Broadband Communications via High Altitude Platforms E-Book

David Grace

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 554

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A unique book with systematic and thorough coverage of HAP related issues, problems and solutions. Handbook of Broadband Communications from High Altitude Platforms provides a thorough overview and state of the art of the HAP enabling technologies, as well as describing recent research activities with most promising results. It outlines the roadmap for future development of HAPs. * Focuses on placing HAPs in the perspective of current and future broadband wireless communication systems, providing the readers with an overview of the constraints affecting HAP-based broadband communications * Provides a thorough overview of HAP enabling technologies, describes recent research activities with most promising results, and outlines the roadmap for future development of HAPs * Covers enabling technologies and economics of HAP-based communication system including issues related to aeronautics, energetics, operating scenarios, applications and business modeling * Examines the operating environment, advanced communication techniques for efficient radio link resource management, and suitable antennas * Addresses multiplatform constellations, presenting the multiple HAP constellation planning procedure and discussing the networking implications of using multiple HAPs

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Contributors

Preface

PART ONE BASICS, ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES AND ECONOMICS

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 History

1.3 Wireless Communications in a HAP Environment

1.4 Candidate Standards for Provision of Services and Applications from HAPs

1.5 Overview of Past and Present HAP Related Projects, Trials and Development Plans

2 Aeronautics and Energetics

2.1 Operating Environment and Related Challenges

2.2 Types of Airborne Vehicles Used for HAPs

2.3 Power Subsystem Alternatives

2.4 Flight/Altitude Control

2.5 Typical Characteristics of HAP Aircraft and Airships References

3 Operating Scenarios and Reference Architectures

3.1 Operating Scenarios

3.2 Antenna Requirements and Related Challenges

3.3 System and Network Architecture of HAP-Based Communication Systems

4 Applications and Business Modelling

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Applications and Services

4.3 Business Model Introduction

4.4 Service Provider Centric Models

4.5 HAP Operator Centric Model

4.6 Risk Assessment

5 Future Development of HAPs and HAP-Based Applications

5.1 Trends in Aeronautical Development

5.2 HAP Roadmaps for Different Types of Applications

5.3 Telecommunication Missions

PART TWO BROADBAND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS FROM HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS

6 HAP System Operating Environment

6.1 Operating Environment and Related Limitations

6.2 Propagation Channel Modelling

6.3 HAP Radio Frequency Propagation Channel Modelling

6.4 Conclusion References

7 FSO in HAP-Based Communication Systems

7.1 Applicability of FSO Technology to HAP Networks

7.2 Physical Layer Aspects for FSO Links in HAP Networks

7.3 Free Space Optics for Optical Transport Networks References

8 Advanced Communication Techniques as Enablers for HAP-Based Communication Systems

8.1 Modern Wireless System Design Concepts

8.2 Diversity Techniques

8.3 MIMO Systems

8.4 Adaptive Coding and Modulation Schemes

8.5 Advanced Radio Resource Management Techniques

PART THREE MULTIPLE HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS

9 Multiple HAP Networks

9.1 Why Multiple HAP Constellations?

9.2 Multiple HAP Constellation Planning

9.3 User Antenna Pointing Error in Multiple HAP Systems

9.4 Two-Ring Constellation Design for Multiple HAP Systems

9.5 Constraints of Two-Ring Constellation Designs

10 Networking Implications of Using Multiple HAP Constellations

10.1 Network Protocols

10.2 Mobility Management in HAP-Based Communication Systems

10.3 Mobility and Backhaul Load Reduction Techniques

Index

This edition first published 2011© 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Grace, David, 1970-Broadband communications via high altitude platforms / David Grace, Mihael Mohori.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-69445-9 (cloth)1. High altitude platform systems (Telecommunication) 2. Broadband communication systems-Equipment and supplies. 3. Aeronautics. 4. Artificial satellites in telecommunication. I. Mohori, Mihael. II. Title.TK7871.67.H54G73 2010621.382-dc22

2010018784

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470694459 (HB)ePDF ISBN: 9780470971833oBook ISBN: 9780470971840

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

List of Figures

Figure 1.1Examples of the Main Types of High Altitude PlatformsFigure 1.2The Original SkyStation HAP Broadband and 3G Communications ConceptFigure 1.3The Angel Technologies – HALO Plane With Antenna Pod BelowFigure 1.4HAP Architecture ExamplesFigure 1.5StratXX X-Station Airship in Development in 2007Figure 1.6CAPANINA Project ScenarioFigure 1.7Pathfinder-Plus Carrying Onboard EquipmentFigure 1.8The 50m Long Unmanned Airship Developed by KARI for Phase 1Figure 1.9Artist’s Impression of Lockheed Martin High Altitude AirshipFigure 2.1The Layers of the Atmosphere (Altitudes are not in Linear Scale)Figure 2.2The Temperature Profile, Pressure and Density of the Air with Increasing AltitudeFigure 2.3Typical Wind Profile in the Stratosphere Based on Rawinsonde Observation DataFigure 2.4Airfoil and Lifting ForceFigure 2.5Aerodynamic ForcesFigure 2.6Schematic of a Power Subsystem Based on Renewable Energy SourcesFigure 2.7Microwave Power Beaming System Proposed by the SHARP ProgrammeFigure 2.8Unmanned Aircraft Location Cylinder for 99% and 99.9% of Time as Specified in the HeliNet ProjectFigure 2.9Example of y-Axis DriftFigure 2.10Graphical Representation of x- or y-Axis DriftFigure 2.11Example of z-Axis DriftFigure 2.12Drift on the z-Axis in the Case of a Highly Directional Antenna ProfileFigure 2.13Drift on the z-Axis in the Case of a Less Directional Antenna ProfileFigure 2.14Example of y-Axis Rotation (Pitch)Figure 2.15Example of z-Axis Rotation (Yaw)Figure 3.1The Effect of the Antenna Roll-off on Antenna Profile, with a Sidelobe Floor of -30dB Relative to Boresight GainFigure 3.2HAP and Cell GeometryFigure 3.3Angular Variations in the Position of a HAP on the Ground as a Function of Ground Distance, for Worst Case Horizontal and Vertical HAP DisplacementsFigure 3.4Caching Architecture ExampleFigure 3.5Stand-alone HAP with Local Services Backhauled via Terrestrial or Satellite LinksFigure 3.6Stand-alone HAP with No Backhaul and a Ground Base Network ConnectionFigure 3.7Interconnection of HAPs Via IPLsFigure 3.8HAPs Interconnected Using Common Backhaul Ground StationsFigure 3.9HAPs Interconnected Using Backhaul Ground Stations Interconnected Using TNLsFigure 3.10Backhaul Link ConfigurationsFigure 4.1HAP Operator and Service Provider Centric Business Model LinkagesFigure 4.2Technology Divisions Between Service Provider and HAP OperatorFigure 4.3HAPs RoadmapFigure 4.4Confidence, Investment, Development, Demonstration CycleFigure 4.5Examples of the Main Types of High Altitude PlatformsFigure 4.6Multiple HAP With Overlapping Coverage Area Incremental Deployment ModelFigure 4.7Operational Expenditures of the WLAN on Trains ServiceFigure 4.8Cash Flow of the WLAN on Trains ServiceFigure 4.9Operational Expenditures of the Backhaul ServiceFigure 4.10Cash Flow of the Backhaul ServiceFigure 4.11Operational Expenditures of the Broadband Internet ServiceFigure 4.12Cash Flow of Broadband InternetFigure 4.13Operational Expenditures of the Broadcast/Multicast ServiceFigure 4.14Cash Flow of the Broadcast/Multicast ServiceFigure 4.15Operational Expenditures of the Event Servicing/Disaster Relief ModelFigure 4.16Cash Flow of the Event Servicing/Disaster Relief ModelFigure 4.17Operational Expenditures of 3G Mobile PhoneFigure 4.18Cash Flow of 3G Mobile PhoneFigure 4.19Operational Expenditures of HAP Operator Centric Model (Unmanned Airship)Figure 4.20Cash Flow of HAP Operator Centric Model (Unmanned Airship)Figure 4.21Operational Expenditures of HAP Operator Centric Model (Manned Plane)Figure 4.22Cash Flow of HAP Operator Centric Model (Manned Plane)Figure 4.23Operational Expenditures of HAP Operator Centric Model [Unmanned Plane (Fuel)]Figure 4.24Cash Flow of HAP Operator Centric Model [Unmanned Plane (Fuel)]Figure 4.25Operational Expenditures of HAP Operator Centric Model [Unmanned Plane (Solar)]Figure 4.26Cash Flow of HAP Operator Centric Model [Unmanned Plane (Solar)]Figure 5.1Multiple HAP with Overlapping Coverage Area Incremental Deployment ModelFigure 6.1HAP Operating EnvironmentFigure 6.2Comparison of Satellite, Terrestrial and HAP Propagation EnvironmentFigure 6.3The Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) as a Function of Elevation AngleFigure 6.4Classification of the Wireless Propagation Channel ModellingFigure 6.5General Tap Delay Line Wireless Propagation Channel ModelFigure 6.6Switched Wireless Propagation Channel ModelFigure 6.7Geometry of the HAP Operating Environment for Attenuation Calculation Due to Gases and Water VapourFigure 6.8Attenuation Due to Absorption of the Atmospheric GasesFigure 6.9Geometry of the Scintillation Model for HAP Operating Environment for Scintillation CalculationFigure 6.10Block Diagram of the Scintillation Channel SimulatorFigure 6.11DLR Segment Approach for Rain Fading ModelFigure 6.12Rain Attenuation Time Series Generated for HAP Operating EnvironmentFigure 6.13Attenuation Time Series Due to the Scintillation Effect Generated for HAP Operating EnvironmentFigure 6.14A General Propagation Channel Model for HAP Communication SystemsFigure 6.15Channel State Variation for HAP Communication SystemsFigure 6.16Channel Attenuation of the HAP ChannelFigure 7.1Space and Terrestrial FSOFigure 7.2Transmission of a 20 km Vertical Path to Earth for Radiation Ranging from 400nm to 10μm; Derived Using MODTRAN Software from the Ontar Corporation and Assuming a Rural Aerosol Content with Visibility 23 km. (a) Transmission for the Range 400nm – 2.0 μm (b) Transmission for the range 0.4 – 10 μmFigure 7.3Schematic Illustration of Pulse Attenuation and Stretching due to Multiple ScatteringFigure 7.4Schematic Illustration of Rayleigh and Mie Scattering RegimesFigure 7.5(a) Received Intensity Image (Central Occluded Circle is Due to Telescope Design) (b) Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM) Image Used for Coherence Length ComputationFigure 7.6(a) Structure Constant Experimental Results as a Function of Distance from Ground Station and Time During the Morning and (b) Computed Coherence LengthFigure 7.7Block Diagram Illustrating Basic Optical Wireless Communication SystemFigure 7.8Schematic Illustration of Possible All-Optical HAP Network Operating Alongside HAP-to-User RF LinksFigure 8.1Selection Diversity PrincipleFigure 8.2Switched Diversity PrincipleFigure 8.3Combining Diversity PrincipleFigure 8.4System Architecture for Exploiting Space and Platform DiversityFigure 8.5Cumulative Density Function of Spectral Efficiency for No Diversity, Diversity from 2 HAPs and Diversity from 4 HAPsFigure 8.6Spatial MultiplexingFigure 8.7Space-Time Block Code TransmitterFigure 8.8Alamouti Transmission SchemeFigure 8.9The System Architecture for the MIMO Approach in HAP SystemsFigure 8.10Reference Constellation of 13 HAPs Above Two Railway LinesFigure 8.11Block Diagram of Communication System with ACMFigure 8.12Time Variation of Bandwidth Efficiency of the Scheme ACM 1 with SNR Range 18 dB and 18 CM ModesFigure 8.13Time Variation of Bandwidth Efficiency of the Scheme ACM 4 with SNR Range 4.5 dB and 4 CM modesFigure 8.14The Average Bandwidth Efficiency Versus the Number of CM Modes for ACM Schemes with Different SNR RangesFigure 8.15Cumulative Probability Density Function of the Achieved Spectral Efficiency for WiMAX Combing the V- MIMO Approach and ACMFigure 8.16A Possible HAP ArchitectureFigure 8.17Blocking Probability for NCD Algorithm for a Cluster Size of 7 With and Without Cell OverlapFigure 8.18Comparison of the CIR Performance for the NCD Algorithm Using a Cluster Size of 7, (a) Without Cell Overlap Exploitation and (b) With Cell Overlap ExploitationFigure 8.19Blocking probability for NCD Algorithm for a Cluster Size of 3 With and Without Cell OverlapFigure 8.20Comparison of the CIR Performance for the NCD Algorithm Using a Cluster Size of 3, (a) Without Cell Overlap Exploitation and (b) With Cell Overlap ExploitationFigure 8.21Comparison of the CIR Performance for the NCD-ND Algorithm for a Cluster Size of 7, With Cell Overlap Exploitation, at Access and During a ConnectionFigure 8.22CIR of NCD-ND Algorithm for a Cluster Size 3, (a) Without Overlap and (b) With OverlapFigure 8.23Blocking Probability for NT Detection Algorithm for a Cluster Size of 7 With and Without Cell OverlapFigure 8.24CIR of NT Detection Algorithm for a Cluster Size of 7, (a) Without Overlap and (b) With OverlapFigure 9.1Multiple HAPs Scenario With a Directional AntennaFigure 9.2Illustration of ψ3dB = ψsub or ψ10dB = ψsubFigure 9.3Downlink CINR Contour Plot for a Configuration of 16 HAPs Using Directional Antenna (1 Main HAP ‘o’, 15 Interfering HAPs ‘x’, Contour Labels: CINR (dB), Spacing Radius 60 km, pointing offset 0 km)Figure 9.4CINR Distribution Along the x-Axis of Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration With Different Spacing Radii (Pointing Offset 0 km, ψ10dB = ψsub)Figure 9.5CDF of CINR Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration With Different Spacing Radii (Pointing Offset 0 km, ψ10dB = ψsub)Figure 9.6CINR Distribution Along the x-Axis of Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration With Different Pointing Offset (Spacing Radii 60 km, ψ10dB = ψsub)Figure 9.7CDF of Spectral Efficiency Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration With Different Spacing Radii (Pointing Offset 0 km, ψ10dB = ψsub)Figure 9.8Median Spectral Efficiency Versus Number of HAPs for a Set of Spacing Radii (Pointing Offset 0 km, ψ10dB = ψsub)Figure 9.9Roll-off (nH) of HAP Antenna Versus the Pointing Offset When the HAP Peak Power is at X = 0Figure 9.10Beamwidth of HAP Antenna Versus the Pointing Offset When the HAP Peak Power is at X = 0Figure 9.11Combined Maximum CINR for a 16 HAP Configuration. Spacing Radius 50 km, HAPs Marked as ‘o’, Peak Power Location Marked as ‘x’, Maximum Peak CINR Marked as ‘◊’Figure 9.12CDF of Spectral Efficiency Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration With Different Appointed Peak Power. Spacing Radius 50 km, Pointing Offset 0 kmFigure 9.13Three Strategies of Increasing Deployment of HAPsFigure 9.14Median User Spectral Efficiency for Different Incremental Deployment for a Total 8 HAP configuration. Results Have Been Normalised to the Median User Spectral Efficiency for One HAP, which is 9.4 Bits/s/HzFigure 9.15CDF of User CINR Across the Coverage Area for the First Two HAP ConfigurationFigure 9.16Median Aggregate Spectral Efficiency for Different Increasing Circular Deployment for a Total 8 HAP Configuration. Results Have Been Scaled to the Median Spectral Efficiency for One HAP, which is 9.4 Bits/s/HzFigure 9.17User Antenna Pointing Error Described as Angle Deviation from the Boresight and as the Elevation and the Azimuth Angle AspectsFigure 9.18Virtual HAP Point with 16 HAPs Caused by User Pointing Error - Truncated Gaussian Distribution, Standard Deviation 0.5°, HAP Height 17 kmFigure 9.19Reduction in Antenna Gain Versus Pointing Error for Different Antenna BeamwidthsFigure 9.20The Median Spectral Efficiency for Elevation Error, Azimuth Error, Combined Error and Boresight Deviation Error - User Antenna Beamwidth 2°, Error Truncated to 2σFigure 9.21Illustration of a Projection of the Azimuth AngleFigure 9.22The Optimum User Antenna Beamwidth Versus Standard Deviation for Median, 10-Percentile and 90-Percentile Spectral EfficiencyFigure 9.23Reductions in CINR, Carrier Interference for Pointing ErrorFigure 9.24Illustration of a Two-Ring ConstellationFigure 9.25Number of HAPs can be Used by Users With 20° Minimum Elevation Angle Criterion for 16 HAPs - Marked as ‘X’. The Inner and Outer Ring Radius are 15 and 30 km Respectively, and the Inner and Oouter Ring Height are 17 kmFigure 9.26Wind Speed Profile Regarding Height. Values Vary With Season and Location but Generally Follow this Rough DistributionFigure 9.27Illustration of the Eclipse Effect When HAPs are at Different Heights Within the ConstellationFigure 9.28Illustration of Eclipse Region Movement when hi IncreasesFigure 9.29Illustration of Eclipse Region Movement when ho IncreasesFigure 9.30Minimum Distance of Eclipse Edges to Centre of the Coverage Area Versus Inner Ring Height (h) Variation - ho = 17 km, ro = 16 km, ri = 8 km, User Antenna Beamwidth is 2° and Half of the Sidelobe Floor Beamwidth is 3.2°Figure 9.31Mininum Distance of Eclipse Edges to Centre of the Coverage Area Versus Outer Ring Height (hi) Variation - ho = 17 km, ro = 16 km, ri = 8 km, User Antenna Beamwidth is 2° and Half of the Sidelobe Floor Beamwidth is 3.2°Figure 9.32CDF Comparison of Minimum Angular Separation Across the Coverage Area for Two-Ring and One-Ring Constellations in 16-HAP ConfigurationsFigure 9.33Example Contours of CINR for Different Pointing Offsets - Outer Ring Radius 16 km, Inner Ring Radius 8 km, Main HAPs ‘o’ and Other HAPs Marked as ‘x’Figure 9.34Optimal HAP Pointing Offset for Maximum Sum of Received Power Regarding Different HAP LocationsFigure 9.35Optimal HAP Pointing Offset for Minimum Dynamic Received Power Range Regarding Different HAP LocationsFigure 9.36CDF of CINR Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration-Inner Ring HAPFigure 9.37CDF of CINR Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP Configuration- Outer Ring HAPFigure 9.38CDF of Spectral Efficiency Across the Coverage Area for a 16 HAP ConfigurationFigure 10.1Two-level MIP Routing With CN in Global NetworkFigure 10.2Two-level MIP Routing for HAP-to-HAP TrafficFigure 10.3Two-level MIP Routing After First-Level Route Optimization (CN in Global Network)Figure 10.4Two-level MIP Routing After First-Level Route Optimization (CN in HAP Network)Figure 10.5Dual Interface Architecture for MIP Handover During NLOS Conditions

List of Tables

Table 1.1List of the main ITU-R Recommendations on HAPS in January 2010Table 2.1Density of the Air and Typically Used Lifting Gasses at Sea Level Pressure and 0°C (273 k)Table 2.2HAP Operating Parameters, State of Maturity and Indicative CostsTable 2.3Example HAP Capabilities in Terms of Fronthaul and Backhaul CapacitiesTable 3.1HAPs Broadband Multimedia Network ScenariosTable 3.2Advantages and Disadvantages of Topology Scenario Using IPLsTable 3.3Explanation of the Terms Used in the User Link BudgetsTable 3.4Example User Link BudgetTable 3.5Downlink Data Rates Per Cell for Different Scenarios Using the 28GHz BandTable 3.6Downlink Data Rates Per Cell for Different Scenarios Using the 48GHz BandTable 3.7Explanation of the Terms Used in the Backhaul Link BudgetsTable 3.8Example Link Budget for the Backhaul Link at 28GHzTable 3.9Example Link Budget for the Backhaul Link at 48GHzTable 3.10Downlink Data Rates per Backhaul Link for Different Scenarios Using the 28GHz BandTable 3.11Downlink Data Rates per Backhaul Link for Different Scenarios Using the 48GHz BandTable 3.12Number of Cells Served by an Individual Backhaul Link for the 28GHz BandTable 3.13Number of Cells Served by an Individual Backhaul Link for the 48GHz BandTable 3.14Number of Cells Served by an Individual Backhaul Link with Broadcast/Caching for the 28GHz Band