Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1125

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This book provides the vision of a successful biorefinery—the lignocelluloic biomass needs to be efficiently converted to its constituent monomers, comprising mainly of sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose. Accordingly, the first part of the book deals with aspects crucial for the pretreatment and hydrolysis of biomass to give sugars in high yield, as well as the general aspects of bioprocessing technologies which will enable the development of biorefineries through inputs of metabolic engineering, fermentation, downstream processing and formulation. The second part of the book gives the current status and future directions of the biological processes for production of ethanol (a biofuel as well as an important commodity raw material), solvents (butanol, isobutanol, butanediols, propanediols), organic acids (lactic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid and adipic acid), and amino acid (glutamic acid). The commercial production of some of these commodity bioproducts in the near future will have a far reaching effect in realizing our goal of sustainable conversion of these renewable resources and realizing the concept of biorefinery.

Suitable for researchers, practitioners, graduate students and consultants in biochemical/ bioprocess engineering, industrial microbiology, bioprocess technology, metabolic engineering, environmental science and energy, the book offers:

• Exemplifies the application of metabolic engineering approaches for development of microbial cell factories
• Provides a unique perspective to the industry about the scientific problems and their possible solutions in making a bioprocess work for commercial production of commodity bioproducts
• Discusses the processing of renewable resources, such as plant biomass, for  mass production of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels to meet our ever- increasing demands
• Encourages sustainable green technologies for the utilization of renewable resources
• Offers timely solutions to help address the energy problem as non-renewable fossil oil will soon be unavailable

Leseprobe

BIOPROCESSING OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES TO COMMODITY BIOPRODUCTS

Edited by

Virendra S. Bisaria

Akihiko Kondo

About the Cover: The pyramid represents successive and increasingly selective processing stages in bioconversion of plant biomass to industrial chemicals. The chemicals in white bubbles are the industrial commodity bioproducts pertaining to the realm of “white biotechnology”.

Cover illustration/design by Ruchi Uppal.

Rights of Cover Design are owned by Prof. Virendra S. Bisaria.

Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Bioprocessing of renewable resources to commodity bioproducts / edited by Virendra S. Bisaria, Akihiko Kondo. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-17583-5 (hardback) 1. Microbial biotechnology. 2. Biomass energy. I. Bisaria, Virendra S., editor of compilation. II. Kondo, Akihiko, 1959- editor of compilation. TP248.27.M53B5626 2014 662′.88–dc23 2013046035

CONTENTS

Preface

Contributors

Part I: Enabling Processing Technologies

Chapter 1: Biorefineries—Concepts for Sustainability

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Three Levels for Biomass Use

1.3 The Sustainable Removal of Biomass from the Field is Crucial for a Successful Biorefinery

1.4 Making Order: Classification of Biorefineries

1.5 Quantities of Sustainably Available Biomass

1.6 Quantification of Sustainability

1.7 Starch- and Sugar-Based Biorefinery

1.8 Oilseed Crops

1.9 Lignocellulosic Feedstock

1.10 Green Biorefinery

1.11 Microalgae

1.12 Future Prospects—Aiming for Higher Value from Biomass

References

Chapter 2: Biomass Logistics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Method of Assessing Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Influence of Feedstock Logistic System Parameters

2.3 Understanding Uncertainty in the Context of Feedstock Logistics

2.4 Future Prospects

2.5 Financial Disclosure/Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Complexity of Lignocelluloses

3.3 Challenges in Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses

3.4 Pretreatment Methods and Mechanisms

3.5 Economic Outlook

3.6 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 4: Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Cellulase, Hemicellulase, and Accessory Enzyme Systems and Their Synergistic Action on Lignocellulosic Biomass

4.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis at High Concentrations of Biomass Solids

4.4 Mechanistic Process Modeling and Simulation

4.5 Considerations for Process Integration and Economic Viability

4.6 Economic Outlook

4.7 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Hydrolytic Enzymes for Digestion of Lignocelluloses

5.3 Desirable Attributes of Cellulase for Hydrolysis of Cellulose

5.4 Strategies Used for Enhanced Enzyme Production

5.5 Economic Outlook

5.6 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 6: Bioprocessing Technologies

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Cell Factory Platform

6.3 Fermentation Process

6.4 Recovery Process

6.5 Formulation Process

6.6 Final Product Blends

6.7 Economic Outlook and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

Nomenclature

References

Part II: Specific Commodity Bioproducts

Chapter 7: Ethanol from Bacteria

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Heteroethanologenic Bacteria

7.3 Homoethanologenic Bacteria

7.4 Economic Outlook

7.5 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 8: Ethanol Production from Yeasts

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Ethanol Production from Starchy Biomass

8.3 Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass

8.4 Economic Outlook

8.5 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 9: Fermentative Biobutanol Production: An Old Topic with Remarkable Recent Advances

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Butanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock

9.3 History of ABE Fermentation

9.4 Physiology of Clostridial ABE Fermentation

9.5 ABE Fermentation Processes, Butanol Toxicity, and Product Recovery

9.6 Metabolic Engineering and “Omics”—Analyses of Solventogenic Clostridia

9.7 Economic Outlook

9.8 Current Status and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 10: Bio-based Butanediols Production: The Contributions of Catalysis, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Bio-Based 2,3-Butanediol

10.3 Bio-Based 1,4-Butanediol

10.4 Economic Outlook

10.5 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: 1,3-Propanediol

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Bioconversion of Glucose into 1,3-Propanediol

11.3 Bioconversion of Glycerol into 1,3-Propanediol

11.4 Metabolic Engineering

11.5 Down-Processing of 1,3-Propanediol

11.6 Integrated Processes

11.7 Economic Outlook

11.8 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

A list of abbreviations

References

Chapter 12: Isobutanol

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Access Code for the Microbial Production of Branched-Chain Alcohols: 2-Ketoacid Decarboxylase and an Alcohol Dehydrogenase

12.3 Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Directed Production of Isobutanol

12.4 Overcoming Isobutanol Cytotoxicity

12.5 Process Development for the Production of Isobutanol

12.6 Economic Outlook

12.7 Future Prospects

Nomenclature

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 13: Lactic Acid

13.1 History of Lactic Acid

13.2 Applications of Lactic Acid

13.3 Poly Lactic Acid

13.4 Conventional Lactic Acid Production

13.5 Lactic Acid Production From Renewable Resources

13.6 Economic Outlook

13.7 Future Prospects

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 14: Microbial Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid From Renewable Sources: A Green Approach as an Alternative to Conventional Chemistry

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Natural Microbial Production of 3-HP

14.3 Production of 3-HP from Glucose by Recombinant Microorganisms

14.4 Production of 3-HP from Glycerol by Recombinant Microorganisms

14.5 Major Challenges for Microbial Production of 3-HP

14.6 Economic Outlook

14.7 Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 15: Fumaric Acid Biosynthesis and Accumulation

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Microbial Synthesis of Fumaric Acid

15.3 A Plausible Biochemical Mechanism for Fumaric Acid Biosynthesis and Accumulation in

RHIZOPUS

15.4 Toward Engineering

RHIZOPUS

for Fumaric Acid Production

15.5 Economic Outlook

15.6 Future Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

Notes

Chapter 16: Succinic Acid

16.1 Succinate as an Important Platform Chemical for a Sustainable Bio-Based Chemistry

16.2 Microorganisms for Bio-Succinate Production— Physiology, Metabolic Routes, and Strain Development

16.3 Neutral Versus Acidic Conditions for Product Formation

16.4 Downstream Processing

16.5 Companies Involved in Bio-Succinic Acid Manufacturing

16.6 Future Prospects and Economic Outlook

References

Chapter 17: Glutamic Acid

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Glutamic Acid Production by

CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM

17.3 Glutamic Acid as a Building Block

17.4 Economic Outlook

17.5 Future Prospects

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 18: Recent Advances for Microbial Production of Xylitol

18.1 Introduction

18.2 General Principles for Biological Production of Xylitol

18.3 Microbial Production of Xylitol

18.4 Xylitol Production by Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

18.5 Economic Outlook

18.6 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 19: First and Second Generation Production of Bio-Adipic Acid

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Production of Bio-Adipic Acid

19.3 Ecological Footprint of Bio-Adipic Acid

19.4 Economic Outlook

19.5 Future Prospects

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Food security, energy security, and climate change are centered around the limited availability of arable land. This constitutes a trilemma, which has to be addressed by our societies.

Figure 1.2 Schematic overview about the processing strategy of different feedstock used in biorefineries and the various products obtained. Processes leading to an energy product are shown as dashed lines. Fermentation sludge is the microbial biomass produced during the bioconversion processes.

Figure 1.3 Total US oil consumption compared to potential and currently harvested nonfood biomass divided into its main uses. The area of each circle is proportional to the consumed amount. From Vennestrøm et al. (2011).

Figure 1.4 Worldwide production of the main sugar- and starch-containing crops. Data taken from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (www.fao.org).