Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1664

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book is an edition of the General Report on Tunny with commentary that clarifies the often difficult language of the GRT and fitting it into a variety of contexts arising out of several separate but intersecting story lines, some only implicit in the GRT. * Explores the likely roots of the ideas entering into the Tunny cryptanalysis * Includes examples of original worksheets, and printouts of the Tunny-breaking process in action * Presents additional commentary, biographies, glossaries, essays, and bibliographies

Leseprobe

IEEE Press

445 Hoes Lane

Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Tariq Samad, Editor in Chief

George W. Arnold

Vladimir Lumelsky

Linda Shafer

Dmitry Goldgof

Pui-In Mak

Zidong Wang

Ekram Hossain

Jeffrey Nanzer

MengChu Zhou

Mary Lanzerotti

Ray Perez

George Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

BREAKING TELEPRINTER CIPHERS AT BLETCHLEY PARK

An edition of

I. J. Good, D. Michie and G. Timms

GENERAL REPORT ON TUNNY WITH EMPHASIS ON STATISTICAL METHODS (1945)

Edited and with introductions and notes by

James A. Reeds, Whitfield Diffie and J. V. Field

Copyright © 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., and © Crown Copyright.

All material (textual and photographic images) copied from The National Archives of the UK, and from the Government Communications Headquarters is Crown Copyright, and is used with permission of The National Archives of the UK, and of the Director, GCHQ.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication is available.

ISBN 978-0-470-46589-9

Printed in the United States of America.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

This volume has its origins in a meeting of the British Society for the History of Mathematics held in Cambridge (UK) in 2000. The subject was the history of cryptography and one of the speakers, Prof. Donald Michie, used the occasion to announce that it had been agreed that the Report of the group of cryptographers to which he had belonged at Bletchley Park during the Second World War was to be declassified. This was the group that had designed and used the Colossus machines, so the planned declassification was of great interest to historians of computing as well as to historians of cryptography. The audience decided there and then that the book, which at the time no one present except Prof. Michie had seen, should be published. The present volume is the product of that resolution.

We are grateful to the Royal Society (London) for a grant that enabled us to pay for professional help in carrying out what proved to be an intricate task in typography. We are grateful to John Gilmore for providing additional financial support for the initial stage of the typesetting. We are grateful also to the Newcomen Society, which acted as our banker.

Many friends and colleagues have given us various forms of support and encouragement in our editorial work. Our greatest debts are to the late Prof. I. J. Good and the late Prof. Donald Michie, who were patient and generous in dealing with appeals for information and guidance. We are also grateful to the following: Prof. Richard Aldrich, Steve Boyack, A. O. Bauer, Prof. Colin Burke, Pam Camp, Ray Chase, Tom Collins, David DeGeorge, Gina Douglas and John Parmenter, Ralph Erskine, Frederika and Stephen Freer, David Goldschmidt, Ruth Greenstein, David Hamer, Barbara Hamilton, Mrs Vicki Hammond, Robert Hanyok, Jim Haynes, Ms Marit Hartveit, Grete Heinz, David Kahn, the late Hans-Georg Kampe, Joy MacCleary (ne´e Timms), the late Dr Bera MacClement (ne´e Timms), Bob McGwire, Marjorie McNinch, Alex Magoun, Ross Moore, Ned Neuburg, Selmer Norlund, Harris Nover, Sharon Olson, Jon D. Paul, John O'Rourke, H. N. Reeds, Karen Reeds, Randy Rezabek, the late Tony Sale, David Saltman, John N. Seaman, Jr, William Seaman, Betsy Rohaly Smoot, Christoph Steger, Rene´ Stein, Elaine Tennant, Frode Weierud, Tom Whitmore, Bill Williams, the late Shaun Wylie, Prof. Sandy Zabell, the current Departmental Historian of GCHQ, Tony Comer, and his predecessor, and his predecessor, the late Peter Freeman, and the staffs of the David Sarnoff Library, Princeton, New Jersey, the Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware, the Linda Hall Library, Kansas City, Missouri, the National Archives of the United Kingdom, the National Archives of the United States, and the National Cryptologic Museum, Ft. Meade, Maryland.

In addition, J. V. Field is grateful to Dr A. E. L. Davis, Dr J. Barrow-Green, Prof. Graeme Gooday, the late Prof. A. R. Hall, Prof. Frank A. J. L. James, Prof. Jonathan Michie, Alec Muffett, C. J. Reid and Dr K. C. Sugden for help on historical or technical points and occasional practical assistance. Thanks are also due to the archivists of various institutions: from Cambridge the archivists of Magdalene, Queens', St John's, Sidney Sussex and Trinity Colleges, and of Trinity Hall, from Oxford the archivists of New College, Balliol, Magdalen, Merton, Queen's and Wadham Colleges, and the university archivist; and the archivists of Imperial College, London, of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, and of the former Beaumont College (Old Windsor).

J. A. Reeds, Princeton

W. Diffie, Woodbridge

J. V. Field, London

Editorial Notes

1. The essay ‘Statistics at Bletchley Park’, the editorial endnotes to the text of the General Report on Tunny, and the Appendices have been subject to review by the U.S. Department of Defense.

2. To avoid repetition in the introductory essays and editorial endnotes, we have provided a set of short biographies of people mentioned in the General Report on Tunny and other primary sources cited in this volume. In particular we have sought to include anyone we had occasion to refer to as having worked at Bletchley Park. There are also brief notes on a few famous people whose work was used at Bletchley Park, such as Bayes and Laplace. There are longer biographies of the three editors of the original Report.

3. The text of the General Report on Tunny used for our edition is held in the UK National Archives (TNA). Unless otherwise noted, material on pp. 1–258 is from TNA HW 25/4 and that on pp. 258–493 from TNA HW 25/5. The text, together with accompanying artwork, is Crown Copyright.

Notes on Vocabulary

In 2015, a cryptographer is the person making ciphers or encrypting texts, a cryptanalyst is the one breaking ciphers in order to read the original plain text. Obviously, each needs to know something of the craft practised by the other and at Bletchley Park it seems to have been usual to use the term ‘cryptographer’ in referring to both types of practitioner. The term ‘cryptanalyst’ was known at the time but seems to have been widely used in England only after the war. When engaging directly with texts of the 1940s we have generally adopted ‘cryptographer’ (using ‘actors’ categories') but on occasion the newer, narrower term has been used for the sake of clarity.

The authors of the General Report on Tunny worked in an institution whose title was ‘Government Code and Cypher School’. This title implies that in formal usage, at least, there was a distinction between the terms ‘code’ and ‘cipher’. In technical usage, a code is a system of some kind for conveying information, a cipher is a system for concealing information. However, the authors of the General Report on Tunny often use the term ‘code’ instead of ‘cipher’. We have made no attempt to correct these technically incorrect uses of ‘code’. No doubt in 1945, as in 2015, such usage was acceptable in a colloquial context. Our own text uses ‘cipher’ where appropriate.

The ‘Glossary’ of the General Report on Tunny (chapter 71) makes its own usages clear by supplying the definition ‘CRYPTOGRAPHY The science of breaking codes and ciphers. Usually applied specifically to hand processes.’ It refers the reader to chapter 39 section B for details.

List of Abbreviations

We list here bibliographic abbreviations. Organisational abbreviations used in wartime sources, such as ‘GCCS’ for ‘Government Code and Cypher School’, will be found in one of the two glossaries below: the original ‘Glossary’ provided in 1945 (chapter 71 of the General Report on Tunny, pp. 400-446; this edition, pp. 387-434) or the ‘Supplementary Glossary’ provided by the present editors (pp. 542-546). Throughout this book we use a bold face to indicate chapter and section numbers in the original text of the General Report on Tunny. Throughout this book, URL visit dates are given in day/month/year format.

GRT

General Report on Tunny, with Emphasis on Statistical Methods,

TNA HW 25/4 and HW 25/5. See

‘Report’

below.

NARA

United States National Archives and Records Administration; the College Park, Maryland branch holding the records we cite.

ODNB

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: In Association with the British Academy: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000,

ed. by H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (London: Oxford University Press, 2004), URL:

http://www.oxforddnb.com/subscribed/

(visited on 07/06/2014)).

Report

General Report on Tunny, with Emphasis on Statistical Methods.

We use this term ambiguously, to refer both to the text of the

Report,

an edition of which we present in this volume, and to the physical artefact in the archives, items TNA HW 25/4 and 25/5: the ‘original

Report’.

TNA

The National Archives of the United Kingdom, located in Kew, Surrey.

Cryptanalytic Significance of the Analysis of Tunny

Whitfield Diffie

The analyses conducted at Bletchley Park of the higher-grade German cryptosystems — above the division-level Enigma system — are usually viewed in the military-historical context of their impact on the course of the Second World War. Also well known is the role this analysis played in the construction of Colossus, immediate ancestor of modern stored-program digital computers. What is less well known is the significance of the analytic process of which Colossus was but a part. The Lorenz SZ 40 and the Siemens and Halske T52 were given the cover names Tunny and Sturgeon by the British and collectively referred to as ‘Fish’. Although these systems are crude by the standards of systems to follow within a decade, they look more like the binary systems that came to dominate cryptography than they do like the Enigma with its 26-letter rotors. The attack on Tunny can thus be seen as the first major ‘modern’ cryptanalysis.