Characteristic Modes E-Book

Yikai Chen

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 419

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Describes how to systematically implement various characteristic mode (CM) theories into designs of practical antenna systems

This book examines both theoretical developments of characteristic modes (CMs) and practical developments of CM-based methodologies for a variety of critical antenna designs. The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and discusses the recent advances of the CM theory and its applications in antenna engineering. Chapter 2 describes the formulation of the characteristic mode theory for perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) bodies and discusses its numerical implementations. Chapter 3 presents the CM theory for PEC structures embedded in multilayered medium and its applications. Chapter 4 covers recent advances in CM theory for dielectric bodies and also their applications. Chapter 5 discusses the CM theory for N-port networks and its applications to the design of antenna arrays. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses the design of platform-integrated antenna systems using characteristic modes.

This book features the following:

• Introduces characteristic mode theories for various electromagnetic structures including PEC bodies, structures in multilayered medium, dielectric bodies, and N-port networks
• Examines CM applications in electrically small antennas, microstrip patch antennas, dielectric resonator antennas, multiport antennas, antenna arrays, and platform mounted antenna systems
• Discusses numerical algorithms for the implementation of the characteristic mode theories in computer code

Characteristic Modes: Theory and Applications in Antenna Engineering will help antenna researchers, engineers, and students find new solutions for their antenna design challenges. 

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

COVER

TITLE PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUNDS

1.2 AN INTRODUCTION TO CHARACTERISTIC MODE THEORY

1.3 CHARACTERISTIC MODES IN ANTENNA ENGINEERING

1.4 CHARACTERISTIC MODES IN SCATTERING COMPUTATION

1.5 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK

REFERENCES

2 CHARACTERISTIC MODE THEORY FOR PEC BODIES

2.1 BACKGROUNDS

2.2 SURFACE INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

2.3 METHOD OF MOMENTS

2.4 EFIE BASED CM FORMULATION

2.5 MFIE BASED CM FORMULATION

2.6 CFIE-BASED CM FORMULATION

2.7 APPLICABILITY OF THE CM FORMULATIONS

2.8 COMPUTATION OF CHARACTERISTIC MODES

2.9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

2.10 A FIRST GLANCE ON CM EXCITATIONS

2.11 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

3 CHARACTERISTIC MODE THEORY FOR ANTENNAS IN MULTILAYERED MEDIUM

3.1 BACKGROUNDS

3.2 CM FORMULATION FOR PEC STRUCTURES IN MULTILAYERED MEDIUM

3.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAVITY MODEL AND CHARACTERISTIC MODES

3.4 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

3.5 APPLICATIONS TO CIRCULARLY POLARIZED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN

3.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

4 CHARACTERISTIC MODE THEORY FOR DIELECTRIC RESONATORS

4.1 BACKGROUNDS

4.2 CM FORMULATIONS FOR DIELECTRIC BODIES

4.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DRAS USING CM THEORY

4.4 COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY

4.5 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

5 CHARACTERISTIC MODE THEORY FOR N-PORT NETWORKS

5.1 BACKGROUNDS

5.2 CHARACTERISTIC MODE FORMULATIONS FOR

N

-PORT NETWORKS

5.3 REACTIVELY CONTROLLED ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGNS USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

5.4 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA DESIGNS USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

5.5 WIDEBAND ARRAY EXCITATION DESIGN USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

5.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

6 PLATFORM-INTEGRATED ANTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

6.1 BACKGROUNDS

6.2 ELECTRICALLY SMALL UAV ANTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

6.3 HF BAND SHIPBOARD ANTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN USING CHARACTERISTIC MODES

6.4 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Eigenvalues of a PEC sphere with 0.2 wavelength radius

Table 2.2 Different mesh densities for the 0.2 wavelengths radius PEC sphere

Table 2.3 Different mesh densities for the 100 mm × 40 mm rectangular PEC plate

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Resonant frequencies obtained from different methods

Table 3.2 Geometry parameters for the three corner-truncated CP antennas

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 The analyzed DRAs and corresponding excitation methods

Table 4.2 Resonant frequencies of the cylindrical DRA

Table 4.3 Modal fields and modal radiation patterns of the cylindrical DRA

Table 4.4 Modal fields and modal radiation patterns of an isolated spherical DRA

Table 4.5 Resonant frequencies of the spherical DRA

Table 4.6 CPU time for the CM analysis of three types of DRAs

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Reactance loadings for the steered seven-element circular array

Table 5.2 Reactance loadings for the two three-ring CCAAs

Table 5.3 CPU time for evaluation of 100,000 objective functions

Table 5.4 Design parameters of the two six-element reactively loaded Yagi-Uda antennas

Table 5.5 Performance comparisons between the six-element reactively loaded Yagi-Uda antenna and the optimized non-loaded Yagi-Uda antennas

Table 5.6 Design parameters of the two 15-element reactively loaded Yagi-Uda antennas

Table 5.7 Performance comparison between the reactively loaded 15-element Yagi-Uda antenna and the optimized non-loaded Yagi-Uda antennas

Table 5.8 Cost function evaluation CPU time in the CM-based approach and the MoM-based approach

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 The cavity model of a microstrip antenna.

Figure 1.2 An isolated rectangular dielectric resonator antenna.

Figure 1.3 Yearly publications on characteristic modes. The statistical data comes from the Scopus database [64].

Figure 1.4 CM research topics and their publication percentages after the year 1980.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Surface equivalence principle of a 3D PEC structure.

Figure 2.2 Triangular element mesh of a ship.

Figure 2.3 RWG basis function defined over a pair of adjacent triangle elements.

Figure 2.4 Example of closed and open objects. (a) Closed sphere and (b) open surface of a parabolic reflector.

Figure 2.5 Flowchart of the CM computer code.

Figure 2.6 Association in the first round.

Figure 2.7 The reduced correlation coefficient matrix.

Figure 2.8 The association relationship between the eigenvectors at two different frequencies.

Figure 2.9 Configuration of a double-layered stacked microstrip antenna.

Figure 2.10 Modal significances with and without CM tracking. (a) CM analysis without CM tracking and (b) CM analysis with CM tracking.

Figure 2.11 Characteristic currents of the (a) first and (b) fourth mode at the resonant and non-resonant frequencies.

Figure 2.12 Characteristic modes of the PEC sphere with 0.2 wavelength radius. (a) Modal currents of the TM

01

mode, (b) modal fields of the TM

01

mode. (c) modal currents of the TE

01

mode, (d) modal fields of the TE

01

mode. (e) modal currents of the TM

12

mode, (f) modal fields of the TM

12

mode. (g) modal currents of the TM

22

mode, (h) modal fields of the TM

22

mode. (i) modal currents of the TE

02

mode, (j) modal fields of the TE

02

mode. (k) modal currents of the TE

12

mode, (l) modal fields of the TE

12

mode. (m) modal currents of the TE

22

mode, (n) modal fields of the TE

22

mode. (o) modal currents of the TM

03

mode, and (p) modal fields of the TM

03

mode.

Figure 2.13 Eigenvalues of the 100 mm × 40 mm rectangular PEC plate.

Figure 2.14 Characteristic modes of the 100 mm × 40 mm rectangular PEC plate at 1300 MHz. (a)

J

1

 & 

E

1

, (b)

J

2

 & 

E

2

. (c)

J

3

 & 

E

3

, and (d)

J

4

 & 

E

4

.

Figure 2.15 Inductive and capacitive coupling elements for the excitation of the first mode in Figure 2.14a.

Figure 2.16 Eigenvalues of closed sphere surface for varying mesh density in EFIE-based CM formulation.

Figure 2.17 Eigenvalues of closed sphere surface for varying mesh density in the MFIE-based CM formulation.

Figure 2.18 Eigenvalues of the PEC plate for varying mesh density.

Figure 2.19 Geometry of a multiband planar inverted-F antenna.

Figure 2.20 VSWR of the multiband planar inverted-F antenna.

Figure 2.21 Current distributions and radiation patterns at resonant frequencies. (a) 1.9 GHz (b) 3.3 GHz. (c) 4.1 GHz, and (d) 4.7 GHz.

Figure 2.22 Eigenvalues of the PIFA.

Figure 2.23 Dominant characteristic modes at resonant frequencies. (a) Characteristic currents at 1.9 GHz, (b) characteristic currents at 3.3 GHz. (c) characteristic currents at 4.1 GHz, and (d) characteristic currents at 4.7 GHz.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Basic configuration of a microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 3.2 Typical feeding structures for microstrip patch antennas. (a) Coaxial probe feed, (b) microstrip line feed, (c) proximity coupled feed, and (d) aperture coupled feed.

Figure 3.3 Geometry of an irregularly shaped patch antenna.

Figure 3.4 Configuration of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 3.5

S

-parameters of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 3.6 HFSS-simulated radiating currents at the resonant frequencies. (a) 1.05 GHz, (b) 1.55 GHz, (c) 1.90 GHz, and (d) 2.10 GHz.

Figure 3.7 HFSS-simulated radiation patterns at the resonant frequencies. (a) 1.05 GHz, (b) 1.55 GHz, (c) 1.90 GHz, and (d) 2.10 GHz.

Figure 3.8 Modal significances obtained from (a) CM theory for antennas in multilayered medium and (b) CM theory for PEC objects.

Figure 3.9 Characteristic currents and far fields of the dominant modes at the resonant frequencies. (a) TM

10

, 1.08 GHz; (b) TM

01

, 1.60 GHz; (c) TM

11

, 1.95 GHz; and (d) TM

20

, 2.13 GHz.

Figure 3.10 Dimensions of an equilateral triangular patch.

Figure 3.11 Modal significance for the equilateral triangular patch antenna.

Figure 3.12 Characteristic currents and far-fields of the dominant modes at the resonant frequencies. (a) TM

01

, 1.299 GHz; (b) TM

10

, 1.299 GHz; (c) TM

11

, 2.249 GHz; (d) TM

02

, 2.573 GHz; (e) TM

20

, 2.573 GHz; (f) TM

21

, 3.438 GHz; and (g) TM

12

, 3.438 GHz.

Figure 3.13 Configurations of the concentric circular patch antenna.

Figure 3.14 Characteristic currents and characteristic fields of the concentric circular patch at 5.0 GHz. (a)

J

1

&

E

1

, (b)

J

2

&

E

2

, and (c)

J

3

&

E

3.

Figure 3.15 Configurations of the corner-truncated CP antenna.

Figure 3.16 Modal significances (a) and characteristic angles (b) for the three corner-truncated CP antennas.

Figure 3.17 Characteristic currents for antenna 1: (a) mode 1 and (b) mode 2.

Figure 3.18 Characteristic fields for antenna 1: (a) mode 1 and (b) mode 2.

Figure 3.19 Configuration of the dual band stacked microstrip antenna.

Figure 3.20 Simulated reflection coefficient of the dual band stacked microstrip antenna.

Figure 3.21 Measured axial ratio of the dual band stacked microstrip antenna in Ref. [29].

Figure 3.22 The current distributions on the stacked patches in two different bands: (a) 1.225 GHz band and (b) 1.575 GHz band.

Figure 3.23 Modal significance of the stacked patches.

Figure 3.24 Characteristic currents and characteristic fields of the modes indicated in Figure 3.23. (a) The first mode at 1.15 GHz; (b) the second mode at 1.15 GHz; (c) the third mode at 1.5 GHz; and (d) the fourth mode at 1.5 GHz.

Figure 3.25 The circularly polarized U-slot antenna with offset feed: (a) the geometry and (b) prototype. From Ref. [39]. © 2012 by IEEE. Reproduced by permission of IEEE.

Figure 3.26 Horizontal and vertical modes of the U-slot antenna: (a) characteristic angle and (b) modal significance.

Figure 3.27 Characteristic currents of the U-slot antenna at 2.3 GHz. (a) Normalized horizontal mode

J

1

, (b) normalized vertical mode

J

2

,

(c) “H-V” current

J

1

–

J

2

. The color scale is in dB and is applicable to all the three figures.

Figure 3.28 The axial ratio of the U-slot antenna with offset feed.

Figure 3.29 Radiation patterns of the U-slot antenna with offset feed. Radiation patterns at (a) 2.325 GHz in the ϕ = 0° plane and (b) 2.325 GHz in the ϕ = 90° plane.

Figure 3.30 The circularly polarized E-shaped patch antenna with reduced size: (a) the geometry and (b) prototype. From Ref. [39]. © 2012 by IEEE. Reproduced by permission of IEEE

Figure 3.31 The first three characteristic modes of the E-shaped patch antenna: (a) characteristic angle and (b) modal significance.

Figure 3.32 Characteristic current distribution of the E-shaped patch antenna. (a) Mode

J

1

at 2.3 GHz, (b) mode

J

2

at 2.3 GHz, (c) mode

J

2

at 2.6 GHz, and (d) mode

J

3

at 2.6 GHz. From Ref. [39]. © 2012 by IEEE. Reproduced by permission of IEEE.

Figure 3.33 Characteristic current distribution of the size-reduced E-shaped patch antenna at 2.3 GHz. (a) Mode

J

1

and (b) mode

J

2

. From Ref. [39]. © 2012 by IEEE. Reproduced by permission of IEEE.

Figure 3.34 Reflection coefficients of the circular polarized E-shaped patch antenna.

Figure 3.35 Axial ratio of the circularly polarized E-shaped patch antenna.

Figure 3.36 Radiation patterns of the circularly polarized E-shaped patch antenna at 2.45 GHz: (a) the ϕ = 0° plane and (b) the ϕ = 90° plane.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Commonly used DRA shapes with three typical excitation methods. (a) Probe-fed hemispherical DRA, (b) aperture coupling–fed rectangular DRA, and (c) microstrip line–fed cylindrical DRA.

Figure 4.2 Surface equivalence principle of a dielectric scattering problem. (a) Original problem, (b) exterior equivalence, and (c) interior equivalence.

Figure 4.3 Modal significances and eigenvalues computed from the new CM formulations. Modal significances computed from the (a) dual CM formulations and (b) the first 100 modes, and (c) absolute value of the eigenvalues for the first 100 modes.

Figure 4.4 Modal significances and eigenvalues computed from the 1970s CM formulation. (a) Modal significances of the first 100 modes and (b) absolute value of the eigenvalues for the first 100 modes.

Figure 4.5 The configuration of a probe-fed cylindrical DRA for the excitation of HEM

11

δ

mode.

Figure 4.6 The configuration of an aperture coupling–fed cylindrical DRA for the excitation of TE

01

δ

mode.

Figure 4.7 The internal electric field and radiation pattern due to the aperture coupling feeding.

Figure 4.8 Modal significance of the spherical dielectric resonator.

Figure 4.9 Configuration of the probe-fed spherical dielectric resonator antenna.

Figure 4.10 Reflection coefficient of the probe-fed spherical dielectric resonator antenna.

Figure 4.11 Radiation pattern and internal electric fields due to the coaxial probe feeding. (a) 3.6 GHz and (b) 5.2 GHz.

Figure 4.12 Modal magnetic field for the TE

111

mode of an isolated spherical DRA.

Figure 4.13 Configuration of an aperture coupling–fed hemi-spherical DRA.

Figure 4.14 Simulation results of the aperture coupling–fed hemi-spherical DRA. (a) The reflection coefficient and (b) the internal magnetic fields and radiation pattern at 5.5 GHz.

Figure 4.15 Geometry of the aperture coupling–fed rectangular DRA.

Figure 4.16 Modal significance of the rectangular DRA.

Figure 4.17 Modal magnetic fields and modal radiation patterns of the rectangular DRA at 5.8 GHz. (a) The first mode, (b) the second mode, and (c) the third mode.

Figure 4.18 Simulated reflection coefficient of the aperture coupling–fed rectangular DRA.

Figure 4.19 Simulated internal magnetic fields and radiation pattern of the aperture coupling–fed rectangular DRA at 5.95 GHz.

Figure 4.20 Geometry of the probe-fed triangular DRA.

Figure 4.21 Modal significance of the triangular DRA.

Figure 4.22 Modal fields and modal radiation patterns of the triangular DRA at 1.5 GHz. (a) The first mode, (b) the second mode, (c) the third mode, and (d) the fourth mode.

Figure 4.23 Simulated reflection coefficient of the probe-fed triangular DRA.

Figure 4.24 Simulated internal fields and radiation pattern of the probe-fed triangular DRA at 1.5 GHz.

Figure 4.25 Configurations of the notched rectangular dielectric resonator.

Figure 4.26 Modal significances and reflection coefficients of the excited notched rectangular dielectric resonator.

Figure 4.27 Characteristic modes of the notched rectangular DRA. (a) Modal electric fields at 2.42 GHz, (b) modal radiation pattern at 2.42 GHz, (c) modal electric fields at 2.93 GHz, and (d) modal radiation pattern at 2.93 GHz.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 A general

N

-port network.

Figure 5.2 A seven-element reactively controlled circular antenna array.

Figure 5.3 The Thevenin equivalence of an

N

-port reactively controlled antenna array.

Figure 5.4 Flow chart of the differential evolution algorithm.

Figure 5.5 Normalized radiation patterns of the seven-element reactively loaded circular array.

Figure 5.6 Configuration of the three-ring concentric circular antenna array (

N

1

 = 4,

N

2

 = 6,

N

3

 = 8).

Figure 5.7 Radiation patterns for the reactively loaded concentric circular antenna arrays with 19 and 31 elements.

Figure 5.8 Convergence rate of the differential evolution algorithm in the reactively loaded concentric circular antenna array optimizations.

Figure 5.9 Configuration of the reactively loaded six-element Yagi-Uda antenna.

Figure 5.10 Voltage source for the excitation of the driven element.

Figure 5.11 Radiation patterns of the reactively loaded six-element Yagi-Uda antenna.

Figure 5.12 Radiation patterns of the reactively loaded 15-element Yagi-Uda antennas.

Figure 5.13 Convergence rates of the CM-based optimal designs of Yagi-Uda antennas. (a) Convergence rates in the six-element antenna designs and (b) convergence rates in the 15-element antenna designs.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Geometry and mesh of an UAV used as the supporting structure.

Figure 6.2 Eigenvalues of the first four modes for the UAV.

Figure 6.3 Characteristic currents and characteristic fields of the UAV at 800 MHz. (a)

J

1

&

E

1

, (b)

J

2

&

E

2

(c)

J

3

&

E

3

, and (d)

J

4

&

E

4.

Figure 6.4 Flowchart of the pattern synthesis method.

Figure 6.5 Pareto front of the errors for trading off the main beam directions, front-to-back ratios, and total energy within the main beam range. (a) Broadside radiation, (b) frontward radiation. (c) backward radiation.

Figure 6.6 Synthesized currents and radiation patterns from MOEA/D. (a) Real part of the current for broadside radiation, (b) imaginary part of the current for broadside radiation. (c) real part of the current for forward radiation, (d) imaginary part of the current for forward radiation. (e) real part of the current for backward radiation, and (f) imaginary part of the current for backward radiation.

Figure 6.7 Theoretical model (a) and prototype (b) of the three-port UAV integrated antenna system. .

Figure 6.8 Geometry of the isolated slot monopole and inverted-F shaped probes. (a) Slot monopole and (b) inverted F-shaped probe.

Figure 6.9 Theoretical model (a) and photo (b) of the fabricated feed network. .

Figure 6.10 Transmission and reflection characteristics to each of the ports of the power divider: (a) output phases and (b) transmission and reflection coefficients.

Figure 6.11 HFSS simulated current distributions on the UAV platform for (a) broadside, (b) frontward. (c) backward radiation cases.

Figure 6.12 HFSS-simulated radiation patterns radiated by the excited currents on the UAV platform for (a) broadside, (b) frontward, and (c) backward radiation cases.

Figure 6.13 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the three-port UAV antenna system. (a) The slot monopole probe and (b) the inverted F-shaped probe.

Figure 6.14 The three-dimensional measurement of the total realized gain of the UAV antenna system: (a) broadside, (b) frontward, and (c) backward radiation.

Figure 6.15 Geometry and dimensions of the naval ship.

Figure 6.16 The first four characteristic currents and fields at 5 MHz. All the color scales are in dB. (a)

J

1

 & 

E

1

, (b)

J

2

 & 

E

2

. (c)

J

3

 & 

E

3

, and (d)

J

4

 & 

E

4

.

Figure 6.17 Modal significances of the first 50 modes. There are 20 significant modes around 5 MHz.

Figure 6.18 Flowchart of the CM-based synthesis procedure for platform-antenna integration problems.

Figure 6.19 Modal expansion coefficients for the synthesized currents and broadside radiation pattern.

Figure 6.20 The synthesized currents and broadside radiation pattern. The color scale is in dB.

Figure 6.21 The excited current distributions on the scaled ship platform and radiating far fields at 2.08 GHz. ICEs are used to excite the synthesized currents.

Figure 6.22 The transmission and port characteristics of the power divider.

Figure 6.23 Simulated and measured return loss of the 1:400 scale model.

Figure 6.24 The simulated radiation pattern. (a) 2.05 GHz, (b) 2.08 GHz, and (c) 2.12 GHz.

Figure 6.25 The fabricated prototype of the 1:400 scale model.

Figure 6.26 Measured (a) and simulated (b) radiation patterns at 2.08 GHz.

Figure 6.27 Measured realized gain and simulated efficiency of the shipboard antenna.

Figure 6.28 Explosive view of the practical implementation of the design in HF band.

Figure 6.29 Simulated active reflection coefficients of the practical design in HF band.

Figure 6.30 Simulated radiation pattern and radiation currents of the practical design at 5 MHz.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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CHARACTERISTIC MODES

Theory and Applications in Antenna Engineering

YIKAI CHEN AND CHAO-FU WANG

Temasek Laboratories

National University of Singapore

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Chen, Yikai, 1984–Characteristics modes : theory and applications in antenna engineering / Yikai Chen, Chao-Fu Wang, Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-119-03842-9 (hardback)1. Antennas (Electronics) I. Wang, Chao-Fu, 1964– II. Title. TK7871.6.C457 2015 621.382′4–dc23

                2015002781

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1

The cavity model of a microstrip antenna.

Figure 1.2

An isolated rectangular dielectric resonator antenna.

Figure 1.3

Yearly publications on characteristic modes. The statistical data comes from the Scopus database [64].

Figure 1.4

CM research topics and their publication percentages after the year 1980.

Figure 2.1

Surface equivalence principle of a 3D PEC structure.

Figure 2.2

Triangular element mesh of a ship.

Figure 2.3

RWG basis function defined over a pair of adjacent triangle elements.

Figure 2.4

Example of closed and open objects (a) Closed sphere and (b) open surface of a parabolic reflector.

Figure 2.5

Flowchart of the CM computer code.

Figure 2.6

Association in the first round.

Figure 2.7

The reduced correlation coefficient matrix.

Figure 2.8

The association relationship between the eigenvectors at two different frequencies.

Figure 2.9

Configuration of a double-layered stacked microstrip antenna.

Figure 2.10

Modal significances with and without CM tracking. (a) CM analysis without CM tracking and (b) CM analysis with CM tracking.

Figure 2.11

Characteristic currents of the (a) first and (b) fourth mode at the resonant and non-resonant frequencies.

Figure 2.12

Characteristic modes of the PEC sphere with 0.2 wavelength radius. (a) Modal currents of the TM01 mode, (b) modal fields of the TM01 mode, (c) modal currents of the TE01 mode, (d) modal fields of the TE01 mode, (e) modal currents of the TM12 mode, (f) modal fields of the TM12 mode, (g) modal currents of the TM22 mode, (h) modal fields of the TM22 mode, (i) modal currents of the TE02 mode, (j) modal fields of the TE02 mode, (k) modal currents of the TE12 mode, (l) modal fields of the TE12 mode, (m) modal currents of the TE22 mode, (n) modal fields of the TE22 mode, (o) modal currents of the TM03 mode, and (p) modal fields of the TM03 mode.

Figure 2.13

Eigenvalues of the 100 mm × 40 mm rectangular PEC plate.

Figure 2.14

Characteristic modes of the 100 mm × 40 mm rectangular PEC plate at 1300 MHz. (a) J1 & E1, (b) J2 & E2, (c) J3 & E3, and (d) J4 & E4.

Figure 2.15

Inductive and capacitive coupling elements for the excitation of the first mode in

Figure 2.14

a.

Figure 2.16

Eigenvalues of closed sphere surface for varying mesh density in EFIE-based CM formulation.

Figure 2.17

Eigenvalues of closed sphere surface for varying mesh density in the MFIE-based CM formulation.