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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Over 25 hands-on recipes to create robust and highly-efficient cross-platform distributed applications with the Boost.Asio library
About This Book
- Build highly efficient distributed applications with ease
- Enhance your cross-platform network programming skills with one of the most reputable C++ libraries
- Find solutions to real-world problems related to network programming with ready-to-use recipes using this detailed and practical handbook
Who This Book Is For
If you want to enhance your C++ network programming skills using the Boost.Asio library and understand the theory behind development of distributed applications, this book is just what you need. The prerequisite for this book is experience with general C++11. To get the most from the book and comprehend advanced topics, you will need some background experience in multithreading.
What You Will Learn
- Boost your working knowledge of one of the most reputable C++ networking libraries—Boost.Asio
- Familiarize yourself with the basics of TCP and UDP protocols
- Create scalable and highly-efficient client and server applications
- Understand the theory behind development of distributed applications
- Increase the security of your distributed applications by adding SSL support
- Implement a HTTP client easily
- Use iostreams, scatter-gather buffers, and timers
In Detail
Starting with recipes demonstrating the execution of basic Boost.Asio operations, the book goes on to provide ready-to-use implementations of client and server applications from simple synchronous ones to powerful multithreaded scalable solutions. Finally, you are presented with advanced topics such as implementing a chat application, implementing an HTTP client, and adding SSL support. All the samples presented in the book are ready to be used in real projects just out of the box.
As well as excellent practical examples, the book also includes extended supportive theoretical material on distributed application design and construction.
Style and approach
This book is a set of recipes, each containing the statement and description of a particular practical problem followed by code sample providing the solution to the problem and detailed step-by-step explanation. Recipes are grouped by topic into chapters and ordered by the level of complexity from basic to advanced.
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Seitenzahl: 323
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming Cookbook
Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming Cookbook
Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: January 2016
Production reference: 1190116
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78398-654-5
www.packtpub.com
Credits
Author
Dmytro Radchuk
Reviewer
Victor Sigler
Commissioning Editor
Usha Iyer
Acquisition Editors
Shaon Basu
Manish Nainani
Content Development Editor
Samantha Gonsalves
Technical Editor
Madhunikita Sunil Chindarkar
Copy Editors
Trishya Hazare
Rashmi Sawant
Project Coordinator
Kinjal Bari
Proofreader
Safis Editing
Indexer
Hemangini Bari
Production Coordinator
Shantanu N. Zagade
Cover Work
Shantanu N. Zagade
About the Author
Dmytro Radchuk is a software engineer from Kyiv, Ukraine. His passion for science started at a young age and led him to receive a degree in computer science from Kyiv Polytechnic University. As of today, he has deep technical knowledge and more than 8 years of experience in the field of software development for several industries and businesses. He strongly believes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and this is one of the reasons why the development of distributed applications has become his main specialization.
Dmytro has always supported the idea of sharing knowledge and this has resulted in Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming Cookbook, which has become his first officially published book. He believes that science will help us deal with the monotony of everyday life. When he is not exploring another facet of computer engineering, he is probably learning a new aspect of psychology, history, or the arts, which are also of great interest to him.
I would like to dedicate this book to my fiancée, Anelia, for all her love and support.
About the Reviewer
Victor Sigler is an iOS software engineer with experience in developing consumer and enterprise mobile applications. He loves everything that is related to Apple and is passionate about Swift and the world of programming contests, where he has spent a long time developing in C++. He enjoys writing about iOS development in his blog at http://www.vsigler.com and also enjoys helping people with their queries on Stack Overflow. He can be found on Twitter as @Vkt0r. He has worked as a technical reviewer for Swift 2 Design Patterns, Packt Publishing.
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Preface
In today's information-centric globalized world, telecommunications have become an essential part of our lives. They penetrate and play crucial roles in almost every aspect of our day-to-day activities, from personal to professional. Sometimes, a failure to communicate information correctly and on time may lead to significant loss of material assets or even casualties.
Therefore, it is very important to provide the highest level of reliability when it comes to developing telecommunication software. However, it can be a really challenging task due to the inherent complexity of the domain and accidental complexity of the low-level tools provided by modern operating systems.
The Boost.Asio library is aimed at reducing accidental complexity by introducing type systems and exploiting object-oriented methods, and decreasing the development time by providing high degrees of reusability. In addition to this, because the library is cross-platform, the applications implemented with it can be built on multiple platforms, which enhances software qualities even more, while decreasing its costs.
This book contains more than 30 recipes—step-by-step solutions to various tasks that often (and not so often) arise in the area of network programming. All recipes take advantage of facilities provided by the Boost.Asio library, demonstrating best practices of applying the library to execute typical tasks and solve different problems.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, The Basics, introduces you to basic classes provided by the Boost.Asio library and demonstrates how to execute basic operations, such as resolving a DNS name, connecting a socket, accepting a connection, and so on.
Chapter 2, I/O Operations, demonstrates how to perform individual network I/O operations, both synchronous and asynchronous.
Chapter 3, Implementing Client Applications, contains recipes that demonstrate how to implement different types of client applications.
Chapter 4, Implementing Server Applications, contains recipes that demonstrate how to implement different types of server applications.
Chapter 5, HTTP and SSL/TLS, covers more advanced topics on the HTTP and SSL/TLS protocol implementation.
Chapter 6, Other Topics, includes recipes that discuss less popular but still quite important topics, such as timers, socket options, composite buffers, and others.
What you need for this book
To compile samples presented in this book, you will need Visual Studio 2012+ on Windows or GCC 4.7+ on Unix platforms.
Who this book is for
If you want to enhance your C++ network programming skills using the Boost.Asio library and understand the theory behind the development of distributed applications, this book is just what you need. The prerequisite for this book is to have a basic knowledge of C++11. To get the most from the book and comprehend advanced topics, you will need some background experience in multithreading.
Sections
In this book, you will find several headings that appear frequently (Getting ready, How to do it, How it works, There's more, and See also).
To give clear instructions on how to complete a recipe, we use these sections as follows:
Getting ready
This section tells you what to expect in the recipe, and describes how to set up any software or any preliminary settings required for the recipe.
How to do it…
This section contains the steps required to follow the recipe.
How it works…
This section usually consists of a detailed explanation of what happened in the previous section.
There's more…
This section consists of additional information about the recipe in order to make the reader more knowledgeable about the recipe.
See also
This section provides helpful links to other useful information for the recipe.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.
Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "In Boost.Asio a passive socket is represented by the asio::ip::tcp::acceptor class."
A block of code is set as follows:
When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:
New terms and important words are shown in bold.
Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
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To send us general feedback, simply e-mail <[email protected]>, and mention the book's title in the subject of your message.
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Errata
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Questions
If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at <[email protected]>, and we will do our best to address the problem.
Chapter 1. The Basics
In this chapter, we will cover:
Introduction
Computer networks and communication protocols significantly increase capabilities of modern software, allowing different applications or separate parts of the same application to communicate with each other to achieve a common goal. Some applications have communication as their main function, for example, instant messengers, e-mail servers and clients, file download software, and so on. Others have the network communication layer as a fundamental component, on top of which the main functionality is built. Some of the examples of such applications are web browsers, network file systems, distributed database management systems, media streaming software, online games, offline games with multiplayer over the network option support, and many others. Besides, nowadays almost any application in addition to its main functionality provides supplementary functions, involving network communication. The most prominent examples of such functions are online registration and automatic software update. In the latter case, the update package is downloaded from the application developer's remote server and installed on the user's computer or mobile device.
The application that consists of two or more parts, each of which runs on a separate computing device, and communicates with other parts over a computer network is called adistributed application. For example, a web server and a web browser together can be considered as one complex distributed application. The browser running on a user's computer communicates with the web server running on a different remote computer in order to achieve a common goal—to transmit and display a web page requested by the user.
Distributed applications provide significant benefits as compared to traditional applications running on a single computer. The most valuable of them are the following:
For two applications running on different computing devices to communicate with each other, they need to agree on a communication protocol. Of course, the developer of the distributed application is free to implement his or her own protocol. However, this would be rarely the case at least for two reasons. First, developing such a protocol is an enormously complex and time-consuming task. Secondly, such protocols are already defined, standardized, and even implemented in all popular operating systems including Windows, Mac OS X, and majority of the distributions of Linux.
These protocols are defined by the TCP/IP standard. Don't be fooled by the standard's name; it defines not only TCP and IP but many more other protocols, comprising a TCP/IP protocol stack with one or more protocols on each level of the stack. Distributed software developers usually deal with transport level protocols such as TCP or UDP. Lower layer protocols are usually hidden from the developer and are handled by the operating system and network devices.
In this book, we only touch upon TCP and UDP protocols that satisfy the needs of most developers of distributed software. If the reader is not familiar with the TCP/IP protocol stack, the OSI model, or TCP and UDP protocols, it's highly advised to read some theory on these topics. Though this book provides some brief information about them, it is mostly focused on practical aspects of using TCP and UDP protocols in distributed software development.
The TCP protocol is a transport layer protocol with the following characteristics:
The UDP protocol is a transport layer protocol having different (in some sense opposite) characteristics from those of the TCP protocol. The following are its characteristics:
Because the UDP protocol is unreliable, it is usually used in reliable local networks. To use it for communication over the Internet (which is an unreliable network), the developer must implement error handling mechanisms in its application.
Note
When there is a need to communicate over the Internet, the TCP protocol is most often the best choice due to its reliability.
As it has already been mentioned, both TCP and UDP protocols and the underlying protocols required by them are implemented by most popular operating systems. A developer of a distributed application is provided an API through which it can use protocols implementation. The TCP/IP standard does not standardize the protocol API implementation; therefore, several API implementations exist. However, the one based on Berkeley Sockets API is the most widely used.
Berkeley Sockets API is the name of one of the many possible implementations of TCP and UDP protocols' API. This API was developed at the Berkeley University of California, USA (hence the name) in the early 1980s. It is built around a concept of an abstract object called a socket. Such a name was given to this object in order to draw the analogy with a usual electrical socket. However, this idea seems to have somewhat failed due to the fact that Berkeley Sockets turned out to be a significantly more complex concept.
Now Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux operating systems all have this API implemented (though with some minor variations) and software developers can use it to consume TCP and UDP protocols' functionality when developing distributed applications.
Though very popular and widely used, Sockets API has several flaws. First, because it was designed as a very generic API that should support many different protocols, it is quite complex and somewhat difficult to use. The second flaw is that this is a C-style functional API with a poor type system, which makes it error prone and even more difficult to use. For example, Sockets API doesn't provide a separate type representing a socket. Instead, the built-in type int is used, which means that by mistake any value of the int type can be passed as an argument to the function expecting a socket, and the compiler won't detect the mistake. This may lead to run-time crashes, the root cause of which is hard to find.
Network programming is inherently complex and doing it with a low-level C-style socket API makes it even more complex and error prone. Boost.Asio is an O-O C++ library that is, just like raw Sockets API, built around the concept of a socket. Roughly speaking, Boost.Asio wraps raw Sockets API and provides the developer with O-O interface to it. It is intended to simplify network programming in several ways as follows:
This chapter introduces essential Boost.Asio classes and demonstrates how to perform basic operations with them.
