with the “birth” of polymers as new and promising materials added to the fruit of scientists’ knowledge and research about materials and the way they can be transformed or elaborated and the extraordinary living systems.

4) The fourth generation is in its beginnings and is a mixture of dreams and realities.

Even if these four generations of biomaterials have been identified, the duration of each one is very variable. The last 20 years have led to so much progress in the disciplines involved in biomaterials science that it is very difficult to schedule the duration of the last generation, as well as imagining what the next one will be.