Blackwell's Nursing Dictionary E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2500

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

"This dictionary is clear, concise and easy to use…My advice to anyone wishing to purchase a nursing dictionary would be to…buy this one"
Journal of Advanced Nursing (on the first edition)

All the information you’ll ever need - in one dictionary!

Key features

* Over 15,000 entries
* Comprehensive - much more information than a pocket dictionary
* Informed by current nursing research and clinical practice
* Includes latest UK legislation and policy changes
* Accessible, authoritative and contemporary
* Invaluable and informative appendices

Appendices include:
· Normal values
· Lists of websites for key nursing journals and organizations
· The NMC code of professional conduct
· QAA benchmarking standards
· Nursing research, Information technology and emergency care
· Continuing professional development and PREP requirements

“very user friendly”
European Journal of Cancer Care (on the first edition)

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PRONUNCIATION

ABBREVIATIONS

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 NORMAL VALUES

1 Weights and measures

2 Temperature

3 Laboratory values

4 Fractions and multiples

5 Body mass index (BMI)

Appendix 2 USEFUL NURSING AND OTHER HEALTH-CARE ORGANIZATION ADDRESSES

Voluntary Organizations and Support Groups

Appendix 3 Nursing and other journals Sian Maslin-Prothero

1 General journals

2 Specialist journals

Appendix 4 NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

Appendix 5 EMERGENCY CARE

The unconscious patient

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Disorders of airway and breathing

Choking

Asthma

Disorders of the circulation

Hypovolaemic shock

Cardiogenic shock

Anaphylactic shock

Fainting

Bleeding

Burning and scalds

Disorders of consciousness

Head injuries

Convulsions

Cerebral vascular disorders

Hypoglycaemia

Poisoning

Injury to bone, muscle or joints

Conclusion

Appendix 6 UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTING CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH

Introduction

Defining clinical research

Working collaboratively: international research

Researching nursing practice

Methods for clinical research

Objectivity and subjectivity

Scientist-practitioner

Practitioner-researcher

Motivation for research

Using literature to underpin clinical practice

Developing critical appraisal skills and evaluating clinical research

Research governance: conducting research in clinical practice

Support for clinical research

Conclusion

Appendix 7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING AND HEALTHCARE

The place of computers in health care

Important issues for nurses

The way ahead

Conclusion

Appendix 8 CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PREP

The UKCC’s PREP requirements

The PREP (CPD) standard

The PREP (practice) standard

Auditing PREP

Recording CPD: Personal Professional Profile

Meeting the standard

Professional development

What are your personal professional development needs?

Common questions

Appendix 9 THE QUALITY ASSURANCE AGENCY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION: BENCHMARKING1

Foreword

An emerging health professions framework

A Expectations of the health professional in providing patient/client services

B The application of practice in securing, maintaining, or improving health and well-being

C Knowledge, understanding, and skills that underpin the education and training of health-care professionals

Benchmark statement for nursing

Nature and extent of programmes in nursing

A The nurse as a registered health-care practitioner; expectations held by the profession, employers and public

B Principles and concepts: applications to nursing practice

C Knowledge, understanding, and associated skills that underpin the education and training of nurses

Teaching, learning and assessment

Academic and practitioner standards

A Working as a professional in health care: expectations

B Principles and concepts: application

C Subject knowledge, understanding, and associated skills

© 1994 Blackwell Science, 2005 by

Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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The right of the Authors to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

First published 1994

Reprinted 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002

Second edition published 2005

This second edition is a comprehensive revision of the first edition of Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing, first published in 1994. The first edition was updated and adapted from Duncan’s

Dictionary for Nurses by Helen A. Duncan, published by Springer Publishing Co. Inc., New York, in 1989. Permission for this adaption is acknowledged.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

ISBN 1-4051-0534-8

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library

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For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:

www.blackwellnursing.com

FOREWORD

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this edition of Blackwell’s Nursing Dictionary. Those contributing to this edition have produced an excellent textbook, one that will be an invaluable resource and practical guide for both students of nursing and more experienced nurses in clinical practice, research, policy and higher education.

The resources included in this edition cover an impressive range of useful information on professional practice. It includes normal definitions and measures, details of professional organisations and journals, continuing professional development, the Code of Professional Practice, the quality assurance framework for higher education and a guide to understanding and implementing clinical research in practice. The dictionary will, without doubt, add to our understanding of a range of professional issues in clinical practice across all areas of nursing.

The volume of information needed by nurses is increasing all the time, and more and more patients will turn to nurses for health-related information, trusting in them for appropriate help and support. There is a growing desire among patients and the public to take more control of their own health, and to have high quality personalised care, including better access to information and wider choice about their care and treatment. Most patients would like to be more involved in their care and provided with more information about their treatment, tests and investigations.

While much has been achieved, we still need to shift the culture of the NHS from one of dependency to one of increased independence and self care. The language we use – and the way we use it – is an important factor in shifting the balance of power in our relationships with patients and carers.

We need to ensure that patients and carers experience effective communication that is sensitive to their individual needs and preferences, and that it promotes high quality care for the patient.

This highlights the importance of using straightforward language, keeping information up to date and factual, and avoiding jargon and abbreviations in our day-to-day contact with patients and carers. We need to communicate technical and evidence-based information in a way that matches the patient’s level of understanding, checking that information given is understood and the meaning is the same for all involved. This will involve developing new relationships with patients, where we see information from the patient’s perspective, where information is reviewed by patients, carers and nurses to ensure it is accessible to them and applicable to their needs. We need to look at how we use information and develop a greater awareness of the use of language and its influence on our relationships with patients. Used effectively, it can be a key factor in establishing trusting relationships between patients and nurses.

The contributors have put together an excellent resource and a valuable tool for all areas of nursing. The real challenge lies in how we use this knowledge to build our relationships with patients and carers – so that they are fully engaged in their own care, the way it is planned and delivered, and personalised to their individual needs and choices.

Sarah MullallyChief Nursing OfficerDepartment of HealthEngland

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Professor Dawn Freshwater PhD BA (Hons) RGN RNT FRCN DipPsych

Professor of Mental Health and Primary Care, IHCS, Bournemouth

University, UK, and Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia

Dawn is Professor of Mental Health and Primary Care at IHCS Bournemouth University and is leading the development of an Academic Research Centre in Practice with North and Southwest Dorset NHS Trusts. Having completed her nurse training in 1983 she worked in both acute and community settings before undertaking her first degree at the Institute of Advanced Nurse Education, Royal College of Nursing, later completing her PhD at University of Nottingham. The focus of her work has been on critical reflexivity, practice-based research, and therapeutic practice, and she has successfully managed a number of funded research projects in these areas. It was for this work that she was awarded the Sigma Theta Tau Honor Society distinguished nurse researcher award (2000) and a Fellowship of the Royal College of Nursing (2002). She is widely published in her field, with her books being translated into other languages. She sits on a number of editorial boards and committees, including the International Association for Human Caring and the Florence Nightingale Foundation.

Garfield J. Griffiths BEd (Hons) DipN RN ONC RCNT

Senior Lecturer, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

Garfield Griffiths qualified as a general nurse in South Wales (1970), he practised as a staff nurse on a male mixed speciality ward and went on to specialize in orthopaedics at The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London. In 1973 he took up his first charge nurses post at The Prince of Wales Hospital, Wales. Three years later he became a clinical teacher to the orthopaedic course in that hospital. During this time he studied for the RCN Clinical Teachers Certificate and the London University Diploma in Nursing. His current post is senior lecturer at The University of the West of England, where he has held the roles of award route leader for the Diploma in Professional Studies Award and field leader for the post-qualifying modules.

Dr Sian E. Maslin-Prothero RN RM DipN CertEd MSc PhD

Senior Lecturer at the School of Nursing and Midwifery,

University of Southampton, UK

Sian has worked in academic, education, clinical nursing, and midwifery in a variety of settings in both the United Kingdom and overseas. She has a Master of Science degree from the University of Bristol and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Nottingham. Her research interests include policy and practice in the NHS, and the recruitment of women to breast cancer clinical trials, user and carer involvement in health and social care. Sian believes in helping individuals to fulfil their potential by fostering skills and strategies that encourage them to be creative, critical thinkers who can respond to the dynamic health-care environment and the requirements of users.

Abigail Masterson MN BSc RGN PGCEA

Abi has run her own consultancy company since January 1998. Prior to this she held clinical, education, and research posts in organizations including St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, the Royal College of Nursing, and the Department of Social Medicine and School for Policy Studies at the University of Bristol. She works with many local and national and international healthcare organizations to develop policies, review services, and carry out research into new roles and service developments across the healthcare professions. Abi has both a Bachelors and Masters degree in nursing, and has a varied list of publications, particularly in new role development, competence assessment, and health policy.

Les Storey FRCN RGN MSc PGDipHE

Principal Lecturer, Faculty of Health, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Les qualified in 1970 and spent over 14 years in operating theatres before moving into the fields of education and research. Since 1989 he has been involved nationally and internationally in the development and implementation of competency-based approaches within nursing and healthcare. He has been involved in managing a number of research and development projects, has published widely and presented papers at a number of international and national conferences. In 2000 he was conferred as a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing for his work on competency-based education, and in 2001 was awarded the Edith Cavell scholarship by the Florence Nightingale Foundation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

When we agreed to undertake this project neither of us realized the amount of effort and concentration that would be required, not only of us, but also of the individuals who had agreed to provide their time and intellect. We would like to thank those people who have supported us in the development and completion of what we believe is a dictionary that is nursing focused, drawing on the dynamic and contemporary health-care context that we now enjoy. In particular, we would like to acknowledge Professor Veronica Bishop, Alison Twycross, Theo Stickley, Abi Masterson, Linda Antoniw Sarah Fisher, Julia Wynn, Tom Tait, Mary Foss, Liz Walsh, and Elizabeth Rosser. We would also like to thank Beth Knight and the staff at Blackwell Publishing for their encouragement and advice.

D.F.S.M-P.

The publishers would like to thank Nursing Times for permission to reproduce the handwashing diagram on page 55, reprinted from the sixth edition of The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures, edited by Lisa Dougherty and Sara Lister and published in 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd; and the Royal Marsden Hospital for permission to reproduce the figures from the same source on pages 494 and 596. Other illustrations in the Dictionary are taken from the following, all published by Blackwell Publishing, who would like to acknowledge their endebtedness to these authors:

Barrett, J. (1983) Accident and Emergency Nursing.

Bray, J.J. Cragg, P.A. Macknight, A.D.C. Mills, R.G. and Taylor, D.W. (1989) Lecture Notes on Human Physiology Second Edition.

Gibson, J. (1981) Modern Physiology and Anatomy for Nurses Second Edition.

Hickman, M. (1985) Midwifery Second Edition.

Middleton, D. (1986) Nursing 2.

Moffat, D.B. (1987) Lecture Notes on Anatomy.

Appendix 4 is reproduced by permission of the Nursing and Midwifery Council, and Appendix 9 by permission of The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education.

PRONUNCIATION

The system of pronunciation used has deliberately been kept simple. Words that the nurse might have difficulty pronouncing are broken down into their component syllables and respelled phonetically. The accented syllables are indicated by a slanting mark at their terminations (′).

Vowels

Vowels may be pronounced long or short. When short, they are unmarked and are pronounced as follows:

a

as in fat or father

o

as in for or hot

e

as in bed

oo

as in tool

i

as in fit

u

as in but

When long, they are given a long mark and are pronounced as follows:

ā

as in tame

ō

as in over

ā

as in he

ū

as in use

ī

as in time

Other long vowels are:

ah as in spa

ai as in air

aw as in saw

Words that end with y are usually pronounced as though they ended with a short i, as, for example, chemistry (kem′ -is-tri).

Consonants

Consonants ordinarily take the common English language pronunciation. When this is not the case, the word is respelled phonetically, for example:

c may be pronounced as s or k as in cicatrix (sik′ -a-triks)

ch may be pronounced as k as in psychosis (sī-k′ -sis)

g may be pronounced as j as in pharyngeal (far-in′ -jē-al)

ph is usually pronounced as f as in physical (fiz′ -i-kal)

psy is pronounced as sī as in psyche (sī′ -kē)

-sion may be pronounced shun as in compassion (kom-pa′shun) or zhun as in explosion (eks-plī′zhun)

-tion is usually pronounced shun.

ABBREVIATIONS

AA

Alcoholics Anonymous

ABC

airway, breathing, and circulation

Abd

abdomen

ABE

acute bacterial endocarditis

ABGs

arterial blood gases

ACE

angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACTH

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADL

activities of daily living

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

AF

atrial fibrillation

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein

AHF

antihaemophilic factor

AI

(1) aortic insufficiency; (2) artificial insemination

AID

artificial insemination using donor semen

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIH

artificial insemination using husband’s semen

ALG

antilymphocyte globulin

ALS

(1) advanced life support; (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; (3) antilymphocyte serum

AMP

adenosine monophosphate

ANF

antinuclear factor

ANOVA

analysis of variance

anti-HBc

antibody against hepatitis B core antigen

anti-HBe

antibody against hepatitis B e antigen

anti-HBs

antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen

APCL

accreditation (assessment) of prior certificated learning

APEL

accreditation (assessment) of prior experiential learning

APL

accreditation (assessment) of prior learning

APT

alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid

ARC

AIDS-related complex

ASD

atrial septal defect

ASO

antistreptolysin O

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ATS

antitetanus serum

ATT

antitetanus toxoid

A-V

atrioventricular

BA

Bachelor of Arts

BACP

British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy

BAI

Beck anxiety inventory

BAOT

British Association of Occupational Therapists

BBB

blood–brain barrier

BCC

basal cell carcinoma

BCG

bacillus Calmette–Guérin

bd

bis die

(used in prescriptions, meaning twice daily)

BDI

Beck depression inventory

BEd

Bachelor of Education

BHS

Beck hopelessness scale

BIT

binary digit

BLS

basic life support

BMA

British Medical Association

BMI

body mass index

BMR

basal metabolic rate

BN

Bachelor of Nursing

BNF

British National Formulary

BP

blood pressure

BSc

Bachelor of Science

BSE

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

CAL

computer-assisted learning

CAPD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CARATS

Counselling, Assessment, Referral, Advice, and Throughcare Scheme

CAT

computerized axial tomography

CATS

Credit Accumulation Transfer System

CBT

cognitive behavioural therapy

CCETSW

Central Council for the Education and Training in Social Work

CCF

congestive cardiac failure

CCU

(1) coronary care unit; (2) cardiac care unit

CD

controlled drug

CDC

Centers for Disease Control (USA)

CD-ROM

compact disc read-only memory

CF

cystic fibrosis

CHAI

Commission for Health-care Audit and Inspection

CHC

Community Health Council

CHD

coronary heart disease

CHF

congestive heart failure

CHI

Commission for Health Improvement

CINAHL

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

CJD

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

CMHT

community mental health team

CMV

cytomegalovirus

CNO

Chief Nursing Officer

CNS

(1) central nervous system; (2) clinical nurse specialist

COAD

chronic obstructive airways disease

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COSHH

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

CPA

Care Programme Approach

CPAP

continuous positive airways pressure

CPD

continuing professional development

CPK

creatinine phosphokinase

CPN

community psychiatric nurse

CPPIH

Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPU

central processing unit

CRP

C-reactive protein

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CSP

Chartered Society of Physiotherapists

CSSD

Central Sterile Supplies Department

CSSU

Central Sterile Supply Unit

CT

computed tomography

CV

curriculum vitae

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

CVP

central venous pressure

CVS

(1) cardiovascular system; (2) chorionic villus sampling

CXR

chest x-ray

D and C

dilatation and curettage

DASE

Denver Articulation Screening Examination

DBT

dialectical behavioural therapy

DC

direct current

DDA

Disability Discrimination Act

DES

diethylstilboestrol

DI

donor insemination

DIC

disseminated intravascular coagulation

DipHE

Diploma in Higher Education

DipEd

Diploma in Education

DipN

Diploma in Nursing

DipNEd

Diploma in Nursing Education

DLCC

Disabled Living Centres Council

DN

district nurse

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DOA

death on arrival

DOH

Department of Health

DPhil

Doctor of Philosophy

DPT

diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (vaccine)

DQ

developmental quotient

DRC

Disability Rights Commission

DSM IV

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

, 4th edition

DSPD

dangerous and severe personality disorder

DTP

diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (vaccine)

DTs

delerium tremens

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

EBL

enquiry-based learning

EBM

evidence-based medicine

EBP

evidence-based practice

EC

European Community

ECG

electrocardiogram

ECT

electroconvulsive therapy

ECV

external cephalic version

EDD

expected date of delivery

EDTA

ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid

EEG

electroencephalogram

EKG

electrocardiogram

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMG

electromyogram

ENT

ear, nose and throat

ERG

electroretinogram

ERPC

evacuation of retained products of conception

ESR

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

EU

European Union

EUA

examination under anaesthetic

FBC

full blood count

FBS

fasting blood sugar

FEV

forced expiratory volume

FPCert

Family Planning Certificate

FRC

functional residual capacity

FRCGP

Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners

FRCN

Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing

FRCOG

Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

FRCP

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians

FRCPath

Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists

FRCPE

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

FRCPI

Fellow of the Royal College of Ireland

FRCPsych

Fellow of the Royal College of Psychologists

FRCR

Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists

FRCS

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons

FRCSE

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

FRCSI

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

FVC

forced vital capacity

GABA

gamma-aminobutyric acid

GFR

glomerular filtration rate

GGTP

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

GH

growth hormone

GHIH

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

GHRH

growth hormone releasing hormone

GI

gastrointestinal

GIFT

gamete intrafallopian transfer

GM

genetically modified

GMC

General Medical Council

GP

general practitioner

GSCC

General Social Care Council

GTN

glyceryl trinitrate

GUM

genitourinary medicine

GVHD

graft-versus-host disease

HAZ

Health Action Zone

Hb

haemoglobin

HBcAg

hepatitis B core antigen

HBeAg

hepatitis B e antigen

HBIG

hepatitis B immunoglobulin

HBsAg

hepatitis B surface antigen

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HC

head circumference

HCA

health-care assistant

hCG

human chorionic gonadotrophin

HCO

health-care officer

HCV

hepatitis C virus

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

HDU

high dependency unit

HEI

higher education institutions

HGC

Human Genetics Commission

Hib vaccine

Haemophilus influenzae

type B vaccine

HImP

Health Improvement Programme

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HMSO

Her Majesty’s Stationery Office

HoNOS

Health of the Nation Outcome Scale

HPC

Health Professions Council

HPV

human papilloma virus

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

HSV

herpes simplex virus

HTLV

human T-cell leukaemia–lymphoma virus

HV

health visitor

HVCert

Health Visitor’s Certificate

HTML

hypertext markup language

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

ICAS

Independent Complaints Advocacy Service

ICD

International Classification of Diseases

ICN

International Council of Nurses

ICPs

integrated care pathways

ICU

Intensive Care Unit

IDDM

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

IM&T

information management and technology

IPPB

intermittent positive pressure breathing

IPPV

intermittent positive pressure ventilation

IPV

inactivated poliovirus vaccine

IQ

intelligence quotient

IRP

Independent Reconfiguration Panel

IT

information technology

ITU

intensive therapy unit

IU

International Unit

IUCD

intrauterine contraceptive device

IUD

intrauterine device

IV

intravenous

IVF

in vitro

fertilization

IVI

intravenous infusion

IVP

intravenous pyelogram

IVT

intravenous therapy

LDH

lactic acid dehydrogenase

LDP

Local Delivery Plan

LFT

liver function test

LH

luteinizing hormone

LHRH

luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

LMP

last menstrual period

LREC

Local Research Ethics Committee

LRT

lower respiratory tract

LSD

lysergic acid diethylamide

LSP

Local Strategic Partnership

LVF

left ventricular failure

MA

Master of Arts

MAO

monoamine oxidase

MBA

Master of Business Administration

MCH

mean cell haemoglobin

MCV

mean cell volume

MD

Doctor of Medicine

MDMA

methylenedioxymethamphetamine

ME

myalgic encephalomyelitis

MEd

Master of Education

MI

myocardial infarction

MIND

National Association for Mental Health

MMR

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine

MPhil

Master of Philosophy

MRC

Medical Research Council

MREC

Multi Research Ethics Committee

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

MRSA

methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus

MRV

minute respiratory volume

MS

multiple sclerosis

MSc

Master of Science

MSU

midstream specimen of urine

NA

Nomina Anatomica

NatPaCT

National Primary and Care Trust Development

NBM

nil (nothing) by mouth

NCSC

National Care Standards Commission

NCVQ

National Council for Vocational Qualifications

NDU

Nursing Development Unit

NEC

necrotizing enterocolitis

NeLH

National Electronic Library for Health

NG

nasogastric

NHS

National Health Service

NHSCRD

National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination

NICE

National Institute for Clinical Excellence

NICU

neonatal intensive care unit

NIDDM

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

NIPPV

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

NMC

Nursing and Midwifery Council

NMR

nuclear magnetic resonance

NPN

non-protein nitrogen

NREM

non-rapid eye movements

NRR

National Research Register

NSAIDs

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

NSFs

National Service Frameworks

NTO

National Training Organisation

NVQ

National Vocational Qualification

ONS

Office of National Statistics

OPCS

Office of Population Censuses and Surveys

OR

odds ratio

OTC

over the counter

PAF

performance assessment framework

PALS

Patient Advice and Liaison Service

PBL

problem-based learning

p.c.

after meals

PCA

patient-controlled analgesia

PCG

Primary Care Group

PCO

2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCR

practitioner-centred research

PCT

Primary Care Trust

PD

personality disorder

PEEP

positive end expiratory pressure

PFI

Private Finance Initiative

PPD

Purified Protein Derivative

PREP

Post-Registration Education and Practice

p.r.n.

whenever necessary

PROMIS

problem-oriented medical information

PSI

psycho-social intervention

PTSD

post-traumatic stress disorder

PUO

pyrexia of undetermined origin

PV

polycythaemia vera

PVC

premature ventricular contraction

QAA

Quality Assessment Agency for Higher Education

QCA

Qualifications and Curriculum Authority

QUALYs

quality adjusted life years

RAE

Research Assessment Exercise

RCTs

randomized controlled trials

REM

rapid eye movements

RNA

ribonucleic acid

SAD

seasonal affective disorder

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

SCBU

special care baby unit

SCID

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

SCM

State Certified Midwife

SCOTEC

Scottish Technical Education Council

SD

standard deviation

SE

standard error

SHO

senior house officer

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

SNOMED

Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine

SPSS

Statistical Package for Social Sciences

SQA

Scottish Qualifications Authority

SRN

State Registered Nurse

stat

statim

STD

sexually transmitted disease

STI

sexually transmitted infection

SVQ

Scottish Vocational Qualification

SVT

supraventricular tachycardia

TABS

temperature, airway, beathing, sugar

TB

tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus)

tds

three times daily

TEDs

thrombo embolic deterrent (stockings)

TENS

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TIA

transient ischaemic attack

TOP

termination of pregnancy

TOPV

trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine

TPI

Treponema pallidum

immobilization (test)

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

TPR

temperature, pulse, respiration

TQM

total quality management

TRIC

trachoma and inclusion conjuctivitis

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

TURP

transurethral resection of tumour

TV

tidal volume

UKCC

United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting

ung

unguent

(ointment)

UNICEF

United Nations International Children’s Fund

UTI

urinary tract infection

UVA

ultraviolet light A

UVB

ultraviolet light B

VC

vital capacity

vCJD

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

VDU

visual display unit

VF

ventricular fibrillation

VSD

ventricular septal defect

VSO

Voluntary Service Overseas

VT

ventricular tachycardia

WBC

white blood cells/count

WDC

Workforce Development Confederation

WHO

World Health Organization

WTE

Whole Time Equivalent

www

world wide web

ZIFT

zygote intrafallopian transfer

A

Ar: Chemical symbol for argon.

a-; an-: Prefixes denoting absence, separation, away, away from, without, not, less, lacking, lack of; a — when used before a consonant; an—when before a vowel.

AA: Abbreviation for Alcoholics Anonymous (q.v.).

ab-: Prefix denoting absent, away from, off, negative, separation, departure from, outside, deviating from.

abacterial (ā-bak-tā′ -ri-al): Without bacteria; free from bacteria. A. MENINGITIS aseptic meningitis, see under MENINGITIS.

abaragnosis (a-bar-og-nō′ -sis): Lack or loss of the conscious perception of weight, or of the ability to estimate weight.

abarthrosis (ab-ar-thrō′ -sis): Diarthrosis (q.v.).

abarticulation (ab′ -ar-tik-ū-lā′ -shun): 1. The dislocation of a joint. 2. A synovial or freely movable joint; e.g., the hip. See DIARTHROSIS.

abasia (a-bā′ -zi-a): Inability to walk, or unsteadiness of gait, due to motor incoordination. ASTASIA A. see under ASTASIA. — abasic, abatic, adj.

abatement (a-bāt′ -ment): A decrease or lessening of a symptom or of pain. — abate, v.

Abbott-Miller tube: A long double-lumen intestinal tube with an inflatable balloon attached to the distal end; used in certain diagnostic tests, to treat an obstruction in the small intestine, and to relieve distension of the intestine.

ABC: In emergency medicine, refers to Airway, Breathing, and Circulation in regard to priority of care.

Abd: Abbreviation for abdomen (q.v.).

abdomen (ab′ -do-men): The belly. The largest body cavity; lies between the thorax, from which it is separated by the diaphragm, and the pelvis; is enclosed by a wall made up of muscles, the vertebral column and the two ilia; contains the stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbadder, pancreas, spleen, the descending aorta and inferior vena cava, and (behind the peritoneum) the kidneys and ureters. It is lined with a serous membrane, the peritoneum, which is also reflected over most of the organs as a cover. ACUTE A. term for a pathological condition within the belly that requires immediate surgery; PENDULOUS A. that which occurs when the anterior wall relaxes and the abdomen sags or hangs down; SCAPHOID A. an A. in which the anterior wall ‘caves in’. — abdominal, adj. See .