Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Ceramic Transaction Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 517

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

A collection of 25 papers presented at the 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (CMCEE-11), June 14-19, 2015 in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Paper in this volume were presented in the below six symposia from Track 1 on the topic of Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems:

• High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis
• Ceramic-Related Materials, Devices, and Processing for Heat-to-Electricity Direct Conversion
• Material Science and Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy
• Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications
• Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage
• High Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Technologies, and Systems

Leseprobe

Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 255A Collection of Papers Presentedat CMCEE-11,June 14-19, 2015,Vancouver, BC, Canada

Editied byThomas PfeiferJosef MatyášPalani BalayaDileep SinghJohn WeiVolume EditorsMrityunjay SinghTatsuki OhjiAlexander Michaelis

Copyright © 2016 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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ISBN: 978-1-119-23448-7ISSN: 1042-1122

CONTENTS

Preface

High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis

Effect of Additives on Self-Healing of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings

Development of Ceramic Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Cells

BICU(TI)VOX as a Low/Intermediate Temperature SOFC Electrolyte:honey Another Look

Symbolic Analysis of Multi-Stage Electrochemical Oxidation for Enhancement of Electric Efficiency of SOFCS

Low Temperature AC Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Unitary Anode-Supported Soled Oxide Fuel Cell

SOFC System Development and Held Trials for Commercial Applications

Technology Readiness of SOFC Stacks - A Review

High-Temperature Direct Fuel Cell Material Experience

Development of Highly-Efficient Energy Storage System Using Soled Oxide Electrolysis Cell

Ceramic-Related Materials, Devices, and Processing for Heat-to-Electricity Direct Conversion

Thermoelectric Properties Higher Manganese Silicide Containing Small Amount of Mnsivsinano-Particles

Anomalous Temperature Gradient Innon-Maxwellian Gases

Thermophysical Property of Poly-Si Phonomc Crystals for Thermoelectrics

The Potential of Maximal ZT-Value for Thermoelectric Materials of Mil ISi 19 HMS Phase by Calculating Electronic Structure

Material Science and Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

Development of Ga Doped Hollandites Ba

x

Cs

y

(Ga

2x+y

Ti

8-2x-y

)O

6

for Cs Immobilization

Atomistic Simulations of Ceramic Materials Relevant for Nuclear Waste Management:honey Cases of Monazlte and Pyrochlore

Development of Joining Method for Zircaloy and SiC/SiC Composite Tubes by Using Fiber Laser

Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications

An Investigation on the Cycle Performance of LiFePO

4

Pouch Cells by a Combination of Synchrotron Based X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy

The Influence of the Synthesis Route on Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Type High-Voltage Cathode Material LiNi

0.5

Mn

1.5

O

4

for Lithium Ion Batteries

Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage

High Temperature Solar Receiver with Ceramic Materials

Determination of Parameters for Improved Efficiency in Thermal Energy Storage Using Encapsulated Phase Change Materials

Tuning the Spectral Selectivity of Sic-Based Volumetric Solar Receivers With Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Coatings

Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Silicon Carbide Honeycomb Component Applied as an Absorber for Concentrated Solar Radiation

High-Temperature Superconductors:honey Materials, Technologies, and Systems

Anomalous Proximity Effect and More Than one Majorana Fermion

Atomic-Scale Study of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Manganite/Cuprate Thin-Film Heterostructures

Tunneling and Photoemission Spectra in Cuprate Superconductors:honey Evidence for Strong Multiple-Phonon Coupling and Polaronic Effects

Author Index

EULA

List of Tables

Effect of Additives on Self-Healing of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings

Table 1

Table 2

BICU(TI)VOX as a Low/Intermediate Temperature SOFC Electrolyte:honey Another Look

Table I

Symbolic Analysis of Multi-Stage Electrochemical Oxidation for Enhancement of Electric Efficiency of SOFCS

Table 1

SOFC System Development and Held Trials for Commercial Applications

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Technology Readiness of SOFC Stacks - A Review

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

High-Temperature Direct Fuel Cell Material Experience

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Development of Highly-Efficient Energy Storage System Using Soled Oxide Electrolysis Cell

Table I

Table II

Table III

The Potential of Maximal ZT-Value for Thermoelectric Materials of Mil ISi 19 HMS Phase by Calculating Electronic Structure

Table I

Development of Ga Doped Hollandites Ba

x

Cs

y

(Ga

2x+y

Ti

8-2x-y

)O

6

for Cs Immobilization

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Atomistic Simulations of Ceramic Materials Relevant for Nuclear Waste Management:honey Cases of Monazlte and Pyrochlore

Table I

Table II

Development of Joining Method for Zircaloy and SiC/SiC Composite Tubes by Using Fiber Laser

Table 1

The Influence of the Synthesis Route on Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Type High-Voltage Cathode Material LiNi

0.5

Mn

1.5

O

4

for Lithium Ion Batteries

Table I.

High Temperature Solar Receiver with Ceramic Materials

Table 1

Determination of Parameters for Improved Efficiency in Thermal Energy Storage Using Encapsulated Phase Change Materials

Table I.

Table II.

Tuning the Spectral Selectivity of Sic-Based Volumetric Solar Receivers With Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Coatings

Table 1:

Table 2:

Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Silicon Carbide Honeycomb Component Applied as an Absorber for Concentrated Solar Radiation

Table 1

Table 2

Guide

Cover

Contents

Preface

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Preface

The global challenges we face require innovative thinking and sustainable technology to meet increased demands for energy, clean water, and infrastructure. Research of materials —specifically, ceramic materials —continues to provide solutions to everyday challenges such as environmental protection, energy supply and generation, and healthcare. The 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (11th CMCEE), held June 14-19, 2015 at the Hyatt Regency Vancouver in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, identified key challenges and opportunities for ceramic technologies to create sustainable development.

This Ceramic Transactions volume contains papers submitted from the following six symposia held in Track 1: Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems:

High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis

Ceramic-Related Materials, Devices, and Processing for Heat-to-Electricity Direct Conversion

Material Science and Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy

Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications

Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage

High-Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Technologies, and Systems

After a peer-review process, 25 papers were accepted for inclusion in this proceedings volume. The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the symposium co-organizers for their help and support, to all the authors for their cooperation and contributions, to all the participants and session chairs for their time and efforts, and to all the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also acknowledge the skillful organization and leadership of the meeting chairs, Mrityunjay Singh, Tatsuki Ohji, and Alexander Michaelis.

We hope that this proceedings will serve as a useful resource for the researchers and technologists in the field of energy conversion, storage, and distribution systems.

THOMAS PFEIFER, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems —IKTS, German

JOSEFMATYÁŠ, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA

PALANI BALAYA, National University of Singapore, Singapore

DILEEP SINGH, Argonne National Laboratory, USA

JOHNWEI, University of Toronto, Canada

HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS

EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON SELF-HEALING OF PLASMA SPRAYED CERAMIC COATINGS

N. Sata, A. Ansar and K. A. Friedrich

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

ABSTRACT

MgAl2O4 coatings, used for electrical insulation along the metallic seals in high temperature fuel cell stacks, tend to fail prematurely due to generated stresses during on-off thermal cycles. To enhance stress bearing capability and the durability of these coatings, self-healing was investigated by introducing additives consisting of SiC as primary additive along with a secondary additive material. Secondary additives were one of the following compounds: BaO, CaO, ZnO, Y2Q3, Al2O3, La2Q3, TiO2, GeO2, Ceo.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) orTa2O5. Crack healing can be attained due to reaction between SiC, secondary additive and oxygen that was transported to the additive due to a crack. Such reaction would be associated to a phase formation in the additive material linked with mass and volume increase assisting in closure of the advancing crack. Using TGA/DSC reaction temperatures and mass gains of SiC with or without secondary additives were identified. SiC+Y2O3 and SiC+ZnO were opted as promising additive materials. 20 wt% (SiC+Y2O3) containing MgAl2O4 coatings were produced by plasma spraying. In these developed coatings, healing was demonstrated after heat treatment at 1050°C in air for 10 hour. Defect healing in spinel coating with SiC+ZnO is under investigation.

INTRODUCTION

Defects in the sealing in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has been reported as the foremost cause of failure in the fuel cell stacks1,2. The sealing, traditionally made of glass or glass-ceramic composites, ensures flow of fuel gas and air in designated compartments of SOFC stack. A leakage across the seal leads to catastrophic loss in cell potential and power output Glass-based seals exhibit limited reliability which suffers further when the stack should undergo thermal transients such as during intermittent operation. In our earlier work3, an alternative approach was proposed in which Ag-based filler material is used for sealing of two consecutive cells. Despite mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between filler alloy and neighboring components of stack, the high ductility and creep of the filer alloy compensate for stresses. However, as the filler alloy is electronically conductive, short circuiting between the cells is avoided by introducing an Mg-spinel (MgAl2O4) insulating coating in between. The spinel deposit is produced by plasma spraying. The schematic of sealing the approach is given in Figure 1. In spite of enhanced reliability compared to glass-based seals, the coating-braze based seals suffer from defects and cracks in the coating. These defects, associated to the manufacturing process or arise due to thermal cycling, give site for further crack nucleation and propagation, decrease the elastic modulus, yield strength and fracture energy of the coatings. At elevated temperatures crack initiation and propagation mechanism changes and failure may occur at the featureless zones, as suggested by Lowrie and Rawlings4. Overall, the increase in temperature from room temperature to 800°C caused a 23-30% reduction in flexural strength of bulk 8YSZ. Ansar et al5 have reported that the elastic modulus of plasma sprayed 8YSZ reduces from 35±2 GPa at room temperature (instead of 120 GPa for bulk material) to 16±1 GPa at 800°C The decrease in elastic properties of such a coating was almost twice to bulk material and this was associated to the intrinsic elastic modulus of the YSZ but also to the structure of the splat boundaries.

Figure 1: Schematic of the SOFC stack sealing based on active braze and insolating coating.

Catastrophic failure in these insulation layers is a major limiting factor constraining the use of fuel cell in automotive applications. One approach to address this shortcoming consists of incorporating crack healing capabilities, which can offer improved reliability and service time of ceramic components. Though reported already in 1970's6,7, this approach has limited work attributed to it to this day. Most studied self-healing ceramics are oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) having 15 to 20 wt% of well distributed SiC particles such as Al2O3/SiC8,9 and mullite/SiC10,11. It was established that in SiC containing ceramic composites the healing occurs due to oxidation reaction, associated with volume expansion of new phases into the defects12:

(1)

Other studies suggested healing can be improved by promoting vitreous phase formation by using SiC+Y2O313:

(2)

As a result, cracks up to 100 μm were fully healed and the bending strength was increased by several folds.

Self-healing was also developed in other systems including ZrO2/SiC by thermal decomposition transformation to ZrSiO4 and carbon black mixture14. Additionally, crack healing ability was investigated in non-oxide ceramics such as Si3N1 by introducing SiC15,16. In all materials presence of oxidizing environment is mandatory for a healing mechanism to occur and in most cases the minimum temperature at which full crack healing takes place has been reported at above 1000°C8-16.

Incorporation of a material that can heal the defects in insulating ceramic layer in SOFC at elevated temperatures can significantly improve the stress bearing capability and fracture strength of these coatings. Insulating spinel coatings are primarily exposed to oxidizing environment which makes it realistic to achieve a crack healing mechanism. However the potential of healing capability can be best utilized if the reaction can be achieved at operating temperature of fuel cells which is around 800°C. The potential of such an approach is investigated in this paper. A range of potential self-healing additives consisting of primarily SiC along with secondary additives, BaO, CaO, ZnO, Y2O3, AI2O3, La2Q3, TiO2, GeO2, Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) or Ta2O5 were tested and reported. Self-healing was demonstrated in Mg-spinel plasma sprayed insulating coatings using SiC+Y2O3 as reference additive particles at 1050°C. It was suggested that addition of other tested additive compounds with SiC+Y2O3 can effectively reduce reaction temperature well below 1000°C and in-operando healing can be potentially attained.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Self-healing additives

SiC and the secondary additive powders studied in this work are listed in Table 1. SiC with two different particle sizes were investigated submicronic sized with d50 of 0.65 μm and nano sized with d50 of 50-60 nm. SiC and additive materials were mixed in molar ratio using an agate mortar and pestle. In order to understand the reaction mechanism of the mixed particles and to select the healing additives, Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/ Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry have been performed. Reaction temperatures were defined by the commencement of weight gain (associated with volume expansion) on TGA data of the additive mixtures.

Table 1: List of the powder samples.

material

particle size

supplier

SiC (submicron)

650 nm

Iolitec

SiC (nano)

50-60 nm

Iolitec

Al

2

O

3

1-2μm

Sigma-Aldrich

CaO

< 160 nm

Sigma-Aldrich

TiO

2

1-2μm

Merck

ZnO

< 100 nm

Sigma-Aldrich

GeO

2

1-2μm

Sigma-Aldrich

Y

2

O

3

30-50 nm

Sigma-Aldrich

BaO

1-2μm

Sigma-Aldrich

La

2

O

3

1-2μm

Fluka

GDC (GDC10)

1-3μm

fuelcellmaterials

Ta

2

O

5

< 20μm

Sigma-Aldrich

The TGA measurements were conducted in parallel with the DSC measurements using the STA 449C Jupiter® from Netzsch (D). The samples were tested in Pt-Rh crucibles from room temperature to 1200°C (except for SiC+Ta2O5∼l 100°C) with a constant heating rate of 5°K/min. Synthetic air (O2:N2=20:80) and argon (Argon 5.0) at a flow rate of 30 ml/minwere used as reaction and protection gases, respectively..

The mixed powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction before and after the TGA/DSC measurements. The measurements were conducted using D8 Dscover GADDS, equipped with a VANTEC-2000 area detector from Bruker AXS. A tuned monochromatic and collimated X-ray beam (Cu-Kα) was used.

For selected additive mixtures, Raman spectroscopy was conducted with a confocal Raman microscope (LabRam 800, Horiba Jobin Ybon). A green laser line (wavelength= 532 nm) was used for excitation. Mxed powders have been annealed in ambient air for 1, 5 and 10 hrs for Raman measurements.

Coating Fabrication and Characterization

MgAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 with SiC+Y2O3 were sprayed using air plasma spraying (APS) with a Triplex Pro 210 gun (Oerlikon Metco, Switzerland). 70±6 μm thick coatings were produced on Fe-Cr substrates from Thyssen group, Germany. In coated samples cracks were induced and were then annealed for different temperatures and times to investigate healing by microscopy. The coating samples were also used for electrical conductivity measurements. For conductivity measurements, coatings were air brazed using filler alloy with a counter plate of 50x50 mm2 Fe-Cr plate. The procedure is explained elsewhere3. Four probe dc measurements were conducted as function of temperature. In addition, free-standing 1 mm thick coatings were prepared for dilatometry. For this purpose, coatings were sprayed on 7 mm x 44 mm plain carbon steel substrates followed by substrate dissolution by acid treatment in dilute sulfuric acid solution (IN) and applying dc voltage between the substrate and a counter metal electrode of 1.0-1.1 V. Self-healing in MgAl2O4 with SiC+ZhO are under investigation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Self-healing additives

Figure 2 (a) illustrates the TGA/DSC data of SiC with both particle sizes used in this work. In the DSC curve of nano-SiC, a broad depression is observed up to 900°C. Such a behavior of nano SiC has been reported as oxygen adsorption on the surface17,18. This was corroborated by the absence of this depression in the DSC curve in Ar atmosphere as shown in the figure 2(a). Corresponding weight gain due to oxygen adsorption on nano-SiC powder was less than 1%. Sub-micron SiC powder did not show this effect because of its lower specific surface area. Regardless of SiC particle size, an exothermic reaction above 900°C and an increase in its weight can be attributed to SiC oxidation. The oxidation is an exothermic reaction (heat value=943 kJ) which is described by equation (1).

Both micro and nano sized SiC was mixed Y2O3 and the TGA/DSC curves are given in Figure 2(b). In the case of SiC+Y2O3 powder mixture, a decrease in the mass up to 600°C is attributed to the evaporation of adsorbed water molecules from the Y2O3 surface owning to high surface area of nano-sized Y2O3. Such desorption in nano-sized Y2O3 was as previously also reported by Kuroda et al.19. Despite of the difference in DSC curves due to difference in SiC grain size at lower temperature zone (due to oxygen adsorption with nano-SiC), the data relevant to reaction zone appear independent of SiC particle size. As it is safe to say that there was negligible observable effect of particle size of SiC powders and as it does not influence TGA profile of the mixture significantly, the SiC particle size will not be discussed hereafter.

In Fig. 3, TGA/DSC curves of SiC+Al2O3, SiC+TiO, SiC+GDC and SiC+Ta2O5 are given. Both TGA and DSC are qualitatively similar to those of SiC. The results demonstrate that these additives have limited influence on promoting SiC oxidation or reaction formation.

The DSC data for SiC+CaO and SiC+BaO show an endothermic peak at the temperature where remarkable weight loss is observed and several exothermic peaks at higher temperatures (Fig. 4 (a)). The endothermic peak can be attributed to desorption of water molecules which have been adsorbed on the powder surface or contained in the powder as hydrates. The results demonstrate that those two samples have high reactivity at high temperatures and very hygroscopic in air. A similar characteristic, a small endothermic peak and remarkable weight loss, is also observed for Si C+La2Q3 (Fig. 4 (a)). The TGA/DSC profile of SiC+GeO2 shows a similar behavior as those in Fig. 3, however, a small endothermic peak is observed at 1110°C which is followed by a remarkable exothermal reaction of about 16mW/mg above 1180°C The mixed powder SiC+GeO2 turned to black in color and crystalline fragments after the measurements. Though the weight gain is faster than pure SiC but is decreased above 1180°C as is shown in the inset of Fig. 4(b). It is suggested that the SiC starts to be oxidized to gain weight above 1000°C and then reacted with GeO2 to form a new phase. This was validated by data from XRD.

Figure 2: Comparison of TGA/DSC profiles of submicron and nano SiC powders (a) and SiC+Y2O3 mixtures with submicronic or nano sized SiC (b). Note here that the weight gain values are given with respect to the SiC weight, while the DSC values are as obtained.

Figure 3: TGA/DSC data of submicron SiC and additives, AI2O3, TiO2, GDC and Ta2O5