Ceramic Materials for Energy Applications VI, Volume 37, Issue 6 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 259

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

A collection of 15 papers from The American Ceramic Society’s 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 24-29, 2016. This issue includes papers presented in Symposia 6 - Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Rechargeable Energy Storage; Symposium 13 - Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy, and Focused Session 2 – Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy.

Leseprobe

Ceramic Materials forEnergy Applications VI

A Collection of Papers Presented at the40th International Conference onAdvanced Ceramics and CompositesJanuary 24–29, 2016Daytona Beach, Florida

Edited byHua-Tay LinJosef MatyášYutai KatohAlberto Vomiero

Volume EditorsManabu FukushimaAndrew Gyekenyesi

Copyright © 2017 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-119-32174-3ISSN: 0196-6219

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Advanced Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

LOW TEMPERATURE AIR BRAZE PROCESS FOR JOINING SILICON CARBIDE COMPONENTS USED IN HEAT EXCHANGERS, FUSION AND FISSION REACTORS, AND OTHER ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, MANUFACTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF SIC-SIC CMCS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS: INFORMATIONAL CHAPTERS IN THE ASME BPV CODE SECTION III

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

INTRODUCTION

ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

SECTION III – CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES

NEW APPENDICES

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE TUBES FOR LWRS APPLICATIONS USING INTERNAL PRESSURIZATION: TWO ASTM TEST METHODS

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

INTRODUCTION

ASTM STANDARD TEST METHODS

SCOPE AND APPLICATION

EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS

TEST SPECIMEN GEOMETRIES

TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

CALCULATION, REPORTING, PRECISION AND BIAS

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

USED FUEL CONTENT VERIFICATION USING LEAD SLOWING DOWN SPECTROSCOPY

ABSTRACT:

INTRODUCTION:

DESIGN OF THE MODEL:

RESULTS:

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

REFERENCES:

APPLICATION OF SELECTIVE AREA LASER DEPOSITION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SIC-SIC COMPOSITE NUCLEAR FUEL CLADDING

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

NUCLEAR BACKGROUND

ACCIDENT TOLERANT FUEL: SILICON CARBIDE

SELECTIVE AREA LASER DEPOSITION

PREVIOUS SALD WORK AT MANCHESTER

EXPERIMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS

DEPOSITED SAMPLES AND PROCESS PROBLEMS

FUTURE WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

SYNTHESIS OF HIGH PURITY Li

5

ALO

4

POWDER BY SOLID STATE REACTION UNDER THE H

2

FIRING

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

CHARACTERIZATION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

LASER-PRINTED CERAMIC FIBER RIBBONS: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF CAULKED JOINT BETWEEN ZIRCALOY AND SiC/SiC COMPOSITE TUBES BY USING DIODE LASER

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

WELDABILITY OF ZIRCALOY TUBE

ZIRCALOY & SiC/SiC COMPOSITE TUBES WITHOUT TITANIUM POWDER

ZIRCALOY & SiC/SiC COMPOSITE TUBES WITH TITANIUM POWDER

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy

PROCESSING AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GE-CORE FIBERS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSTHICKNESS TENSION TEST METHOD FOR CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONCEPT

3. EXPERIMENT

4. RESULT

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSION

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF Cu

2

O ON GOLD NANO-ISLANDS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GOLD NANOISLANDS FOR SEEDING GROWTH

EXPERIMENTAL

CHARACTERIZATION

DISCUSSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTE

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ALUMINOPHOSPHATE GLASS SYSTEMS FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING DEVICES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Rechargeable Energy Storage

DIELECTRIC, STRUCTURAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF Mg-DOPED CaCu3Ti

4

O

12

CERAMICS BY THE SOLID-STATE REACTION METHOD

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

STRUCTURAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (1−x) Li

2

TiO

3

+ xMgO CERAMICS PREPARED BY THE SOLID STATE REACTION METHOD

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

LITHIUM LOSS INDICATED FORMATION OF MICROCRACKS IN LATP CERAMICS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Author Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table I

Chapter 2

Table 1

Chapter 8

Table 1

Chapter 10

Table 1

Chapter 12

Table 1

Table 2

Chapter 15

tab15.1

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1 Reactor Control Rods for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) where each control rod is a flexible assemblage of rigid CMC tubes comprised of boronated graphite compacts within the composite tube.

Chapter 3

Figure 1 SiC/SiC CMC cladding for LWR fuel rods (from Ref 1)

Figure 2 Range of “interferences” in testing CMC materials

Figure 3 Illustration of test setup for a) insert testing and b) direct pressurization hydraulic testing

Figure 4 Calculation of hoop stress for elastomeric insert of Test Method C1819 and direct pressure of the draft test method.

Chapter 4

Figure 1: Standard Westinghouse Fuel bundle

Figure 2: Standard Westinghouse fuel assembly with Stainless Steel rods replacing 13 depleted fuel rods

Figure 3: Results of three simulations

Chapter 5

Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the preform, showing a Ge rod sealed with borosilicate glass rods inside concentric borosilicate glass tubes. (b) The laboratory fabricated mini draw tower. (c) Cross section of fiber showing the dark Ge core.

Chapter 9

Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the TEM cross-section sample, (b), SEM image of FIB cross-sectioned TEM sample before final thinning.

Figure 3. Results of wavelength dependent optical transmission characterization using FTIR spectroscopy. (a) Transmission spectra of glass rod and hardened epoxy (b) Transmission spectrum of germanium rod.

Figure 4. Transmission spectrum of germanium cane measured using FTIR spectroscopy.

Figure 5. (a) TEM bright-field micrograph of the fiber cross-section at the core/cladding interface. (b) Ge, (c) O, and (d) Si EDX dot-maps. (e) EDX line scans across the core/cladding interface of the fiber showing minimal interaction between the core and cladding.

Chapter 10

Figure 1. Four-terminal tandem solar device with a wide band-gap absorber layer as the top solar device and silicon as the secondary solar device layer on the bottom. This has a key cost advantage because thin-film-on-glass and encapsulated silicon are both well-developed solar manufacturing methods, that can be united if we have the right wide band-gap material.

Chapter 11

Figure 2. FESEM image of gold nanoislands on FTO coated glass, with an average size of 200nm

Figure 3. SEM images of Cu

2

O electrodeposited, onto different substrates FTO (left), and Au nanoisland coated FTO (right).

Figure 4. XRD pattern comparing electrodeposited Cu

2

O on an FTO coated glass substrate (top) and on a gold coated FTO coated glass substrate (bottom).

Figure 5. HRTEM showing the cross section of the electrodeposited Cu

2

O on gold nanoislands and FTO coated glass. The platinum is present from the process of cutting the sample using FIB.

Figure 6. HRTEM magnified image of a gold particle that has Cu

2

O electrodeposited on top. The black box (lower right corner) highlights the area where the fast Fourier transform was taken.

Figure 7. Live fast Fourier transform from the area highlighted in figure 10. The arrows point to the spots that are represented by gold and cuprous oxide, as noted.

Figure 8. HRTEM of the interface between gold nanoislands and electrodeposited Cu

2

O with corresponding FFT inserts revealing the epitaxy between these two materials.

Chapter 12

Figure 1 Reactor Control Rods for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) where each control rod is a flexible assemblage of rigid CMC tubes comprised of boronated graphite compacts within the composite tube.

Guide

Cover

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Preface

This proceedings issue contains contributions from three energy related symposia that were part of The American Ceramic Society’s (ACerS) 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 24–29, 2016:

Advanced Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Rechargeable Energy Storage

Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy

The first symposium is sponsored by ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division and the final two by ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division.

The editors wish to thank the authors and presenters for their contributions, the symposium organizers for their time and labor, and all the manuscript reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. Acknowledgment is also due for financial support from the Engineering Ceramics Division, the Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division, and The American Ceramic Society. The editors wish to thank ACerS for assembling and publishing the proceedings.

Hua-Tay Lin, Guangdong University of Technology, China

Josef Matyáš, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA

Yutai Katoh, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA

Alberto Vomiero, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

Introduction

This collected proceedings consists of 104 papers that were submitted and approved for the proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), held January 24–29, 2016 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the most prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional, and nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) since 1977. This year’s meeting continued the tradition and added a few grand celebrations to mark its 40th year.

The 40th ICACC hosted more than 1,100 attendees from 42 countries that gave over 900 presentations. The topics ranged from ceramic nanomaterials to structural reliability of ceramic components, which demonstrated the linkage between materials science developments at the atomic level and macro level structural applications. Papers addressed material, model, and component development and investigated the interrelations between the processing, properties, and microstructure of ceramic materials.

The 2016 conference was organized into the following 17 symposia and 5 Focused Sessions:

Symposium 1

Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites

Symposium 2

Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications

Symposium 3

13th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology

Symposium 4

Armor Ceramics: Challenges and New Developments

Symposium 5

Next Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites

Symposium 6

Advanced Materials and Technologies for Direct Thermal Energy Conversion and Rechargeable Energy Storage

Symposium 7

10th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials: Functional Nanomaterials and Thin Films for Sustainable Energy Harvesting, Environmental and Health Applications

Symposium 8

10th International Symposium on Advanced Processing & Manufacturing Technologies for Structural & Multifunctional Materials and Systems

Symposium 9

Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications

Symposium 10

Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome

Symposium 11

Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing ideas for the Production Root Technology

Symposium 12

Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nano-laminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases)

Symposium 13

Advanced Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

Symposium 14

Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical and Medical Applications

Focused Session 1

Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, Eco-friendly and Sustainable Materials

Focused Session 2

Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy

Focused Session 3

Materials Diagnostics and Structural Health Monitoring of Ceramic Components and Systems

Focused Session 4

Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies

Focused Session 5

Field Assisted Sintering and Related Phenomena at High Temperatures

Focused Session 6

Hybrid Materials and Processing Technologies

Special Symposium

40th Jubilee Symposium: Engineered Ceramics—Current Status and Future Prospects

Special Symposium

5th Global Young Investigators Forum

Special Symposium

Emerging Technologies Symposium: Carbon Nanostructures and 2D Materials and Composites

The proceedings papers from this conference are published in the below seven issues of the 2016 CESP; Volume 37, Issues 2–7, as listed below.

Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites XI, CESP Volume 37, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium 1)

Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II, CESP Volume 37, Issue 3 (includes papers from Symposia 3 and 14)

Advances in Ceramic Armor, Bioceramics, and Porous Materials, CESP Volume 37, Issue 4 (includes papers from Symposia 4, 5, and 9)

Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Nanostructured and Multifunctional Materials III, CESP Volume 37, Issue 5 (includes papers from Symposia 8 and 11 and Focused Sessions 4 and 5)

Ceramic Materials for Energy Applications VI, CESP Volume 37, Issue 6 (includes papers from Symposia 6 and 13 and Focused Session 2)

Developments in Strategic Materials II, CESP Volume 37, Issue 7 (includes papers from Symposia 2, 10, 12, Focused Sessions 1, and the Special Symposia on Carbon).

The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these proceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference attendees, for their efforts and enthusiastic participation in the vibrant and cutting-edge conference.

ACerS and the ECD invite you to attend the 41st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (http://www.ceramics.org/icacc2017) January 23-28, 2017 in Daytona Beach, Florida.

To purchase additional CESP issues as well as other ceramic publications, visit the ACerS-Wiley Publications home page at www.wiley.com/go/ceramics.

MANABU FUKUSHIMA, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

ANDREW GYEKENYESI, Ohio Aerospace Institute/NASA Glenn Research Center, USA

Volume EditorsAugust 2016

Advanced Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

LOW TEMPERATURE AIR BRAZE PROCESS FOR JOINING SILICON CARBIDE COMPONENTS USED IN HEAT EXCHANGERS, FUSION AND FISSION REACTORS, AND OTHER ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS SYSTEMS

J.R. Fellowsa, C.A. Lewinsohna, Y. Katohb, T. Koyanagib

aCeramatec, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA

bOak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).

ABSTRACT

Fabrication of large, or complex, components from silicon carbide, or other technical ceramics, used in heat exchanger devices, energy production and chemical synthesis systems, and for components within fusion and fission reactors require robust joining processes. Ceramatec has developed a novel method for achieving bonds using an air brazing process. For silicon carbide joining, the braze acts under certain conditions to promote diffusion bonding. The resulting joined regions are thought to form by rapid interdiffusion of the diffusion-enhancing braze material and silicon and carbon species, resulting in a microstructure more similar to one formed by diffusion bonding than brazing. Processing of these joints is accomplished at relatively low temperatures, 900°C-1200°C in air, with minimal applied load. The brazed joint strength was found to be statistically equivalent to monolithic control samples at room temperature. Oxidation testing, using dry oxygen and saturated steam, was conducted at 1000°C for 1000 hours on joined specimens, resulting in further microstructural development of the joint, with subsequent shear testing showing no appreciable reduction in strength. Torsion tests on irradiated joined samples show that the joint’s mechanical integrity is resistant to radiation degradation.

1. INTRODUCTION

The use of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics within high efficiency heat exchanger systems and other energy related structures is increasingly prevalent due to SiC exhibiting high strength and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures and pressures1. There is also a great deal of focus on SiC-SiC composites, due to the composite structure offering improved mechanical properties (compared to monolithic SiC), for accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding and fuel rods (assemblies that include tubular cladding sections and an endplug bonded together) that will survive a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), which is vital for the improved safety of light water reactors (LWR)2,3.

For the fabrication of ATF cladding and other structures used in industrial applications where silicon carbide-based ceramics are utilized, joining of individual components to produce larger structures is required where complex shapes, geometries, and often substrate morphological variations (such as gradients of structural porosity and volumetric alterations) cannot be fabricated as an individual component. Such is the case, for example, with heat exchanger stacks that utilize individual micro-channeled plates joined into larger modules4. Current efforts are being made to identify joining solutions to join a monolithic CVD-SiC endplug to SiC-SiC composite tube cladding for ATF application within light water reactors5. In all cases, the joint itself must meet certain criteria of strength, ability to obtain hermetic seals, resistance to corrosive environments such as oxidative damage, and also, especially in the case for use in LWR, the joint must be able to survive neutron irradiation and show stability in this environment.

The focus of this current research is to identify a candidate joining method with adequate properties that can be further evaluated for possible use in joining a dense silicon carbide endplug to a SiC-SiC composite tube used in light water reactor application, where the joint itself must also be suited to survive constant neutron irradiation and the possibility of a loss-of-coolant accident. In addition, it is desired that this joining solution will be applicable to other assemblies and applications, such as heat exchanger devices, electronic materials processing tools, metrology tools, satellite mirrors, modular structures, etc.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Shear, Tensile, and Torsion Test Results

3.1.1 Shear and Tensile Tests

Both direct sintered SC-30 and CVD SiC substrates (both provided by CoorsTek) were joined using Ceramatec’s baseline joining process (as discussed in Section 2.1). The microstructure of a typical section of the resultant joints is shown in Figure 6, where several phases are present within the overall structure. Current efforts using TEM are being employed to identify these phases. The joint plane contains regions that appear to have damage, as noted in Figure 7. The microstructure and void distribution shown in Figure 6 and 7 is representative of all samples examined in this study, unless otherwise noted. Detailed investigation of the defect population, and its causes, has yet to be performed. To understand the chemical structure and multi-phase nature of the joint, qualitative EDS mapping was completed and will be discussed later in this report.

Figure 6.