Ceramics for Environmental Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Ceramic Transaction Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 275

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

This volume contains a collection of 14 papers submitted from the below five symposia held during the 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (CMCEE-11), June 14-19, 2015 in Vancouver, BC, Canada:

• Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications
• Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for the Environment
• Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymer Ceramics and Sustainable Composites
• Macroporous Ceramics For Environmental and Energy Applications
• Advanced Sensors for Energy, Environment, and Health Applications

Leseprobe

Ceramics for Environmental Systems

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 257A Collection of Papers Presentedat CMCEE-11,June 14–19, 2015,Vancouver, BC, Canada

Edited by Lianzhou WangNobuhito ImanakaWaltraud M. KrivenManabu FukushimaGirish KaleVolume EditorsMrityunjay SinghTatsuki OhjiAlexander Michaelis

Copyright © 2016 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-119-23444-9ISSN: 1042-1122

CONTENTS

Preface

Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES ON THE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF TiO

2

FILMS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DYES USING MWCNT-TiO

2

COMPOSITES AS CATALYST

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

SYNTHESIS OF THE TiO

2

-LONG LASTING PHOSPHOR (Sr

4

Al

14

O

25

:Eu

2+

,Dy

3+

) COMPOSITE AND ITS PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROTEXTURED TITANIUM DIOXIDE SURFACE BY USING MICROCUTTING TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

MORPHOLOGY CONTROL AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TiO

2

FILM

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TIO

2

NANOARRAYS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for the Environment

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES WITH OXIDE ION ELECTROLYTES FOR FORMATION OF HYDROGEN AND DECOMPOSITION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE CH

4

-CO

2

MIXED BIOGAS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

REFORMING OF CH

4

-CO

2

MIXED GAS AND SHIFT REACTION OF CO WITH H

2

O VAPOR USING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

ELECTROCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CO AND CO

2

GASES

COMBINED REACTION SYSTEM USING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

GASTIGHT, CLOSED PORE INCLUSIVE POROUS CERAMICS THROUGH A SUPERPLASTICALLY FOAMING METHOD

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgements

REFERENCES

CYANOSILYLATION OF BENZALDEHYDE WITH TRIMETHYLSILYL CYANIDE OVER A-SITE METAL SUBSTITUTED PEROVSKITE-TYPE OXIDE CATALYST PREPARED BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HETERONUCLEAR CYANO COMPLEX PRECURSORS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymer Ceramics, and Sustainable Composites

NANOPARTICLES SEEDED GEOPOLYMERS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

NH

3

BH

3

AND NaBH

4

ENCLOSED IN GEOPOLYMERS AND ZEOLITES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Macroporous Ceramics for Environmental and Energy Applications

SILICON CARBIDE MEMBRANES FOR WATER FILTRATION APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SAINT-GOBAIN SiC CERAMIC FILTERS

FILTRATION TRIALS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

FABRICATION OF POROUS CERAMICS WITH CYLINDRICAL PORES AND INCORPORATING PORES BY UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Advanced Sensors for Energy, Environment, and Health Applications

PRINTED CANTILEVERS AND MOS GAS SENSORS FOR HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GAS SENSOR PROCESSING

HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

SENSING CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOS MICRO GAS SENSOR ARRAY ON GAS MIXTURE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Author Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.

Table 2.

Chapter 2

Table 1.

Chapter 4

Table 1:

Table 2:

Table 3:

Table 4:

Chapter 5

Table 1.

Chapter 7

Table 1

Table 2

Chapter 8

Table 1

Table 2

Chapter 9

Table 1

Table 2

Chapter 10

Table 1:

Chapter 11

Table I:

Chapter 12

Table 1.

Chapter 13

Table I:

Chapter 14

Table 1.

Table 2.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Pages

iv

ix

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

57

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

Preface

The global challenges we face require innovative thinking and sustainable technology to meet increased demands for energy, clean water, and infrastructure. Research in materials, specifically ceramic materials, continues to provide solutions to everyday challenges such as environmental protection, energy supply and generation, and healthcare. The 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (11th CMCEE), held June 14–19, 2015 at the Hyatt Regency Vancouver in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, identified key challenges and opportunities for ceramic technologies to create sustainable materials.

This Ceramic Transactions volume contains papers submitted from the following five symposia held in Track 3: Ceramics for Environmental Systems:

Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications

Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for the Environment

Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymer Ceramics, and Sustainable Composites

Macroporous Ceramics For Environmental and Energy Applications

Advanced Sensors for Energy, Environment, and Health Applications

After a peer-review process, 14 papers were accepted for inclusion in this proceedings volume. The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the symposium co-organizers for their help and support, to all the authors for their cooperation and contributions, to all the participants and session chairs for their time and efforts, and to all the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also acknowledge the organization and leadership provided by the meeting chairs, Mrityunjay Singh, Tatsuki Ohji, and Alexander Michaelis.

We hope these proceedings will serve as a useful resource for researchers and engineers working in the field of environmental science and technology.

LIANZHOUWANG, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, China NOBUHITO IMANAKA, Osaka University, Japan WALTRAUDM. KRIVEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA MANABU FUKUSHIMA, AIST, Japan GIRISHKALE, University of Leeds, UK

Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES ON THE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF TiO2 FILMS

A. K. Alves; A. C. Teloeken; F. A. Berutti; C. P. Bergmann

Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials (PPGE3M) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Semiconductors can be excited by exposure to radiation of a higher energy than the band gap and an energy-rich electron–hole pair is formed. This energy can be utilized electrically, to change the catalyst surface itself, or chemically. For photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting, a light-sensitive semiconductor is commonly used as a photoelectrode. In PEC applications, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most important and most widely used semiconductors, mainly due to its chemical stability, non-toxicity, low cost and adequate band gap for effective water-splitting. The production of TiO2 thin films is a feasible way to immobilize the catalyst in a photoelectrode surface. The photoactivity of the resulting TiO2 film depends strongly on its physical properties such as crystal phase structures, thickness, porosity and atomic defects. In the present work, these properties were studied for TiO2 thin films obtained by a dip-coating process of a sol-gel system in a glass-FTO substrate. Two systems were tested; one with a binder (polyvinyl butyral – PVB) and another without it. The samples after heat treatment were characterized by XRD, SEM, DRS, ellipsometry, profilometry and photocurrent measurements. A significant correlation between the structural aspects of the films (roughness, thickness and optical properties) and the generated photocurrent was established.

INTRODUCTION

In the photoelectrochemical decomposition of water, which takes place in photoelectrochemical cells, hydrogen and oxygen are separately generated on the surface of the photocathode and the photoanode. Under illumination with light of a specific wavelength, holes (h+) will be generated in the valence band, diffuse to the surface of the catalyst and then oxidize the water molecules of the medium producing O2. The photogenerated electrons in the conduction band can be transferred to the photocathode via the electrolyte and generate H21. The energy necessary for such a process to occur (thermodynamic potential) is limited by the electrochemical thermodynamics of the chemical decomposition of water into H2 and O2, typically requiring 1.23 V. However, when using just one semiconductor to absorb light, an electrochemical overpotential is necessary to overcome the kinetics barrier1.

Titanium oxide has been used as a photoanode in this process because it has interesting energy band positions, chemical stability, non-toxicity and low cost2. Although TiO2 has already been studied as a photoanode, the structural and surface characteristics of TiO2 thin films that can effectively influence the efficiency of H2 production are yet to be full comprehended. In general, the preparation conditions of TiO2 thin films based on a sol-gel process can strongly affect the physical properties of the film3, 4. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the structural and physical properties of these films according to the preparation conditions.

In this context, this paper describes the preparation of TiO2 thin films using a sol-gel dip-coating process. Titanium propoxide was used as a precursor and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as a binder system to tailor the viscosity of the system. The aims of this work were to obtain TiO2 films with a specific crystal structure (anatase) using a low processing temperature and, to study the influence of parameters such as the heat treatment temperature, the number of film layers, the aging time and the presence of PVB in the morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical characteristics of the films.

EXPERIMENTAL

A solution was prepared by mixing titanium propoxide (Sigma-Aldrich) and acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) (volume ratio 1:1) under magnetic stirring for 10 minutes. Following the approach adopted by Alves et al.5, the sol was then kept for 15 minutes in the dark to complete the hydrolysis reaction. Subsequently 8 mL of anhydrous ethanol (Dinamica), 0.8 mL of acetylacetone (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.1 mL of Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) were successively added.

To tailor the viscosity of the system, a second solution was prepared using the same procedure described above; however 0.316 g of polyvinyl butyral (Mowital B 30H, Omya) were dissolved in 8 mL of anhydrous ethanol and added to the other reagents already mixed.

The solutions were aged for 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours in the dark. Afterwards, each solution was deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates (NSG TEC 8A, Xop Fsica) by a dip coating technique (Compact DipMaster 50 Dip Coater). The substrates were cleaned with acetone using an ultrasound bath for 10 minutes, rinsed with distilled water and ethanol, and dried in air for 30 minutes.

The substrates were dipped 1, 2 or 3 times into each solution at a speed of 50 mm/min, kept immersed for 30 seconds and removed with the same speed. After each coating step, the samples were dried for 30 minutes in air and, after the last coat, dried for 24 h at 100°C. The samples were then heat-treated at 400, 500 or 600°C, with a heating rate of 100 °C/h, and a dwelling time of 2 hours.

Characterization

Viscosity measurements (Rheolab MC 120, Anton Paar) of the prepared solutions with and without PVB were measured as a function of the shear rate (from 100 to 1000 s-1) at different time intervals (2, 4, 6 and 8 h) to monitor the system aging and the effect of PVB.

The morphology of the films was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM Hitachi TM3000). The samples were attached to a sample holder with a carbon tape, without any previous preparation.

The crystalline phase composition of the samples was determined using the X-ray diffraction technique (Philips X’Pert), Cu Kα1 radiation (40 mA, 40 kV). The measurement was made in θ/2θ-configuration in a range of 5° < 2θ < 80° with a scan speed of 2 s/step and an increment of 0.002°. The crystallite size of the samples was calculated using the Scherrer equation6.

The optical properties of the films were determined using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with an integrating sphere (Agilent, Cary 5000) for band gap calculation and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SOPRA GES-5E IRSE, Xe light) or optical profilometry (Contour GT-K 3D, Bruker) for determining the film thickness of samples (opaque or translucid/transparent, respectively).

The roughness of the films was determined using a Rugosimeter SJ-400 (Mitutoyo), analyzing 0.01 μm2 of the surface area of each photoelectrode. Three distinct areas of each sample were measured and the medium value of Ra was calculated.

Photocurrent measurements were performed using 1M KOH solution as electrolyte, a potentiostat (Autolab, Metrohm), a platinum counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl/3M-KCl reference electrode. A potential bias was applied from -0.5 to 0.5 V, at a scan rate of 10 mV/sec. The measurements were first performed in the dark and then under illumination using a solar simulator (Oriel Lamp by L.O.T - Oriel AG), at an intensity correspondent to 1.5 AM (1 sun, 1000 W/m2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The aging affect on the viscosity of the systems is observed in the results shown in Figure 1