Celtic Folklore. Book I E-Book

John Rhys

• Herausgeber: Skyline
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Towards the close of the seventies I began to collect Welsh folklore. I did so partly because others had set the example elsewhere, and partly in order to see whether Wales could boast of any story-tellers of the kind that delight the readers of Campbell’s Popular Tales of the West Highlands. I soon found what I was not wholly unprepared for, that as a rule I could not get a single story of any length from the mouths of any of my fellow countrymen, but a considerable number of bits of stories. In some instances these were so scrappy that it took me years to discover how to fit them into their proper context; but, speaking generally, I may say, that, as the materials, such as they were, accumulated, my initial difficulties disappeared. I was, however, always a little afraid of refreshing my memory with the legends of other lands lest I should read into those of my own, ideas possibly foreign to them. While one is busy collecting, it is safest probably not to be too much engaged in comparison: when the work of collecting is done that of comparing may begin. But after all I have not attempted to proceed very far in that direction, only just far enough to find elucidation here and there for the meaning of items of folklore brought under my notice. To have gone further would have involved me in excursions hopelessly beyond the limits of my undertaking, for comparative folklore has lately assumed such dimensions, that it seems best to leave it to those who make it their special study.

Leseprobe

John Rhys

Celtic Folklore. Book I

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Table of contents

PREFACE

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

Our modern idioms, with all their straining after the abstract, are but primitive man’s mental tools adapted to the requirements of civilized life, and they often retain traces of the form and shape which the neolithic worker’s chipping and polishing gave them.

PREFACE

Towards the close of the seventies I began to collect Welsh folklore. I did so partly because others had set the example elsewhere, and partly in order to see whether Wales could boast of any story-tellers of the kind that delight the readers of Campbell’s Popular Tales of the West Highlands. I soon found what I was not wholly unprepared for, that as a rule I could not get a single story of any length from the mouths of any of my fellow countrymen, but a considerable number of bits of stories. In some instances these were so scrappy that it took me years to discover how to fit them into their proper context; but, speaking generally, I may say, that, as the materials, such as they were, accumulated, my initial difficulties disappeared. I was, however, always a little afraid of refreshing my memory with the legends of other lands lest I should read into those of my own, ideas possibly foreign to them. While one is busy collecting, it is safest probably not to be too much engaged in comparison: when the work of collecting is done that of comparing may begin. But after all I have not attempted to proceed very far in that direction, only just far enough to find elucidation here and there for the meaning of items of folklore brought under my notice. To have gone further would have involved me in excursions hopelessly beyond the limits of my undertaking, for comparative folklore has lately assumed such dimensions, that it seems best to leave it to those who make it their special study. It is a cause of genuine regret to me that I did not commence my inquiries earlier, when I had more opportunities of pursuing them, especially when I was a village schoolmaster in Anglesey and could have done the folklore of that island thoroughly; but my education, such as it was, had been of a nature to discourage all interest in anything that savoured of heathen lore and superstition. Nor is that all, for the schoolmasters of my early days took very little trouble to teach their pupils to keep their eyes open or take notice of what they heard around them; so I grew up without having acquired the habit of observing anything, except the Sabbath. It is to be hoped that the younger generation of schoolmasters trained under more auspicious circumstances, when the baleful influence of Robert Lowe has given way to a more enlightened system of public instruction, will do better, and succeed in fostering in their pupils habits of observation. At all events there is plenty of work still left to be done by careful observers and skilful inquirers, as will be seen from the geographical list showing approximately the provenance of the more important contributions to the Kymric folklore in this collection: the counties will be found to figure very unequally. Thus the anglicizing districts have helped me very little, while the more Welsh county of Carnarvon easily takes the lead; but I am inclined to regard the anomalous features of that list as in a great measure due to accident. In other words, some neighbourhoods have been luckier than others in having produced or attracted men who paid attention to local folklore; and if other counties were to be worked equally with Carnarvonshire, some of them would probably be found not much less rich in their yield. The anglicizing counties in particular are apt to be disregarded both from the Welsh and the English points of view, in folklore just as in some other things; and in this connexion I cannot help mentioning the premature death of the Rev. Elias Owen as a loss which Welsh folklorists will not soon cease to regret. My information has been obtained partly viva voce, partly by letter. In the case of the stories written down for me in Welsh, I may mention that in some instances the language is far from good; but it has not been thought expedient to alter it in any way, beyond introducing some consistency into the spelling. In the case of the longest specimen of the written stories, Mr. J. C. Hughes’ Curse of Pantannas, it is worthy of notice in passing, that the rendering of it into English was followed by a version in blank verse by Sir Lewis Morris, who published it in his Songs of Britain. With regard to the work generally, my original intention was to publish the materials, obtained in the way described, with such stories already in print as might be deemed necessary by way of setting for them; and to let any theories or deductions in which I might be disposed to indulge follow later. In this way the first six chapters and portions of some of the others appeared from time to time in the publications of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion and in those of the Folk-Lore Society. This would have allowed me to divide the present work into the two well marked sections of materials and deductions. But, when the earlier part came to be edited, I found that I had a good deal of fresh material at my disposal, so that the chapters in question had in some instances to be considerably lengthened and in some others modified in other ways. Then as to the deductive half of the work, it may be mentioned that certain portions of the folklore, though ever apt to repeat themselves, were found when closely scrutinized to show serious lacunæ, which had to be filled in the course of the reasoning suggested by the materials in hand. Thus the idea of the whole consisting of two distinctly defined sections had to be given up or else allowed to wait till I should find time to recast it. But I could no more look forward to any such time than to the eventual possibility of escaping minor inconsistencies by quietly stepping through the looking-glass and beginning my work with the index instead of resting content to make it in the old-fashioned way at the end. There was, however, a third course, which is only mentioned to be rejected, and that was to abstain from all further publication; but what reader of books has ever known any of his authors to adopt that! To crown these indiscretions I have to confess that even when most of what I may call the raw material had been brought together, I had no clear idea what I was going to do with it; but I had a hazy notion, that, as in the case of an inveterate talker whose stream of words is only made the more boisterous by obstruction, once I sat down to write I should find reasons and arguments flowing in. It may seem as though I had been secretly conjuring with Vergil’s words . Nothing so deliberate: the world in which I live swarms with busybodies dying to organize everybody and everything, and my instinctive opposition to all that order of tyranny makes me inclined to cherish a somewhat wild sort of free will. Still the cursory reader would be wrong to take for granted that there is no method in my madness: should he take the trouble to look for it, he would find that it has a certain unity of purpose, which has been worked out in the later chapters; but to spare him that trouble I venture to become my own expositor and to append the following summary:— The materials crowded into the earlier chapters mark out the stories connected with the fairies, whether of the lakes or of the dry land, as the richest lode to be exploited in the mine of Celtic folklore. That work is attempted in the later chapters; and the analysis of what may briefly be described as the fairy lore given in the earlier ones carries with it the means of forcing the conviction, that the complex group of ideas identified with the little people is of more origins than one; in other words, that it is drawn partly from history and fact, and partly from the world of imagination and myth. The latter element proves on examination to be inseparably connected with certain ancient beliefs in divinities and demons associated, for instance, with lakes, rivers, and floods. Accordingly, this aspect of fairy lore has been dealt with in chapters vi and vii: the former is devoted largely to the materials themselves, while the latter brings the argument to a conclusion as to the intimate connexion of the fairies with the water-world. Then comes the turn of the other kind of origin to be discussed, namely, that which postulates the historical existence of the fairies as a real race on which have been lavishly superinduced various impossible attributes. This opens up a considerable vista into the early ethnology of these islands, and it involves a variety of questions bearing on the fortunes here of other races. In the series which suggests itself the fairies come first as the oldest and lowest people: then comes that which I venture to call Pictish, possessed of a higher civilization and of warlike instincts. Next come the earlier Celts of the Goidelic branch, the traces, linguistic and other, of whose presence in Wales have demanded repeated notice; and last of all come the other Celts, the linguistic ancestors of the Welsh and all the other speakers of Brythonic. The development of these theses, as far as folklore supplies materials, occupies practically the remaining five chapters. Among the subsidiary questions raised may be instanced those of magic and the origin of druidism; not to mention a neglected aspect of the Arthurian legend, the intimate association of the Arthur of Welsh folklore and tradition with Snowdon, and Arthur’s attitude towards the Goidelic population in his time. Lastly, I have the pleasant duty of thanking all those who have helped me, whether by word of mouth or by letter, whether by reference to already printed materials or by assistance in any other way: the names of many of them will be found recorded in their proper places. As a rule my inquiries met with prompt replies, and I am not aware that any difficulties were purposely thrown in my way. Nevertheless I have had difficulties in abundance to encounter, such as the natural shyness of some of those whom I wished to examine on the subject of their recollections, and above all the unavoidable difficulty of cross-questioning those whose information reached me by post. For the precise value of any evidence bearing on Celtic folklore is almost impossible to ascertain, unless it can be made the subject of cross-examination. This arises from the fact that we Celts have a knack of thinking ourselves in complete accord with what we fancy to be in the inquirer’s mind, so that we are quite capable of misleading him in perfect good faith. A most apposite instance, deserving of being placed on record, came under my notice many years ago. In the summer of 1868 I spent several months in Paris, where I met the historian Henri Martin more than once. On being introduced to him he reminded me that he had visited South Wales not long before, and that he had been delighted to find the peasantry there still believing in the transmigration of souls. I expressed my surprise, and remarked that he must be joking. Nothing of the kind, he assured me, as he had questioned them himself: the fact admitted of no doubt. I expressed further surprise, but as I perceived that he was proud of the result of his friendly encounters with my countrymen I never ventured to return to the subject, though I always wondered what in the world it could mean. A few years ago, however, I happened to converse with one of the most charming and accomplished of Welsh ladies, when she chanced to mention Henri Martin’s advent: it turned out that he had visited Dr. Charles Williams, then the Principal of Jesus College, and that Dr. Williams introduced him to his friends in South Wales. So M. Martin arrived among the hospitable friends of the lady talking to me, who had in fact to act as his interpreter: I never understood that he could talk much English or any Welsh. Now I have no doubt that M. Martin, with his fixed ideas about the druids and their teaching, propounded palpably leading questions for the Welsh people whom he wished to examine. His fascinating interpreter put them into terse Welsh, and the whole thing was done. I could almost venture to write out the dialogue, which gave back to the great Frenchman his own exact notions from the lips of simple peasants in that subtle non-Aryan syntax, which no Welsh barrister has ever been able to explain to the satisfaction of a bewildered English judge trying to administer justice among a people whom he cannot wholly comprehend. This will serve to illustrate one of the difficulties with which the collector of folklore in Wales has to cope. I have done my best to reduce the possible extent of the error to which it might give rise; and it is only fair to say that those whom I plagued with my questionings bore the tedium of it with patience, and that to them my thanks are due in a special degree. Neither they, however, nor I, could reasonably complain, if we found other folklorists examining other witnesses on points which had already occupied us; for in such matters one may say with confidence, that . JOHN RHŶS. ANGLESEY. : E. S. Roberts (after Hugh Francis), 240, 241. : E. S. Roberts (after Robert Roberts), 239, 240. : (no particulars), 429. : A writer in the for 1859, 457, 458. : Morris Evans (from his grandmother), 203, 204. : John Roberts, 36–8. ? : Lewis Morris, in the , 450–2. BRECKNOCKSHIRE. : Rd. L. Davies, 256, 257. ,, ,, : ,, ,, ,, (after J. Davies), 251–6. : Giraldus, in his , 72. ? : Walter Mapes, in his book , 70–2. ? : The for 1863, 73, 74. : Ivor James, 21, 430, 445. ? : Ed. Davies, in his , 20, 21. CARDIGANSHIRE. : John Rhys (from Joseph Powell), 648, 649. : D. Ỻ. Davies, 248, 249. : J. Gwenogvryn Evans, 603, 604. Ỻanwenog ,, ,, 648. : J. E. Rogers of Abermeurig, 578. : Howells, in his , 245. ,, : D. Silvan Evans, in his , 271–3. : John Rhys, 294, 338, 378, 391, 392. ,, : Mary Lewis (Modryb Mari), 601, 602. : D. Ỻ. Davies, 246, 247, 250. : John Rhys (from John Jones and others), 577–9. : Isaac Davies, 245. ,, ,, : A farmer, 601. ? : A writer in the for 1861, 690. CARMARTHENSHIRE. : B. Davies, in the , 1858, 161, 162. : D. Ỻeufer Thomas, in for 1896, 469. ,, : Mr. Stepney-Gulston, in the for 1893, 468. : John Fisher, 379, 380. ,, : Howells, in his , 381. ,, : John Fisher and J. P. Owen, 468. : Wm. Rees of Tonn, in the , 2–15. ,, : The Bishop of St. Asaph, 15, 16. ,, : John Rhys, 16. ? : Joseph Joseph of Brecon, 16. ? : Wirt Sikes, in his , 17, 18. : Ỻywarch Reynolds, 18, 19, 428–30. ? : I. Craigfryn Hughes, 487. CARNARVONSHIRE. : Margaret Edwards, 231. ,, ,, : A blacksmith in the neighbourhood, 232. ? : Edward Ỻwyd: see the for 1860, 233, 234. ? : MS. 134 in the , 572, 573. : Mrs. Williams and another, 228. ? : Evan Williams of Rhos Hirwaen, 230. : Wm. Jones, 49, 80, 81, 94–7, 99, 100–5. ,, : ,, ,, in the for 1861–2, 86–9, 98–9. ,, : The for 1861, 470, 473, 474. : David Evan Davies (Dewi Glan Ffrydlas), 60–4, 66. : Edward Ỻwyd: see the for 1859, 130–3. : Edward Ỻewelyn, 219–21. ? : Edward Ỻwyd: see the for 1859, 201, 202. : E. Lloyd Jones, 234–7. : W. Evans Jones, 107–9. Dolwyđelan Beđgelert ,, : see . : S. R. Williams (from M. Williams and another), 38–40. ? : ,, ,, ,, 89, 90. : John Williams (Alaw Ỻeyn), 275–9. : Lewis Jones, 222–5. : John Jones (Myrđin Farđ), 367, 368. ,, ,, : Mr. and Mrs. Williams-Ellis, 368–72. : Wm. Thomas Solomon, 208–14. : Ellis Pierce (Elis o’r Nant), 476–9. : R. Hughes of Uwchlaw’r Ffynnon, 214, 215, 217–9. : Mrs. Rhys and her relatives, 31–6, 604. ,, : M. and O. Rhys, 229. ,, : A correspondent in the , 366, 367. ? : Howell Thomas (from G. B. Gattie), 125–30. ? : Pennant, in his , 125. : H. Derfel Hughes, 52–60, 68. ,, : ,, ,, ,, in his , 471, 472. ,, : E. Owen, in the Powysland Club’s , 237, 238. : Hugh Evans and others, 207. : T. E. Morris (from Mrs. Roberts), 362, 363. : John Jones (Myrđin Farđ), 366. ,, : Mrs. Williams-Ellis, 366, 471. : Evan Williams, 228, 229, 584. : Owen Davies (Eos Ỻechid), 41–6, 50–2. : Lowri Hughes and another woman, 226, 227. ,, : John Williams (Alaw Ỻeyn), 228. ,, : A writer in the for 1860, 164. : Gethin Jones, 204–6. : Mrs. Rhys, 604. : Morris Hughes and J. D. Maclaren, 198–201. ,, : Pierce Williams, 30. : Jane Williams, 221, 222. ,, : R. I. Jones (from his mother and Ellis Owen), 105–7. ,, : Ellis Owen (cited by Wm. Jones), 95. : Owen Davies, 41. ? : Glasynys, in , 91–3, 110–23. ? : ,, in the for 1863, 40, 41. ? : A London Eisteđfod (1887) competitor, 361, 362. ? : John Jones (Myrđin Farđ), 361, 362, 364–8. ? : Owen Jones (quoted in the for 1861), 414, 415. ?: A Liverpool Eisteđfod (1900) competitor, 692. DENBIGHSHIRE. : E. S. Roberts (from Mrs. Davies), 241, 242. : E. S. Roberts (after Thomas Morris), 238. : Mrs. Silvan Evans, 357. ,, ,, : Isaac Foulkes, in his , 396. ,, ,, : Lewis, in his , 395, 396. ,, ,, : P. Roberts, in his , 396. ,, ,, : A writer in , 396. : Hywel (Wm. Davies), 148. : Elias Owen, in his , 222. FLINTSHIRE. GLAMORGANSHIRE. : J. H. Davies, D. Brynmor-Jones, J. Rhys, 354, 355. : Cadrawd, in the , 405, 406. ? : Wirt Sikes, in his , 191, 192, 405. : Iolo Morganwg, in the , 403, 404. ? : David Davies, 402. : I. Craigfryn Hughes, 257–268. : Glanffrwd, in his , 26. : Ỻywarch Reynolds (from his mother), 269. : I. Craigfryn Hughes, 173–91. : Ỻewellyn Williams, 24, 25. ,, ,, : J. Probert Evans, 25, 27. ,, ,, : Ỻ. Reynolds (from D. Evans and others), 27–9. : D. J. Jones, 356. ? : Dafyđ Morganwg, in his , 356. ? MERIONETHSHIRE. : J. Pughe, in the for 1853, 142–6, 428. ,, : Mrs. Prosser Powell, 416. ? : M. B., in the for 1859, 416, 417. : Hywel (Wm. Davies), 147, 148. : David Jones of Trefriw: see , 376, 377. ,, : Wm. Davies and Owen M. Edwards, 378. ? : Humphreys’ Ỻyfr , 408–10. ? : J. H. Roberts, in Edwards’ for 1897, 148–51. : Lucy Griffith (from a Dolgeỻey man), 243, 244. : E. S. Roberts (from A. Evans and Mrs. Edwards), 138–41. : Mr. Williams and Mr. Rowlands, 243. ,, : A Ỻanegryn man (after Wm. Pritchard), 242. ,, : Another Ỻanegryn man, 242, 243. : Owen M. Edwards, 147. ? : J. H. Roberts, in Edwards’ for 1897, 215–7, 457. ? : Glasynys, in the for 1862, 137. ? : ,, in the for 1859–60, 215, 216, 456, 457. MONMOUTHSHIRE. : Edm. Jones, in his , 195, 196. : Elizabeth Williams, 192, 193. : Wm. Williams and other gardeners there, 193, 194. ,, : Mrs. Gardner of Ty Uchaf Ỻanover, 194, 195. ,, : Professor Sayce, 602. : I. Craigfryn Hughes (from hearsay in the district between Ỻanfabon and Caerleon), 462–4, 487, 593–6. MONTGOMERYSHIRE. : Elias Owen, in his , 275. PEMBROKESHIRE. : E. Perkins of Penysgwarne, 172, 173. ,, : Ferrar Fenton, in the , 160. : The Melchior family, 398. ,, ,, : Benjamin Gibby, 399, 400. : J. Thomas of Bancau Bryn Berian, 689. : ‘Ancient Mariner,’ in the , 171. ? : Ferrar Fenton, in the , 171. ? : Ab Nadol, in the for 1861, 165. ? : Southey, in his , 170. RADNORSHIRE. : , edited by Cyndelw (Liverpool, 1873), 206, 233, 439, 444, 671. : , written by Adamnan, edited by William Reeves (Dublin, 1857), 545. : (see ), 226, 281, 543. , a magazine devoted to the study of the past, published by Elliot Stock (London, 1880–), 467. ,, , the Journal of the Cambrian Archæological Association (London, 1846–), 73, 141–6, 233, 366, 403, 468, 528, 532, 533, 542, 566, 570, 579. , a journal of English and foreign literature, science, fine arts, music, and the drama (London, 1828–), 335, 612. : , a collection of pieces (prose and verse) in the Irish language, compiled about the beginning of the fifteenth century, published by the Royal Irish Academy, with introduction, analysis of contents, and index by Robert Atkinson (Dublin, 1887), 375. ,, : , sometimes called the Book of Glendalough, a collection of pieces (prose and verse) in the Irish language, compiled, in part, about the middle of the twelfth century, published by the Royal Irish Academy, with introduction, analysis of contents, and index by Robert Atkinson (Dublin, 1880), 381, 390, 392, 528, 531, 616, 618, 635, 657. : (London, 1696) [the last chapter is on second-sighted persons in Scotland], 273. : , edited by A. Bastian and others (Berlin, 1869–), 684. : , edited by D. Behrens (Oppeln and Leipsic, 1879–), 480. : , edited by Robert Bell (London, 1877), 317. : , by Alexandre Bertrand (Paris, 1897), 552, 622, 623. : , revised version (Oxford, 1885), 583. ,, : The Manx , printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1819), 288, 297, 348. : , by Boschet (Paris, 1697), 386. : , translated and edited by the Rev. Ulick J. Bourke (Dublin, 1868), 606. : , &c., in a series of letters to the late Robert Southey, by Mrs. Bray (new ed., London, 1879), 213. British Archæological Association, the Journal of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report : , by John Rhys and David Brynmor-Jones (London, 1900), 421, 448, 454, 488, 548, 554, 613, 656, 661. Silvan Evans ,, : , published under the auspices of the Cambrian Institute [the first volume appeared in 1854 in London, and eventually the publication was continued at Tenby by R. Mason, who went on with it till the year 1864], 81, 130, 201, 202, 480, 564. ,, : newspaper, published at Swansea, 468. ,, ,, ,, : , printed for E. and T. Williams (London, 1796–1818), 217. : , with a translation, by J. F. Campbell (Edinburgh, 1860–2), 433, 434, 690. ,, : , Englished by Dr. Powell and augmented by W. Wynne (London, 1774), 476, 480. : , by Robert Chambers (Edinburgh, 1841, 1858), 585. : , edited from numerous manuscripts by the Rev. Prof. Skeat (Oxford, 1894), 75. : , published by Wendelin Foerster (Halle, 1890), 375, 672. : (the Didot ed., Paris, 1875), 652. : , being the genealogies of the older families of the lordships of Morgan and Glamorgan, by George T. Clark (London, 1886), 26. : , an essay on savage philosophy in folklore, by Edward Clodd (London, 1898), 584, 598, 607, 627, 628, 630. : , Robert Cochrane, Secretary (Hodges, Figgis & Co., Dublin), 546. : , by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne (Rolls Series, London, 1864–6), 293. : , translated and annotated by John O’Donovan, edited with notes and indices by Whitley Stokes (Calcutta, 1868), 51, 310, 521, 629, 632. : , by P. Corneille, edited by J. Bué (London, 1889), 655. : , by Emmanuel Cosquin (Paris, 1886), 520. : , a Welsh bard who flourished in the reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV, Richard III, and Henry VII, edited for the Cymmrodorion Society by the Rev. John Jones ‘Tegid,’ and the Rev. Walter Davies ‘Gwaỻter Mechain’ (Oxford, 1837), 74, 134, 135, 201. : , by N. D. Fustel de Coulanges (Paris, 1864), 649, 650. : , published by M. Aurélien de Courson (Paris, 1863), 544. : , by Isaac Craigfryn Hughes (Cardiff, 1881), 173. : , by Archibald Cregeen (Douglas, 1835), 288. : , together with , with translation and notes, by Eugene Curry [later O’Curry] (Dublin, 1855), 393: see also . : , a selection of Welsh histories, traditions, and tales, published by Hughes & Son (Wrexham, 1862) [this was originally issued in parts, and it has never borne the editor’s name; but it is understood to have been the late poet and antiquary, the Rev. Robert Ellis ‘Cynđelw’], 66, 91, 109, 123, 155, 156, 481. : , the Cheshire volume, including a part of Flintshire and Leicestershire (Southampton, 1861–5), 563. : [John F. M. Dovaston’s poetical works appear to have been published in 1825, but I have not seen the book], 410–3. : , by A. Conan Doyle (London, 1893), 690. : , by Michaell Drayton (London, 1627), 164. : , a history of the abbeys and other monasteries in England and Wales, by Sir William Dugdale (vol. v, London, 1825), 443, 469, 479. : , a monthly magazine edited by Owen M. Edwards (Welsh National Press, Carnarvon), 148. : , edited by Elfed (the Rev. H. Elvet Lewis) and Cadrawd (Mr. T. C. Evans), and published by Williams & Son, Ỻaneỻy, 23, 376, 418. : , by Charles Elton (London, 1882), 615. : [published in London in 1801–15, and comprising two volumes (xvii and xviii) devoted to Wales, the former of which (by the Rev. J. Evans; published in London in 1812) treats of North Wales], 563. : (published by David Nutt, 270 Strand, London), 273, 338, 341, 344, 346, 356, 358–60, 584, 585, 593, 608. : , published and printed by Isaac Foulkes (Liverpool, 1870), 396. : , a study in comparative religion, by Dr. J. G. Frazer (London, 1890), 638, 662. ,, : , edited by Kervyn de Lettenhove (Brussels, 1870–7), 489. ,, : , published for the ‘ ,’ by Siméon Luce (Paris, 1869–), 489–91. ,, : Lord Berners’ translation (in black letter), published in London in 1525, and Thomas Johnes’, in 1805–6, 490. : , ‘fondée par M. Henri Gaidoz,’ 1870–85 [since then it has been edited by H. d’Arbois de Jubainville, and it is now published by Bouillon in Paris (67 Rue de Richelieu)], 60, 374, 375, 387, 389, 390, 427, 432, 435, 480, 519, 546, 573, 580, 581, 603, 618, 619, 629, 631, 649. : , published by San-Marte (Halle, 1854), 4, 280, 281, 374, 406, 448, 503, 507, 547, 562, 611. : , a collection of pieces in prose and verse in the Irish language, compiled and transcribed about A.D. 1100 by Moelmuiri mac Ceileachar, published by the Royal Irish Academy, and printed from a lithograph of the original by O’Longan & O’Looney (preface signed by J. T. Gilbert, Dublin, 1870), 381, 387, 414, 424, 435, 498, 537, 547, 611, 613, 618, 620, 624, 654, 657, 661. : , by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen (London, 1899), 662, 663. : , edited by James F. Dimock (Rolls Series, London, 1868), 72, 90, 269–71, 303, 389, 414, 441, 507, 509, 660. : , by Glanffrwd [the Rev. W. Glanffrwd Thomas] (Pontypriđ, 1888), 26. : , by the Rev. Walter Gregor, published for the Folk-Lore Society (London, 1881), 103. ,, : , edited by Gustav Gröber (Halle, 1877–), 563. : (part ii of vol. i, Amsterdam, 1707), 580. : , from the and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes by Lady Charlotte Guest (London, 1849), 69, 123, 196, 386, 442, 502, 507, 509, 538, 553, 560, 613, 620, 629, 645–7, 649, 672. : , reproduced by the autotype mechanical process, with a palæographical note by J. Gwenogvryn Evans (Oxford, 1888), 216, 217, 383, 384, 413, 432, 478, 513, 527, 543, 545, 563, 565, 619, 621. ,, : , published by the Historical MSS. Commission (vol. i, London, 1898–9), 280, 330, 487, 573. ,, : , edited by John Rhys and J. Gwenogvryn Evans (Oxford, 1890), 163, 201, 442, 506, 512, 562. ,, : , edited by John Rhys and J. Gwenogvryn Evans (Oxford, 1887), 69, 142, 196, 207, 208, 217, 218, 225, 226, 233, 264, 280, 287, 315, 386, 388, 425, 430, 439, 440, 442, 498, 500, 502, 506, 507, 509–16, 519–27, 529–34, 536, 537, 543, 546–8, 550, 551, 553, 560, 561, 565, 580, 608–10, 613, 619, 620, 622, 628–30, 636, 637, 644, 645, 647, 649, 657, 672. ,, : , reproduced from the Gwysaney manuscript by J. G. Evans, with the co-operation of John Rhys (Oxford, 1893) [this is also known as the ], 163, 398, 476, 478, 528, 531, 568, 691. : , vol. i, prefaced by W. Neilson Hancock (Dublin, 1865), 617. : , a study of tradition in story, custom, and belief, by Edwin Sidney Hartland (London, 1894–6), 662. : , an inquiry into fairy mythology, by Edwin Sidney Hartland (London, 1891), 18, 268, 583. : , edited with translation, introduction, and notes, by George Henderson (London, 1899), 501. : , in vol. xiv of Pertz’ [= Script. vol. xii], edited by G. H. Pertz (Hanover, 1826–85), 553. : , together with the English translations of John Trevisa and an unknown writer of the fifteenth century, edited by Ch. Babington (Rolls Series, London, 1865–86), 330, 331. : , by Alfred Holder (Leipsic, 1896–), 533, 622, 659. : , comprising ghosts, omens, witchcraft, and traditions, by W. Howells (Tipton, 1831), 74, 155, 160, 173, 204, 245, 268, 331, 424, 453, 469, 576–9. ,, : , edited by Æmilius Hübner and published by the Berlin Academy (Berlin, 1873), 535. : , a Welsh magazine published by H. Humphreys (vol. i, Carnarvon, 1863), 493. ,, , a collection of Humphreys’ penny series (Carnarvon, no date), 408. : , a selection of ancient Welsh manuscripts in prose and verse from the collection made by Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg), with English translations and notes by his son, Taliesin Williams Ab Iolo, and published for the Welsh MSS. Society (Ỻandovery, 1848), 564, 565, 569, 619. : , by Charles Ashton, published for the Cymmrodorion Society (Oswestry, 1896), 281, 367. : , selected and edited by Joseph Jacobs (London, 1892), 567. : , by John Jamieson (new ed., Paisley, 1881–2), 591. : , by Robert Jamieson (Edinburgh, 1806), 592. : , by D. E. Jenkins (Portmadoc, 1899), 450, 453, 469, 533, 567. : , containing the Chronicle of Man and the Isles, abridged by Camden, edited by James Johnstone (Copenhagen, 1786), 334. : see p. 195 for Edmund Jones’ (Trevecka, 1779), 195, 196. ,, : see p. 195 as to his (Newport, 1813), 195, 217, 350. : and other tracts in Welsh from , 1346 (Jesus College MS. 119), edited by J. Morris Jones and John Rhys (Oxford, 1894), 529, 693. : , collected out of ancient manuscripts, by Owen Jones ‘Myvyr,’ Edward Williams, and William Owen (London, 1801; reprinted in one volume by Thomas Gee, Denbigh, 1870), 441, 469, 529, 560, 610, 619. : , by the Rev. Theophilus Jones (Brecknock, 1805, 1809), 516–8. : , translated from the Gaelic by P. W. Joyce (London, 1879), 94, 376, 381, 437, 662. : , by H. d’Arbois de Jubainville (Paris, 1884), 616, 617, 620. ,, : , by H. d’Arbois de Jubainville (Paris, 1883), 549, 616, 617, 620. : , edited by Max Kaluza (Leipsic, 1890), 562. : , Keating’s , book i, part i, edited, with a literal translation, by P. W. Joyce (Dublin, 1880), 375. : , a Manx-English Dictionary by John Kelly, edited by William Gill, and printed for the Manx Society (Douglas, 1866), 316, 349. : , the Journal of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, edited by P. M. C. Kermode (Douglas, 1889–), 284, 289, 311, 334, 434. ,, : , by Samuel Lewis (3rd ed., London, 1844), 395, 397, 470. : , an historical account of Latin sounds, stems, and flexions, by Wallace Martin Lindsay (Oxford, 1894), 629. , a newspaper published at Bangor, N. Wales, 234. : see and . : , edited by Alexander Macbain (Inverness, 1866–), 520. : , edited by N. E. S. A. Hamilton (Rolls Series, London, 1870), 547. : , by Syr Thomas Malory, the original Caxton edition reprinted and edited with an introduction and glossary by H. Oskar Sommer (Nutt, London, 1889), 476, 562. ,, : Sir Thomas Malory’s , with a preface by John Rhys, published by J. M. Dent & Co. (London, 1893), 543, 565. : , edited by Thomas Wright and printed for the Camden Society, 1850 [at the last moment a glance at the original Bodley MS. 851 forced me to deviate somewhat from Wright’s reading owing to its inaccuracy], 70–2, 496. : , by J. Marquardt (Leipsic, 1886), 650. : see 682. : , dedicated by Kuno Meyer and others (Leipsic, 1900), 645. ,, : , edited with a translation by Kuno Meyer (London, 1892), 393, 501. : , edited by Kuno Meyer and L. C. Stern (Halle, 1897–), 500. : , by John Milton, 288. , a quarterly review of psychology and philosophy, edited by G. F. Stout (London, 1876–), 633. , now edited by C. R. Coleridge and Arthur Innes (London, 1851–), 416, 417. : , by A. W. Moore (London, 1891), 284. ,, : , by A. W. Moore (London, 1890), 311, 332, 334. : , by Dafyđ Morganwg [D. W. Jones, F.G.S.] (Aberdare, 1874) [an octavo volume issued to subscribers, and so scarce now that I had to borrow a copy], 356. : , by Lewis Morris, edited by Silvan Evans and printed for the Cambrian Archæological Association (London, 1878), 148, 413, 564, 566, 694. : , edited by San-Marte (Berlin, 1844), 281, 406, 407, 537–9, 570. , edited by Dr. James H. Murray and Henry Bradley (London and Oxford, 1884–), 317. : , contributions to its folklore, collected and edited by Edward W. B. Nicholson (London, 1897), 317. : (3rd ed., Castle Douglas, 1878), 325. (Bream’s Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.), 563. ,, ,, ,, : consisting of folklore (London, 1859), 140, 213, 217, 325, 418, 453, 454, 494, 596, 601, 611, 612. : , by Kuno Meyer and Alfred Nutt (London, 1895, 1897), 618, 620, 622, 657, 662. ,, : , by Alfred Nutt (London, 1888), 287, 438, 548. : , a series of lectures delivered by the late Eugene O’Curry (London, 1873), 375, 392, 617, 632: see also . : , from the earliest period to the year 1616, edited by John O’Donovan (2nd ed., Dublin, 1856), 414, 426–8, 433, 546, 569. : , a collection of tales in Irish, with extracts illustrating persons and places, edited from manuscripts and translated by Dr. S. H. O’Grady (London, 1892), 381, 437. : , by Edward O’Reilly, with a supplement by John O’Donovan (Dublin, 1864), 142. : , being vol. iv of the publications of the Manx Society, by J. R. Oliver (Douglas, 1860), 314, 334. : , edited by Aneurin Owen for the Public Records Commission (London, 1841), 421. : , a collection of the folk-tales and legends of North Wales, being the prize essay of the National Eisteđfod in 1887, by the Rev. Elias Owen (Oswestry and Wrexham, 1896), 222, 275, 690. : , with his life and correspondence, edited by the Rev. Robert Jones (London, 1876), 84. : , by George Owen of Henỻys, edited with notes and an appendix by Henry Owen (London, 1892), 506, 513, 515. : , edited by Gaston Paris and Jacob Ulrich (Paris, 1886), 563. , a newspaper owned and edited by H. W. Williams and published at Solva, 160, 171, 172. : , by Thomas Pennant (Warrington, 1774), 310. ,, ,, : , by Thomas Pennant, edited by J. Rhys (Carnarvon, 1883), 125, 130, 532. : , edited by Egerton Phillimore, in vol. ix of the , 408, 476, 480, 551, 570. : , being translations made by Bishop Phillips in 1610 and by the Manx clergy in 1765; edited by A. W. Moore, assisted by John Rhys, and printed for the Manx Society (Douglas, 1893, 1894), 320. : , from the text of Goetz and Schoell, by J. H. Gray (Cambridge, 1894), 535. : (the Didot ed., Paris, 1870), 331, 456, 493, 494. : , translated by John Pughe of Aberdovey, and edited by the Rev. John Williams Ab Ithel (Ỻandovery, 1861) [this volume has an introduction consisting of the Legend of Ỻyn y Fan Fach, contributed by Mr. William Rees of Tonn, who collected it, in the year 1841, from various sources named], 2, 12. : , by Dr. Wm. Owen Pughe (2nd ed., Denbigh, 1832), 383, 502. : , printed by John Rastell, reprinted in Hazlitt’s (London, 1844), 599. : , by the Rev. W. J. Rees, published for the Welsh MSS. Society (Ỻandovery, 1853), 693. (new series, vol. xxiii, Paris, 1800–), 386. : , by John Rhys (2nd ed., London, 1884), 72. ,, : , by John Rhys (2nd ed., London, 1879), 566. ,, : , 1886, on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom, by John Rhys (London, 1888), 310, 321, 328, 331, 373, 387, 432, 435, 444, 447, 511, 542, 570, 613, 654, 657, 694. : , by John Rhys (Oxford, 1891), 217, 287, 331, 375, 382, 387, 435, 438–41, 466, 494, 496, 561, 573, 610, 613. : , by Thomas Richards (Trefriw, 1815) 378. : , by Peter Roberts, (London, 1815), 396. : see 682. : , translated into English with explanatory notes and a preliminary discourse, by George Sale (London, 1877), 608. : , the publication of the Arts Faculty of University College, Liverpool, edited by John Sampson (London), 393, 451. : , by Eduard Schwan (Leipsic, 1888), 563. : the Works of Sir Walter Scott, 320, 643, 689. : The Plays and Poems of Shakespeare, 197, 636, 694. : , by D. Silvan Evans (Carmarthen, 1888–), 387, 431, 539, 580, 620, 621. ,, ,, : , a periodical in Welsh for Welsh antiquities and folklore, edited by the Rev. D. S. Evans, and published by Robert Isaac Jones at Tremadoc (in quarto for 1858 and 1859, in octavo for 1860–2), 40, 73, 86, 98, 134, 137, 141, 151–5, 158–60, 202, 321, 413, 442, 456, 464, 470, 481, 690. ,, ,, : , by D. Silvan Evans (Aberystwyth, 1882), 271–3. : , drawn up from the communications of the ministers of the different parishes, by Sir John Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1794), 310. : , by Wm. F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1868) [vol. ii contains, besides notes and illustrations, the text of the , 3–61; the , 62–107; the , 108–217; and some of the poetry in the , 218–308. These four texts are to be found translated in vol. i], 226, 233, 269, 281, 387, 442, 541, 543, 550, 614–7. (Duncan, Cardiff), 376. : Madoc, a poem by Robert Southey (London, 1815), 169–71. : , by John Speed [not ] (London, 1611), 208. : , collected and elaborated by Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers (Berlin, 1879–98), 683. : , published for the first time by Edmund Stengel (Tübingen, 1873), 438. : , with an English translation and copious notes, by Thomas Stephens; edited by Professor Powel, and printed for the Cymmrodorion Society (London, 1888), 310, 543, 647. : , edited by J. H. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1886–), 693. ,, : , edited by Whitley Stokes (2nd ed., London, 1872), 295, 374. ,, : , edited by Whitley Stokes and E. Windisch (3rd series, Leipsic, 1891), 631. ,, : , edited, with translations and indexes, by Whitley Stokes (Rolls Series, London, 1887), 535. ,, : (Copenhagen, 1848), 652. : , edited by Alfred Holder (Freiburg i. B., and Tübingen, 1882), 271. , a Welsh periodical published at Ruthin in 1859–60, 135–7, 269. : (see ), 550, 614–7. : [also called Joan Tegid], edited by the Rev. Henry Roberts (Ỻandovery, 1859), 445. : [The so-called Historical Triads, referred to in this volume, are to be found in the (London, 1801), series i and ii in vol. ii, 1–22, and (the later) series iii in the same vol., 57–80. In the single-volume edition of the (Denbigh, 1870), they occupy continuously pp. 388–414. Series ii comes from the , and will be found also in the volume of the Oxford , pp. 297–309], 170, 281, 326, 382, 429–31, 433, 440, 441, 443–5, 498, 500, 501, 503–9, 565, 569. : Thomas Twyne’s , a translation of Humfrey Lhuyd’s (London, 1573), 412. : , Text, Grammar, and Dictionary, elaborated and edited by F. L. Stamm (Paderborn, 1869), 626. : , enlarged and completed by Gudbrand Vigfusson (Oxford, 1874), 288, 652. : see 563. : , by George Waldron, being vol. xi of the Manx Society’s publications (Douglas, 1865), 290. : , by Edward Westermarck (London, 1894), 654. : , by Stanley Weyman (London, 1895), 690. : , with a memoir of his life by his son, St. George Armstrong Williams (London, 1840), 493. : , or the Chronicle of the Princes, edited by John Williams Ab Ithel (Rolls Series, London, 1860), 79, 513. : , by the Rev. Robert Williams (Ỻandovery, 1852), 534. ,, : , edited with a translation and glossary by the Rev. Robert Williams (London, 1876), 438, 514, 580. : , by Taliesin Williams (London, 1837), 561. ,, : , by Taliesin Williams: see 439. : , by William Williams of Ỻandegai (London, 1802), 48, 673, 674. : , by Ernst Windisch (Leipsic, 1880), 501, 657. ,, : (Leipsic, 1879), 291, 501, 502, 531, 546, 547, 603, 613, 618, 691. ,, : , a periodical reissue of notes, queries, and replies on subjects relating to Wales and the Borders, published in the columns of , by Messrs. Woodall, Minshall & Co. of the Caxton Press, Oswestry, 169, 378. : , by W. G. Wood-Martin (London, 1895), 612. : , edited by Professor Joseph Wright (London and Oxford, 1898–), 66. : , published by Angharad Ỻwyd in the year 1827, and by Askew Roberts at Oswestry in 1878, 490, 491, 670. , the magazine embodying the transactions of the Cymmrodorion Society of London (Secretary, E. Vincent Evans, 64 Chancery Lane, W.C.), 374, 384, 480, 510, 513, 520, 600, 610, 690, 693, 694. , a newspaper published at Utica in the United States of North America, 234. , an extinct Welsh periodical: see p. 450. , a magazine of useful knowledge intended for the benefit of monoglot Welshmen (Bala, 1823–37), 450. , a Welsh periodical published by Mr. Aubrey, of Ỻannerch y Međ, 396. : , by H. W. Young (Inverness, 1899), 345.