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- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Get hands-on experience on concepts of Bug Bounty Hunting
Key Features
- Get well-versed with the fundamentals of Bug Bounty Hunting
- Hands-on experience on using different tools for bug hunting
- Learn to write a bug bounty report according to the different vulnerabilities and its analysis
Book Description
Bug bounty programs are the deals offered by prominent companies where-in any white-hat hacker can find bugs in the applications and they will have a recognition for the same. The number of prominent organizations having this program has increased gradually leading to a lot of opportunity for Ethical Hackers.
This book will initially start with introducing you to the concept of Bug Bounty hunting. Then we will dig deeper into concepts of vulnerabilities and analysis such as HTML injection, CRLF injection and so on. Towards the end of the book, we will get hands-on experience working with different tools used for bug hunting and various blogs and communities to be followed.
This book will get you started with bug bounty hunting and its fundamentals.
What you will learn
- Learn the basics of bug bounty hunting
- Hunt bugs in web applications
- Hunt bugs in Android applications
- Analyze the top 300 bug reports
- Discover bug bounty hunting research methodologies
- Explore different tools used for Bug Hunting
Who this book is for
This book is targeted towards white-hat hackers, or anyone who wants to understand the concept behind bug bounty hunting and understand this brilliant way of penetration testing.
This book does not require any knowledge on bug bounty hunting.
Carlos A. Lozano is a security consultant with more than 15 years' experience in various security fields. He has worked in penetration tester, but most of his experience is with security application assessments. He has assessed financial applications, ISC/SCADA systems, and even low-level applications, such as drivers and embedded components. Two years ago, he started on public and private bug bounty programs and focused on web applications, source code review, and reversing projects. Also, Carlos works as Chief Operations Officer at Global CyberSec, an information security firm based in Mexico, with operations in USA and Chile. Shahmeer Amir is ranked as the third most accomplished bug hunter worldwide and has helped more than 400 organizations, including Facebook, Microsoft, Yahoo, and Twitter, resolve critical security issues in their systems. Following his vision of a safer internet, Shahmeer Amir is the founder and CEO of a cyber security start-up in Pakistan, Veiliux, aiming to secure all kinds of organizations. Shahmeer also holds relevant certifications in the field of cyber security from renowned organizations such as EC-Council, Mile2, and ELearn Security. By profession, Shahmeer is an electrical engineer working on different IoT products to make the lives of people easier.Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 241
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
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Bug Bounty Hunting Essentials
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing
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Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
Commissioning Editor: Gebin GeorgeAcquisition Editor:Shrilekha InaniContent Development Editor:Abhishek JadhavTechnical Editor:Mohd Riyan KhanCopy Editor:Safis EditingProject Coordinator:Jagdish PrabhuProofreader: Safis EditingIndexer: Tejal Daruwale SoniGraphics:Tom ScariaProduction Coordinator: Shantanu Zagade
First published: November 2018
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ISBN 978-1-78862-689-7
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Contributors
About the authors
Carlos A. Lozano is a security consultant with more than 15 years' experience in various security fields. He has worked in penetration tester, but most of his experience is with security application assessments. He has assessed financial applications, ISC/SCADA systems, and even low-level applications, such as drivers and embedded components. Two years ago, he started on public and private bug bounty programs and focused on web applications, source code review, and reversing projects. Also, Carlos works as Chief Operations Officer at Global CyberSec, an information security firm based in Mexico, with operations in USA and Chile.
Shahmeer Amir is ranked as the third most accomplished bug hunter worldwide and has helped more than 400 organizations, including Facebook, Microsoft, Yahoo, and Twitter, resolve critical security issues in their systems. Following his vision of a safer internet, Shahmeer Amir is the founder and CEO of a cyber security start-up in Pakistan, Veiliux, aiming to secure all kinds of organizations. Shahmeer also holds relevant certifications in the field of cyber security from renowned organizations such as EC-Council, Mile2, and ELearn Security. By profession, Shahmeer is an electrical engineer working on different IoT products to make the lives of people easier.
About the reviewers
Sachin Wagh is a young information security researcher from India. His core area of expertise includes penetration testing, vulnerability analysis, and exploit development. He has found security vulnerabilities in Google, Tesla Motors, LastPass, Microsoft, F-Secure, and other companies. Due to the severity of many bugs, he received numerous awards for his findings. He has participated as a speaker in several security conferences, such as Hack In Paris, Info Security Europe, and HAKON.
Ajay Anand is the Director and Founder of CTG Security Solutions®, Amritsar, Punjab in India. He has been running this Infosec Company since May 25, 2008 and deals in both Infosec Services and Training. A few of his franchise offices operate in various parts of India like Delhi, Bareilly, Hyderabad, and Bangalore while the head office is based in Amritsar. He manages all the company activities online and also supports his students with jobs. Many of his students have been placed in reputed companies after their infosec training. His company he runs has a team of 50 plus people.
He has worked on many national and international infosec projects (Web Application Security Testing, Network Penetration Testing, Secure Code Review, Mobile Security Testing, and so on) as well.
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If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please visit authors.packtpub.com and apply today. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insight with the global tech community. You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Bug Bounty Hunting Essentials
About Packt
Why subscribe?
Packt.com
Contributors
About the authors
About the reviewers
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Disclaimer
Basics of Bug Bounty Hunting
Bug bounty hunting platforms
HackerOne
Bugcrowd
Cobalt
Synack
Types of bug bounty program
Public programs
Private programs
Bug bounty hunter statistics
Number of vulnerabilities
Number of halls of fame
Reputation points
Signal
Impact
Accuracy
Bug bounty hunting methodology
How to become a bug bounty hunter
Reading books
Practicing what you learned
Reading proof of concepts
Learning from reports
Starting bug bounty hunting
Learning and networking with others
Rules of bug bounty hunting
Targeting the right program
Approaching the target with clarity
Keeping your expectations low
Learning about vulnerabilities
Keeping yourself up-to-date
Automating your vulnerabilities
Gaining experience with bug bounty hunting
Chaining vulnerabilities
Summary
How to Write a Bug Bounty Report
Prerequisites of writing a bug bounty report
Referring to the policy of the program
Mission statement
Participating services
Excluded domains
Reward and qualifications
Eligibility for participation
Conduct guidelines
Nonqualifying vulnerabilities
Commitment to researchers
Salient features of a bug bounty report
Clarity
Depth
Estimation
Respect
Format of a bug bounty report
Writing title of a report
Writing the description of a report
Writing the proof of concept of a report
Writing exploitability of a report
Writing impact of a report
Writing remediation
Responding to the queries of the team
Summary
SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
SQL injection
Types of SQL injection vulnerability
In-band SQLi (classic SQLi)
Inferential SQLi (blind SQLi)
Out-of-band SQLi
Goals of an SQL injection attack for bug bounty hunters
Uber SQL injection
Key learning from this report
Grab taxi SQL Injection
Key learning from this report
Zomato SQL injection
Key learning from this report
LocalTapiola SQL injection
Key learning from this report
Summary
Cross-Site Request Forgery
Protecting the cookies
Why does the CSRF exist?
GET CSRF
POST CSRF
CSRF-unsafe protections
Secret cookies
Request restrictions
Complex flow
URL rewriting
Using HTTPS instead of HTTP
CSRF – more safe protection
Detecting and exploiting CSRF
Avoiding problems with authentication
XSS – CSRF's best friend
Cross-domain policies
HTML injection
JavaScript hijacking
CSRF in the wild
Shopify for exporting installed users
Shopify Twitter disconnect
Badoo full account takeover
Summary
Application Logic Vulnerabilities
Origins
What is the main problem?
Following the flow
Spidering
Points of interest
Analysis
User input
Out-band channels
Naming conventions
Keywords related to technologies
Analyzing the traffic
Application logic vulnerabilities in the wild
Bypassing the Shopify admin authentication
Starbucks race conditions
Binary.com vulnerability – stealing a user's money
HackerOne signal manipulation
Shopify S buckets open
HackerOne S buckets open
Bypassing the GitLab 2F authentication
Yahoo PHP info disclosure
Summary
Cross-Site Scripting Attacks
Types of cross-site scripting
Reflected cross-site scripting
Stored cross-site scripting
DOM-based XSS
Other types of XSS attacks
Blind XSS
Flash-based XSS
Self XSS
How do we detect XSS bugs?
Detecting XSS bugs in real life
Follow the flow
Avoiding input validation controls
Other common strings
Bypassing filters using encoding
Bypassing filters using tag modifiers
Bypassing filters using dynamic constructed strings
Workflow of an XSS attack
HackeroneXSS
Executing malicious JS
Embedding unauthorized images in the report
Redirecting users to a different website
Key learning from this report
Slack XSS
Embedding malicious links to infect other users on Slack
Key learning from this report
TrelloXSS
Key learning from this report
Shopify XSS
Key learning from this report
Twitter XSS
Key learning from this report
Real bug bounty examples
Shopify wholesale
Shopify Giftcard Cart
Shopify currency formatting
Yahoo Mail stored XSS
Google image search
Summary
SQL Injection
Origin
Types of SQL injection
In-band SQL injection
Inferential
Out-of-band SQL injection
Fundamental exploitation
Detecting and exploiting SQL injection as if tomorrow does not exist
Union
Interacting with the DBMS
Bypassing security controls
Blind exploitation
Out-band exploitations
Example
Automation
SQL injection in Drupal
Summary
Open Redirect Vulnerabilities
Redirecting to another URL
Constructing URLs
Executing code
URL shorteners
Why do open redirects work?
Detecting and exploiting open redirections
Exploitation
Impact
Black and white lists
Open redirects in the wild
Shopify theme install open redirect
Shopify login open redirect
HackerOne interstitial redirect
XSS and open redirect on Twitter
Summary
Sub-Domain Takeovers
The sub-domain takeover
CNAME takeovers
NS takeover
MX takeovers
Internet-wide scans
Detecting possibly affected domains
Exploitation
Mitigation
Sub-domain takeovers in the wild
Ubiquiti sub-domain takeovers
Scan.me pointing to Zendesk
Starbucks' sub-domain takeover
Vine's sub-domain takeover
Uber's sub-domain takeover
Summary
XML External Entity Vulnerability
How XML works
How is an XXE produced?
Detecting and exploiting an XXE
Templates
XXEs in the wild
Read access to Google
A Facebook XXE with Word
The Wikiloc XXE
Summary
Template Injection
What's the problem?
Examples
Twig and FreeMaker
Smarty
Marko
Detection
Exploitation
Mitigation
SSTI in the wild
Uber Jinja2 TTSI
Uber Angular template injection
Yahoo SSTI vulnerability
Rails dynamic render
Summary
Top Bug Bounty Hunting Tools
HTTP proxies, requests, responses, and traffic analyzers
Burp Suite
Wireshark
Firebug
ZAP – Zed Attack Proxy
Fiddler
Automated vulnerability discovery and exploitation
Websecurify (SECAPPS)
Acunetix
Nikto
sqlmap
Recognize
Knockpy
HostileSubBruteforcer
Nmap
Shodan
What CMS
Recon-ng
Extensions
FoxyProxy
User-Agent Switcher
HackBar
Cookies Manager+
Summary
Top Learning Resources
Training
Platzi
Udemy
GIAC
Offensive Security
Books and resources
Web Application Hacker's Handbook
OWASP Testing Guide
Hacking 101
The Hacker Play Book
Exploiting Software
CTFs and wargames
Hack The Box
Damn Vulnerable Web Application
Badstore
Metasploitable
YouTube channels
Web Hacking Pro Tips
BugCrowd
HackerOne
Social networks and blogs
Exploitware Labs
Philippe Hare Wood
PortSwigger's blog
Meetings and networking
LiveOverflow
OWASP meetings
DEFCON meetings
2600 meetings
Conferences
DEFCON
BlackHat
BugCON
Ekoparty
Code Blue
CCC
H2HC
8.8
Podcasts
PaulDotCom
Summary
Other Books You May Enjoy
Leave a review - let other readers know what you think
Preface
Bug bounty programs are deals offered by prominent companies where white-hat hackers can be rewarded for finding bugs in applications. The number of prominent organizations with such programs has been on the increase, leading to a lot of opportunity for ethical hackers.
This book will start by introducing you to the concept of bug bounty hunting. After that, we will dig deeper into concepts of vulnerabilities and analysis, such as HTML injection and CRLF injection. Toward the end of the book, we will get hands-on experience working with different tools used for bug hunting and various blogs and communities to follow.
This book will get you started with bug bounty hunting and its fundamentals.
Who this book is for
This book is targeted at white-hat hackers or anyone who wants to understand the concept behind bug bounty hunting and this brilliant way of penetration testing.
This book does not require any knowledge of bug bounty hunting.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Basics of Bug Bounty Hunting, gives you an overview of what bug bounty hunting is and what the key steps for doing it are, including the techniques, platforms, and tools that are necessary for it.
Chapter 2, How to Write a Bug Bounty Report, provides you with information on how to use a vulnerability coordination platform to write bug bounty reports and how to respond to company's questions with caution and respect. It will also provide tips on how to increase payouts.
Chapter 3, SQL Injection Vulnerabilities, focuses on CRLF bug bounty reports. A CRLF injection attack occurs when a user manages to submit a CRLF into an application. This is most commonly done by modifying an HTTP parameter or URL.
Chapter 4, Cross-Site Request Forgery, is about basic Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks and bug bounty reports. CSRF is an attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which they're currently authenticated.
Chapter 5, Application Logic Vulnerabilities, is about business logic and application logic flaws. Application business logic flaws are unique to each custom application, potentially very damaging, and difficult to test. Attackers exploit business logic by using deductive reasoning to trick and ultimately exploit the application.
Chapter 6, Cross-Site Scripting Attacks, covers Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities. XSS is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users.
Chapter 7, SQL Injection, is mostly about finding SQL injection flaws in bug bounty programs. SQL injection is one of the most common web hacking techniques. SQL injection is the placement of malicious code in SQL statements via web page input.
Chapter 8, Open Redirect Vulnerabilities, is about open redirect vulnerabilities in web applications. Unvalidated redirects and forwards are possible when a web application accepts untrusted input that could cause the web application to redirect the request to a URL contained within untrusted input. By modifying untrusted URL input to a malicious site, an attacker may successfully launch a phishing scam and steal user credentials.
Chapter 9, Sub-Domain Takeover, focuses on sub-domain takeover vulnerabilities. A sub-domain takeover is considered a high-severity threat and boils down to the registration of a domain by somebody else (with malicious intentions) in order to gain control over one or more (sub-)domains.
Chapter 10, XML External Entity Vulnerability, is about XML External Entity (XXE) attacks. XXE refers to a specific type of Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack, whereby an attacker is able to cause Denial of Service (DoS) and access local or remote files and services by abusing a widely available, rarely used feature in an XML parser.
Chapter 11, Template Injection, is mainly about template injection vulnerabilities. Template injection vulnerabilities arise when applications using a client-side or server-side template framework dynamically embed user input in web pages.
Chapter 12, Top Bug Bounty Hunting Tools, reviews the most used tools for web application security assessments. Most of them are open source or for free, but we will also mention some tools that are licensed.
Chapter 13, Top Learning Resources, lists some resources to be updated in the new technologies, exploiting techniques and vulnerability disclosures.
Conventions used
There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.
CodeInText: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "In a vulnerability example, the subdomain (hello.domain.com) uses a canoninal name"
A block of code is set as follows:
package subjack import ( "log" "sync" )
When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:
package subjack import (
"log"
"sync" )
Any command-line input or output is written as follows:
$ amass -d bigshot.beet
$ amass -src -ip -brute -min-for-recursive 3 -d example.com
Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this. Here is an example: "Right-click on a website and select Inspect Element"
Get in touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.
General feedback: If you have questions about any aspect of this book, mention the book title in the subject of your message and email us at [email protected].
Errata: Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do happen. If you have found a mistake in this book, we would be grateful if you would report this to us. Please visit www.packt.com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the Errata Submission Form link, and entering the details.
Piracy: If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us with the location address or website name. Please contact us at [email protected] with a link to the material.
If you are interested in becoming an author: If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit authors.packtpub.com.
Reviews
Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make purchase decisions, we at Packt can understand what you think about our products, and our authors can see your feedback on their book. Thank you!
For more information about Packt, please visit packt.com.
Disclaimer
The information within this book is intended to be used only in an ethical manner. Do not use any information from the book if you do not have written permission from the owner of the equipment. If you perform illegal actions, you are likely to be arrested and prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Packt Publishing does not take any responsibility if you misuse any of the information contained within the book. The information herein must only be used while testing environments with proper written authorizations from appropriate persons responsible.
Basics of Bug Bounty Hunting
Bug bounty hunting is a method for finding flaws and vulnerabilities in web applications; application vendors reward bounties, and so the bug bounty hunter can earn money in the process of doing so. Application vendors pay hackers to detect and identify vulnerabilities in their software, web applications, and mobile applications. Whether it's a small or a large organization, internal security teams require an external audit from other real-world hackers to test their applications for them. That is the reason they approach vulnerability coordination platforms to provide them with private contractors, also known as bug bounty hunters, to assist them in this regard.
Bug bounty hunters possess a wide range of skills that they use to test applications of different vendors and expose security loopholes in them. Then they produce vulnerability reports and send them to the company that owns the program to fix those flaws quickly. If the report is accepted by the company, the reporter gets paid. There are a few hackers who earn thousands of dollars in a single year by just hunting for vulnerabilities in programs.
The bug bounty program, also known as the vulnerability rewards program (VRP), is a crowd-sourced mechanism that allows companies to pay hackers individually for their work in identifying vulnerabilities in their software. The bug bounty program can be incorporated into an organization's procedures to facilitate its security audits and vulnerability assessments so that it complements the overall information security strategy. Nowadays, there are a number of software and application vendors that have formed their own bug bounty programs, and they reward hackers who find vulnerabilities in their programs.
The bug bounty reports sent to the teams must have substantial information with proof of concept regarding the vulnerability so that the program owners can replicate the vulnerability as per how the researcher found it. Usually the rewards are subject to the size of the organization, the level of effort put in to identify the vulnerability, the severity of the vulnerability, and the effects on the users.
Statistics state that companies pay more for bugs with high severity than with normal ones. Facebook has paid up to 20,000 USD for a single bug report. Google has a collective record of paying 700,000 USD to researchers who reported vulnerabilities to them. Similarly, Mozilla pays up to 3,000 USD for vulnerabilities. A researcher from the UK called James Forshaw was rewarded 100,000 USD for identifying a vulnerability in Windows 8.1. In 2016, Apple also announced rewards up to 200,000 USD to find flaws in iOS components, such as remote execution with kernel privileges or unauthorized iCloud access.
In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
Bug bounty hunting platforms
Types of bug bounty programs
Bug bounty hunter statistics
Bug bounty hunting methodology
How to become a bug bounty hunter
Rules of bug bounty hunting
Bug bounty hunting platforms
A few years ago, if someone found a vulnerability in a website, it was not easy to find the right method to contact the web application owners and then too after contacting them it was not guaranteed that they would respond in time or even at all. Then there was also the factor of the web application owners threatening to sue the reporter. All of these problems were solved by vulnerability co-ordination platforms or bug bounty platforms. A bug bounty platform is a platform that manages programs for different companies. The management includes:
Reports
Communication
Reward payments
There are a number of different bug bounty platforms being used by companies nowadays. The top six platforms are explained in the following sections.
HackerOne
HackerOne is a vulnerability collaboration and bug bounty hunting platform that connects companies with hackers. It was one of the first start-ups to commercialize and utilize crowd-sourced security and hackers as a part of its business model, and is the biggest cybersecurity firm of its kind.
Bugcrowd
Bugcrowd Inc. is a company that develops a coordination platform that connects businesses with researchers so as to test their applications. It offers testing solutions for web, mobile, source code, and client-side applications.
Cobalt
Cobalt's Penetration Testing as a Service (PTaaS) platform converts broken pentest models into a data-driven vulnerability co-ordination engine. Cobalt's crowdsourced SaaS platform delivers results that help agile teams to pinpoint, track, and remediate vulnerabilities.
Synack
Synack is an American technology company based in Redwood City, California. Synack's business includes a vulnerability intelligence platform that automates the discovery of exploitable vulnerabilities for reconnaissance and turns them over to the company's freelance hackers to create vulnerability reports for clients.
Types of bug bounty program
Bug bounty programs come in two different types based on their participation perspectives. This division is based on the bug bounty hunter's statistics and their level of indulgence overall on a platform. There are two kinds of bug bounty program: public programs and private programs.
Public programs
A public bug bounty program is one that is open to anyone who wants to participate. This program may prohibit some researchers from participating based on the researcher's level and track record, but in general, anyone can participate in a public bounty program and this includes the scope, the rules of engagement, as well as the bounty guidelines. A public program is accessible by all researchers on the platform, and all bug bounty programs outside of the platforms are also considered bug bounty programs.
Private programs
A private bug bounty program is one that is an invite-only program for selected researchers. This is a program that allows only a few researchers to participate and the researchers are invited based on their skill level and statistics. Private programs only select those researchers who are skilled in testing the kinds of applications that they have. The programs tend to go public after a certain amount of time but some of them may never go public at all. These programs provide access only to those researchers that have a strong track record of reporting good vulnerabilities, so to be invited to good programs, it is required to have a strong and positive record.
There are a few differences between a public and private program. Conventionally, programs tend to start as private and over time evolve into the public. This is not always true but, mostly, businesses start a private bug bounty program and invite a group of researchers that test their apps before the program goes public to the community. Companies usually consider a few factors before they start a public program. There has to be a defined testing timeline and it is advised that companies initially work with researchers who specialize in that particular area to identify the flaws and vulnerabilities.
Most of the time, the companies do not open their programs to the public and limit the scope of testing as well so as to allow researchers to test these applications specifically in the sections that are critical. This reduces the number of low-severity vulnerabilities in out-of-scope applications. Many organizations use this technique to verify their security posture. Many researchers hunt for bugs in applications mainly for financial gain, so it is crucial that the organization outlines their payout structure within the program's scope. There are a few questions before anyone would want to start to participate in a bug bounty program; the most important one is What is the end goal of the program going public versus keeping it private?
Bug bounty hunter statistics
A bug bounty hunter's profile contains substantial information about the track record that helps organizations identify the skill level and skill set of the user. The bug bounty hunter stats include a number of pointers in the profile that indicate the level of the researcher. Different pointers indicate different levels on different platforms. But generally you will see the following pointers and indicators based on which you can judge a researcher's potential.
