Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 414

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The accessible introduction to biomaterials and their applications in tissue replacement, medical devices, and more

Molecular and cell biology is being increasingly integrated into the search for high-performance biomaterials and biomedical devices, transforming a formerly engineering- and materials science–based field into a truly interdisciplinary area of investigation. Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials presents a comprehensive introduction to biomaterials, discussing how they are selected, designed, and modified for integration with living tissue and how they can be utilized in the development of medical devices, orthopedics, and other related areas.

Examining the physico chemical properties of widely used biomaterials and their uses in different clinical fields, the book explores applications including soft and hard tissue replacement; biointeractive metals, polymers, and ceramics; and in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo biocompatibility tests and clinical trials. The book critically assesses the clinical level of research in the field, not only presenting proven research, but also positing new avenues of exploration.

Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials contains everything needed to get a firm grasp on materials science, fast. Written in an accessible style and including practice questions that test comprehension of the material covered in each chapter, the book is an invaluable tool for students as well as professionals new to the field.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

1 HISTORY OF BIOMIMETIC, BIOACTIVE, AND BIORESPONSIVE BIOMATERIALS

1.1 THE FIRST GENERATION OF BIOMATERIALS: THE SEARCH FOR “THE BIOINERT”

1.2 THE SECOND GENERATION OF BIOMATERIALS: BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, BIOACTIVE

1.3 THE THIRD-GENERATION BIOMATERIALS: BIOMIMICKING NATURAL BIOACTIVE AND BIORESPONSIVE PROCESSES

1.4 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMESIS AND BIOACTIVITY

1.5 BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL SOURCES

1.6 SCOPE OF THIS BOOK

2 SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY

2.1 OVERVIEW

2.2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE

2.3 THE SKIN

2.4 MUSCLE TISSUE

2.5 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2.6 THE FOREIGN BODY RESPONSE

3 HARD TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY

3.1 DEFINITION OF HARD TISSUES

3.2 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

3.3 BONE TISSUE

3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

4 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOMIMETIC POLYMERS: THE PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE-CONTAINING POLYMERS

4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

4.2 SYNTHESIS OF PC-CONTAINING POLYMERS

4.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PC-CONTAINING POLYMERS

4.4 STABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS

4.5 BIOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY

4.6. APPLICATIONS OF PC POLYMERS

4.7 SUMMARY

5 BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, AND BIOACTIVE MATERIALS: INTEGRATING MATERIALS WITH TISSUE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR METALS AS IMPLANTABLE MATERIALS

5.3 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF METALS

5.4 SURFACE TREATMENTS OF METALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

6 CERAMICS

6.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

6.2 BIOSTABLE CERAMICS

6.3 BIOACTIVE AND RESORBABLE CERAMICS

7 BIOFUNCTIONAL BIOMATERIALS OF THE FUTURE

7.1 CLINICALLY LED NEXT GENERATION BIOMATERIALS

7.2 BIOMACROMOLECULE-INSPIRED BIOMATERIALS

7.3 NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMIMETIC, BIORESPONSIVE, AND BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS

7.4 CONCLUSIONS

Index

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Biomimetic, bioresponsive, and bioactive materials: an introduction to integrating materials with tissues/edited by Matteo Santin, Gary Phillips.

p. cm.

 Includes index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-05671-4 (hardback)

 ISBN 978-1-118-12987-6 (epdf)

 ISBN 978-1-118-12989-0 (epub)

 ISBN 978-1-118-12988-3 (mobi)

 1. Biomimetic polymers. 2. Biomimetics. 3. Tissues–Mechanical properties. I. Santin, Matteo. II. Phillips, Gary.

 QD382.B47B56 2012

 660.6–dc23

2011021420

PREFACE

In the last 40 years, clinicians, industrialists, and patients have witnessed and experienced one of the most exciting advances achieved by modern science and technology; the research and development of medical devices. The coming together of bioengineering and materials science has played a fundamental role in the production of devices that are able to save the lives of many patients worldwide or significantly improve the quality of life for patients in those countries where the incidence of aging and lifestyle-related diseases have become a paramount social issue. Learning lessons from other fields of materials science, biomedical devices have been designed which are able to restore functionality in limbs and in the cardiovascular system as well as to replace the functions of compromised organs.

The relatively recent integration of molecular and cell biologists in the search for high-performance biomaterials and biomedical devices has led to the transformation of this research field from an engineering and materials science-based discipline into a truly interdisciplinary area of investigation. In the past few decades, the need to address the host response toward the implanted materials and to encourage tissue repair at their surfaces has sparked a new research approach in which biological processes have been studied in the presence of the challenge of an artificial surface. As a result, research worldwide has been driven by the search for biomaterials and devices specifically designed for targeted clinical applications, and new biochemical and cellular pathways have been identified.

An understanding of the finely tuned dependence of the activity of immunocompetent and tissue cells on the surrounding environment has led to a paradigm shift in the biomaterials field where the goal of tuning tissue response toward biomimetic, bioresponsive, and bioactive biomaterials has widely been accepted by the scientific community.

As a truly interdisciplinary community, we are now witnessing and experiencing a new era for our discipline where the concepts of biomimicry, bioresponsiveness, and bioactivity are associated not only to the production of new biomedical devices, but also to biomaterials able to drive the complete regeneration of tissues and organs, the integrity of which has been compromised by trauma, disease, or aging.

The present book aims to mark this era by illustrating the advances made thus far and critically discussing the challenges that still need to be faced. The book aims not only to provoke the thoughts of the experts, but also to stimulate a new generation of young students and scientists who will certainly be the protagonists of the future progress in this field. By presenting lessons from successful and unsuccessful stories and by critically assessing the state-of-the-art at research and clinical level, the editors of this book have aimed to provide the community with their contribution and to stimulate new research questions that will be able to open new routes of exploration.

The editors would like to express their gratitude to John Wiley & Sons for believing in this initiative and for supporting them throughout their editorial journey. The most profound gratitude goes to all those valuable colleagues who have given their expertise and availability to this project, thus making it possible; it is a further testimony to the value of many years of collaborations spent together in exciting research projects.

It is hoped that the reader of this book will find its reading a rewarding experience and appreciate its various sections as well as the colored illustration of the figures that can be accessed through ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/biomimetic_bioresponsive.

MATTEO SANTIN

GARY PHILLIPS

CONTRIBUTORS

Mário A. Barbosa, Biomaterials Division, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Roberto Chiesa, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Alberto Cigada, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Montserrat Espanol, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain

Maria-Pau Ginebra, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain

Paolo Tranquilli Leali, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Andrew L. Lewis, Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, UK

Andrew W. Lloyd, Dean Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Brighton, Moulsecooomb, Brighton, UK

Antonio Merolli, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, The Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Edgar B. Montufar, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain

Román A. Pérez, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain

Gary Phillips, Brighton Studies in Tissue-mimicry and Aided Regeneration (BrightSTAR), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

Matteo Santin, Brighton Studies in Tissue-mimicry and Aided Regeneration (BrightSTAR), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

Gabriela Voskerician, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, and Krikorjan, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, and Biodesign Innovation Group, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

1

HISTORY OF BIOMIMETIC, BIOACTIVE, AND BIORESPONSIVE BIOMATERIALS

Matteo Santin and Gary Phillips

1.1 THE FIRST GENERATION OF BIOMATERIALS: THE SEARCH FOR “THE BIOINERT”

Since it was first perceived that artificial and natural materials could be used to replace damaged parts of the human body, an “off-the-shelf” materials selection approach has been followed. These materials, now referred to as “first-generation” biomaterials, tended to be “borrowed” from other disciplines rather than being specifically designed for biomedical applications, and were selected on the basis of three main criteria: (1) their ability to mimic the mechanical performances of the tissue to be replaced, (2) their lack of toxicity, and (3) their inertness toward the body’s host response [Hench & Polack 2002].

Following this approach, pioneers developed a relatively large range of implants and devices, using a number of synthetic and natural materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics, based on occasional earlier observations and innovative approaches by clinicians. Indeed, many of these devices are still in use today (Figure 1.1A–J). A typical example of this often serendipitous development process was the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to manufacture intraocular and contact lenses. This material (Table 1.1) was selected following observations made by the clinician Sir Harold Ridley that fragments of the PMMA cockpit that had penetrated into the eyes of World War II pilots induced a very low immune response (see Section 1.3.1) [Williams 2001].

Figure 1.1. Examples of medical implants and their components. (A–F) Orthopedic implant components: (A) femor head, (B) hip socket, (C) titanium stent coated with porous titanium foam, (D) titanium stent coated with hydroxapatite coating, (E) knee implant components. (F–J) Other types of biomedical implants: (F) vascular graft, (G) coronary stent, (H) ureteral stent (insert shows detail of the device pig-tail end), (I) intrauterine device, (J) wound dressing.

TABLE 1.1. Chemical Structure of Typical Polymeric Biomaterials

PolymerStructurePolystyrenePoly(vinyl chloride)Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)Poly(methyl methacrylate)Chronoflex 80A poly(urethane)-(-PHECD-DesmW-BD-)-nHydrothane poly(urethane)Polyethylene glycol polyurethanePFPM/PEHA75/25Poly(octofluoropentyl methacrylate/ethylhexyl methacrylate)

Also against the backdrop of the Second World War, a young Dutch physician named Willem Kolff pioneered the development of renal replacement therapies by taking advantage of a cellophane membrane used as sausage skin to allow the dialysis of blood from his uremic patients against a bath of cleansing fluid [Kolff 1993]. Later, in the early 1960s, John Charnley, learning about the progress materials science had made in obtaining mechanically resistant metals and plastics, designed the first hip joint prosthesis able to perform satisfactorily in the human body [Charnley 1961]. These are typical examples of how early implant materials were selected; however, it was soon recognized that the performance of these materials was often limited by the host response toward the implant, which often resulted in inflammation, the formation of a fibrotic capsules around the implant, and poor integration with the surrounding tissue (Figure A,B) [Anderson 2001].