Building Services Design Management E-Book

Jackie Portman

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 415

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Building services refers to the equipment and systems that contribute to controlling the internal environment to make it safe and comfortable to occupy. They also support the requirements of processes and business functions within buildings, for example manufacturing and assembly operations, medical procedures, warehousing and storage of materials, chemical processing, housing livestock, plant cultivation, etc. 

For both people and processes the ability of the building services engineering systems to continually perform properly, reliably, effectively and efficiently is of vital importance to the operational requirements of a building. Typically the building services installation is worth 30-60% of the total value of a contract, however existing publications on design management bundles building services engineering up with other disciplines and does not recognise its unique features and idiosyncrasies.

Building Services Design Management provides authoritative guidance for building services engineers responsible for the design of services, overseeing the installation, and witnessing the testing and commissioning of these systems. The design stage requires technical skills to ensure that the systems are safe, compliant with legislative requirements and good practices, are cost-effective and are coordinated with the needs of the other design and construction team professionals.  Covering everything from occupant subjectivity and end-user behaviour to design life maintainability, sequencing and design responsibility the book will meet the needs of building services engineering undergraduates and postgraduates as well as being an ideal handbook for building services engineers moving into design management. 

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

About the author

Introduction

Part One: The operating context

1 The operating environment

1.1 Organisational arrangement

1.2 The internal environment

Summary

2 The external environment

2.1 Competitor analysis

2.2 PESTLE analysis

Summary

3 Engaging building services engineers

3.1 Types of commissions

3.2 Contracts

3.3 Fees

3.4 Getting work

Summary

4 Stakeholder interfaces

4.1 The client team

4.2 Enforcing authorities

4.3 The design team

4.4 The construction team

4.5 Utility service providers

4.6 Non-contractual interfaces

Summary

Reference

5 Professional ethics

Summary

Part Two: Technical issues associated with building services design

6 Design criteria

6.1 External design criteria

6.2 Interior design criteria

6.3 Voluntary codes and practices

Summary

Reference

7 System descriptions

7.1 Public utility services connections

7.2 Ventilation

7.3 Heating

7.4 Cooling

7.5 Air-conditioning

7.6 Water systems

7.7 Gas systems

7.8 Electrical distribution

7.9 Artificial lighting

7.10 Controls

7.11 Lightning protection system

7.12 Fire detection and alarm system

7.13 Smoke and fire control systems

7.14 Security systems

7.15 Structured wiring system

7.16 Broadcast communications technology systems

7.17 Mobile telephony systems

7.18 Audio, visual, audiovisual and information systems

7.19 Facilities for the disabled

7.20 Vertical transportation

Summary

8 Off-site manufacturing

Summary

Part Three: The design management process

9 Design execution

9.1 Project stages

9.2 Design management issues

Summary

10 Risk management

Summary

References

11 Information management

Summary

12 Value management

Summary

13 Planning management

Summary

Reference

14 Commercial management

Summary

15 Quality management

Summary

16 Performance management

Summary

Part Four: Special buildings

17 Special buildings

17.1 Commercial kitchens

17.2 Hospitals and healthcare facilities

17.3 Data centres

17.4 Shopping centres

17.5 Sports facilities

17.6 Hotels

17.7 Educational buildings

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Typical sample specification for outdoor temperature and humidity.

Table 6.2 Typical sample specification for rainfall.

Table 6.3 Typical sample specification for wind.

Table 6.4 Typical sample specification for lightning protection risk.

Table 6.5 Sample design criteria: thermal comfort in an office.

Table 6.6 Example design criteria for visual conditions.

Table 6.7 Design criteria parameters for lighting controls.

Table 6.8 Sample design criteria: vertical transportation in an office.

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Examples of water supply specifications.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Building services engineering design risks – preparation stage.

Table 10.2 Building services engineering design risks – design stage.

Table 10.3 Building services engineering design risks – construction stage.

Table 10.4 Generic risks – handover stage.

Table 10.5 Generic risks – In use stage.

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Figure 0.1 Developments in building services engineering systems.

Figure 0.2 Overt building services engineering system solutions.

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Effects of increasing project size and complexity on resources required.

Figure 1.2 Vertical and horizontal integration of building services engineers.

Figure 1.3 Building sectors.

Figure 1.4 Components of intellectual capital.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Hierarchy of legislation in the UK.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Collateral warranty agreements.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Relationship between cost and satisfying external design criteria.

Figure 6.2 Weather data stations.

Figure 6.3 Elements of solar radiation.

Figure 6.4 Effect of water on local weather.

Figure 6.5 Effect of heavy urban areas.

Figure 6.6 Effect of buildings on local wind patterns.

Figure 6.7 Local fogging.

Figure 6.8 Some sources of pollution into buildings.

Figure 6.9 Sources of noise and vibration pollution.

Figure 6.10 Sources of light pollution.

Figure 6.11 Heat gains to a space.

Figure 6.12 Pressure regimes in a building.

Figure 6.13 Stairwell pressurisation with dampers and multiple injection points to regulate pressure.

Figure 6.14 The three components of daylight.

Figure 6.15 Examples of different task levels.

Figure 6.16 Effect of maintenance factor on lighting installation design.

Figure 6.17 Elements of firefighting shafts.

Figure 6.18 Pesticide control system integrated into a fence.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Electrical and gas load profiles for a school building (note the different timescales).

Figure 7.2 Constituent parts of specification for incoming electrical supply.

Figure 7.3 Example specifications for electrical supplies.

Figure 7.4 Constituent parts of specification for incoming gas supply.

Figure 7.5 Example specifications for gas supplies.

Figure 7.6 Sources of fresh air and means of removal.

Figure 7.7 The stack effect.

Figure 7.8 Natural ventilation principles.

Figure 7.9 Components of a typical ventilation system.

Figure 7.10 Basic components of a simple heating distribution system.

Figure 7.11 Example of components of a packaged Air Handling Unit.

Figure 7.12 Air gap, preventing backflow.

Figure 7.13 Provision of dry risers.

Figure 7.14 Components of a sprinkler system.

Figure 7.15 Components of a gas system.

Figure 7.16 Examples of electrical cable and containment.

Figure 7.17 Three different arrangements for serving the same electrical loads.

Figure 7.18 Basics of earthing and bonding systems.

Figure 7.19 Components of emergency lighting systems.

Figure 7.20 Inputs and outputs to a fire detection and alarm system.

Figure 7.21 Ductwork and fire compartments.

Figure 7.22 Smoke control in an atrium – a possible solution.

Figure 7.23 Fields of view for CCTV cameras.

Figure 7.24 Components of a structured wiring system.

Figure 7.25 Principles of broadcast TV components.

Figure 7.26 Principles of mobile telephony systems.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 Headline project stages.

Figure 9.2 Spare capacity.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 An example of a typical model of the concept design process (adapted from Jensen and Tonies, 1979).

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 How performance indicators support management actions.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Building Services Design Management

Jackie Portman

This edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Portman, Jackie. Building services design management / Jackie Portman.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-52812-9 (paperback)1. Building–Superintendence. 2. Construction projects–Management.3. Building–Planning. 4. Engineering design. I. Title.  TH438.P676 2014 658.2–dc232014012269

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Andrew Magee

Book illustrations: Dave Thomson

Cover images courtesy ofFotolia_31720344 (Air-conditioning Ducts – background image) © Phillip MinnisFotolia_30377348 (electric cables) © effe45Fotolia_38650039 (Train) © joFotolia_43590673 (air conditioning tubes) © APFotolia_51516109 (air conditioning ceiling) © APFotolia_52506285 (ceiling with lighting) © Photographee.euFotolia_56780047 (front of building) © ginton

Preface

Building services engineers seek to provide safe and comfortable environments for building occupants and for any activities happening within buildings: their remit may also extend to areas outside buildings. This process starts with the design of the appropriate systems and equipment, which then has to be installed and operated. It is all too easy for building services engineers just to concentrate on, for example, the water flow rates in pipes, the airflows in ducts, the temperature and airflow rate coming out of the diffusers, because these are specific. However, they also need to focus on what is happening within the space they are serving; for example, in any space there will be air movements due to draughts, leakages, window and door openings, and the buoyancy of the air will be changing from place to place; there may, or may not, be sun streaming through the window; heat is being given off by people, lights and equipment; … and so the list goes on.

The role of a building services engineering design manager is becoming a discipline in its own right. There have been numerous efforts to place design on a higher intellectual level, and to develop design as a discipline with its own structure, methods and vocabulary. The methodologies for design management are inherently complex and the problem is exacerbated by the highly dynamic nature of the construction industry, the iterative nature of any creative process and the reworking that inevitably must be planned for. The increasing number of specialisms coupled with a tendency for participants to work in ‘silos’ provides further challenges. Finally, design management is increasingly becoming a contractor-led process which is a relatively new scenario for all the involved parties.

Traditional planning and management techniques are not well suited to the particular needs of the building services design manager. Design management issues cannot be resolved by squeezing the design process, achieving the same milestones with less information or making autarchic decisions to change design sequences. With respect to building services engineering, there are a lot of factors to be considered and many disciplines are involved. Non-existent or ineffective design management results in extended design timescales and poor quality of information. Any unresolved design issues have to be answered at some point in order for the installation work to happen. The effects of this can be increased costs, programme delays on site and inferior quality of the completed systems.

Design ‘management’ historically consisted of monitoring the drawing, document and schedule completion against a planned release schedule. This approach was crude and superficial, giving an approximate guide to progress without consideration of the design activity itself. The most serious inadequacy is the inability to predict the effects of changes. Design changes are an unavoidable outcome of the ill-defined nature of design problems. These arise frequently, owing to either the client’s instruction – for example, a change/clarification of the brief – or the designer’s eliminating an error or improving the design. Any technique that gives some insight into the impact of design changes (often termed ‘design variations’) on other design disciplines, the programme, on cost (to both client and designer) or on construction would be most valuable.

This book aims to give practical and relevant information to those involved with the design management of building services. In particular it recognises the idiosyncrasies and distinct features of building services engineering that are not specifically covered in general texts on design management – which tend to be architecturally focused. It does not provide specific guidance on how to design building services systems but it does contain direction on how to approach the management of the design.

The intended audience includes:

building services engineering undergraduates, postgraduates and their tutors

other construction-related discipline undergraduates and postgraduates and their tutors

practising building services engineers who aspire to move into design management

building services engineers who have found themselves promoted to design managers and need some support

architecturally biased design managers seeking a better understanding of building services engineering design management

project managers and clients in search of a better understanding of building services engineering.

‘Purple panels’ are included to offer some light relief from the main text. These provide worked examples, further explanations or useful background information.

While the book is biased towards the UK market in terms of references to terminology, legislation and working practices, the approaches are applicable to other regions.

The book is to all intent and purpose about management of a process. Yet successful design management, particularly building services engineering, needs leadership, which in turn means, good, even excellent interpersonal skills. These are about the how we communicate with, listen to, respond to, and understand others, such that problems are more accurately analysed and the corrective actions are more likely to remove the difficulty or resolve the problem, which contributes to the project’s desired outcome and leads to our personally being more successful in professional and personal lives.

In a nutshell, this is the book I wish I had had during my career in industry, as I transitioned from a building services engineer to a design manager and as a part-time lecturer covering building services design management, when I would have appreciated relevant reference material to help structure my lectures.

About the author

Dr Jackie Portman DBEnv, MSc, BEng, ACGI, CEng, FCIBSE, MIET, MCIOB, MiMechE is a building services design engineer and manager with over 25 years’ experience. She graduated in electrical engineering from Imperial College, University of London and took her first steps into the construction industry. She was attracted by the exciting, challenging, ever-changing and all-encompassing nature of the construction industry – where there are always new challenges and areas of interest – and she has never looked back. She has worked in consultancy, main-contracting, building services subcontracting, project management and client organisations in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

She has led the design management process of a range of projects in terms of complexity, size and uses: university complexes (libraries, archive buildings, state-of-the-art education and research facilities), healthcare projects (wards, laboratories, clinical areas), single and mixed-use commercial office complexes, residential developments and schools. Her particular areas of expertise are in consultant selection and appointment, managing the design and pre-construction activities, and also in ensuring that commissioning management procedures are put in place, and closing out and handing over successful projects, and thereafter in instigating post-occupancy studies to understand how the building services engineering designs worked for the building occupants, operations and maintenance staff.

She fully appreciates the challenges of design management, where design issues cannot be resolved by squeezing the design process, achieving milestones but with less information or making explicit decisions to change design sequences. There are a lot of factors to be considered and many disciplines and stakeholders involved. Non-existent or ineffective design management results in extended design timescales.

She has always been keen to enthuse and motivate students and trainees and has used her ‘hands-on’ perspective to support full-time academics and teachers. She has been a visiting lecturer at the University of the West of England and the City of Bristol College, also contributing to the development of syllabuses, in particular, ensuring their relevance to current industry trends and requirements.

She obtained her doctorate from the University of the West of England, researching into ways and means of improving the contribution of building services engineers to the building design process, looking at how they are perceived by the rest of the construction industry and what tools and processes would help improve their performance.