Chemical and Biological Microsensors E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 500

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book reviews the state of art in the field of chemical sensors for analyses of ionic or molecular species dissolved in liquid media, mainly in aqueous solutions. The transduction of such devices is based on chemical, biological and physical phenomena. The fundamental phenomena involved in these sensors are described in the different chapters by specialists having a good expertise in the field. Numerous recent bibliographic references are given. Most of the devices could be miniaturised using modern technologies allowing a fabrication on a large scale, for a mass production at low cost. Moreover, such devices could open the field of applications in a near future (environmental, biomedical, food industries, domotic and automotive applications etc.).

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Foreword

Chapter 1. General Features

1.1. Definitions

1.2. Classification

1.3. Specific problems of chemical sensors

1.4. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical microsensors

1.5. Perspectives

1.6. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Chemical Sensors: Development and Industrial Requirements

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Modern research and development (R&D) management methods applied to sensors

2.3. Applications and inventory of the needs

2.4. New needs and industrial applications

2.5. The sensor in the measuring chain

2.6. Conclusions and prospects

2.7. Bibliography

Chapter 3. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensors

3.1. General concepts

3.2. Models for the sensitivity and selectivity of potentiometric sensors

3.3. Case of amperometric sensors

3.4. Molecular recognition and sensors

3.5. Characterization methods

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Potentiometric Sensors (Ions and Dissolved Gases)

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Membranes

4.3. Current developments in potentiometric sensors

4.4. Bibliography

Chapter 5. Amperometric Sensors

5.1. Sensors based upon chemically modified electrodes

5.2. Amperometric biosensors

5.3. Bibliography

Chapter 6. ISFET, BioFET Sensors

6.1. Structure of ISFET sensors

6.2. Techniques used for ISFET fabrication and operation

6.3. ISFET membranes

6.4. Detection of molecular species

6.5. BioFETs

6.6. Commercial devices

6.7. Conclusion and perspectives

6.8. Bibliography

Chapter 7. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors Based Upon Guided Optics

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Definitions

7.3. Principles of optical microsensors

7.4. Optical fiber biosensors

7.5. Perspectives and conclusions

7.6. Bibliography

Chapter 8. Sensors and Voltammetric Probes for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Elements in Aquatic Media

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Basic principles of the voltammetric techniques and of their applications to analysis of water

8.3. Voltammetric techniques used for the analysis of trace elements in waters

8.4. Development of reliable submersible voltammetric probes

8.5. Submersible voltammetric probes reported in the literature

8.6. Conclusion

8.7. Bibliography

Chapter 9. Chemometrics

9.1. Introduction

9.2. A particular case: the linear case

9.3. Least squares methods: non-linear case

9.4. Neural networks

9.5. Conclusion

9.6. Bibliography

Chapter 10. Impedancemetric Sensors

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Fields of application

10.3. Conductivity of liquid media

10.4. Impedance of first kind cell (direct measurement)

10.5. Cell configurations and sources of error

10.6. Second kind cells

10.7. Summary of practical precautions

10.8. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2003 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled: Microcapteurs chimiques et biologiques : applications en milieu liquide © LAVOISIER 2003

First published 2010 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.iste.co.uk

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2010

The rights of Jacques Fouletier and Pierre Fabry to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chemical and biological microsensors : applications in fluid media / edited by Jacques Fouletier, Pierre Fabry.

p. cm.

"First published in France in 2003 by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled: Microcapteurs chimiques et biologiques : applications en milieu liquide."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84821-142-1

1. Chemical detectors. 2. Biosensors. 3. Microfluidics. I. Fouletier, Jacques. II. Fabry, Pierre.

TP159.C46C387 2009

681'.2--dc22

2009039567

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-142-1

Foreword

The present book, devoted to sensors for ions and gaseous species in solution, deals with the theoretical basic concepts which are necessary for a better understanding, and consequently, for a better use of such sensors, and also presents the state-of-art and current developments. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject, the authors are expert researchers and industrialists in each field.

Chapter 1 is devoted to a classification of chemical sensors, with a particular emphasis on electrochemical sensors. It provides some definitions and basic concepts, focusing on metrological characteristics and on major problems, specific to chemical sensors, which must be taken into account by the users.

In Chapter 2, the essential aspects of the industrial development of new sensors are discussed. The designers are not usually familiar with their complexity, as, for example, in the case of the qualification procedure of a new product, with regard to the specifications required by the future users.

Chapter 3 deals, from a general point of view, with electrochemical sensors for which the electrochemical reaction ensures the selectivity and the sensitivity of the device, but also the transduction to an electrical signal. The fundamental aspects are discussed and the methods of determination of the detection limit and of the selectivity coefficients are developed.

The two following chapters are devoted to a description of potentiometric and amperometric sensors used for the analysis of ionic species and dissolved gases. In Chapter 4, the main characteristics of specific electrodes are presented. The emphasis is on ion-sensitive membranes, which are ionic conductors in crystallized phases, glasses, or polymers. The main current developments of such sensors are also discussed. Amperometric sensors, which are the subject of Chapter 5, are used for the detection of dissolved species (using chemically modified electrodes) or for the analysis of biomolecules by immobilization of a biologic species on a transducer.

Although ISFET, i.e. ion-sensitive field effect transistors, are advantageous in the case of the ionic detection in comparison with classical chemical sensors, only the pH-ISFET has had commercial success up to now. The current situation is described in Chapter 6, discussing the developments led by multi-detection requirements, for instance, in biomedical applications with a strong demand for disposable and miniaturized multisensors.

The wide range of possibilities offered by sensors using optical fibers are presented in Chapter 7. The needs in instrumentation are tremendous: robotics, automatic manufacturing, aeronautics, automotive industry, etc. They are essentially optical biosensors, which have been developed recently and will certainly be industrially developed in the near future.

Chapter 8 discusses the characteristics of sensors and voltamperometric gauges for continuous in situ measurements of concentrations and electrochemical properties of trace species, especially metallic species in natural media. It is a domain where electrochemistry yields very interesting performances.

Chapter 9 is devoted to chemometrics, which enables the extraction of relevant and useful information from several pieces of physicochemical raw data. It is a relatively recent tool, rarely used in applications where it is coupled with sensors, but it also promises to have real development potential.

Finally, impedancemetric sensor devices are described in Chapter 10, where the essential concepts are discussed to guide users in their own applications, and therefore, to avoid errors due to a bad choice of the measuring parameters. Such sensors are traditional; nevertheless, several examples will be given, illustrating recent research and developments.

Jean-Claude Poignet, past Professor in Electrochemistry (Grenoble Institute of Technology), has translated most of the chapters of the book. His contribution has been well beyond that of simple translation; above all, the book owes a great deal to stimulating discussions we have had with him over the years. Finally, Véronique Ghetta is warmly acknowledged for her assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.

Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY

Chapter 1

General Features1

1.1. Definitions

Before focusing on chemical sensors, and particularly on chemical microsensors, it is worth trying to define, or at least clarify the notion of a sensor and the qualities expected from such a device (which are the same whichever the measured property may be, either physical or chemical).

1.1.1. Sensors

The most frequently encountered definitions of a sensor are based on that given by ISA (Instrument Society of America at the time, now Instruments, Systems & Automation Society) in its ANSI MC6.1 standard of 1975, Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and Terminology [ISA 75], that is to say that a transducer, or sensor, is a device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurand. This standard specifies that the property is physical and the output electrical. This definition is generalized by including chemical properties and outputs usable by modern measuring chains (which, at term, may mean an optical output). Other definitions are possible, such as that of the AFNOR NF X 07-001 standard (December 1984) [AFN 84], in which the sensor is a part of a measurement apparatus or of a measuring chain to which the property to be measured is directly applied. The ISA definition, which is much less restrictive, will be used here, but it is important to keep in mind that the definition of the sensor is not really unambiguous.

If this definition is rather easy to use in the field of physical properties (pressure, temperature, forces, acceleration, etc.), where the sensing element measures a well-defined property, it is far less easy in the field of chemical properties (concentration or activity of a chemical species in solution, partial pressure of a gas in air) because the influence of parameters different from the property to be measured (matrix effect) is both more important and more difficult to appreciate (therefore, to correct for) than in the case of physical properties.

In addition, a second difficulty arises from the existence and use, for similar aims, of more complex devices, generally called analyzers (chromatographs, spectrometers, etc.), which are able to measure several parameters simultaneously. However, it is difficult to define a clear limit between sensors and analyzers: the reason for this is that, because of the importance of matrix effects (which must be corrected for), the sensor will often also comprise measuring devices for additional parameters, different from the principal parameter, which would provide it with the qualities of an analyzer, according to the definition given previously.

For the needs of this chapter, the term chemical property sensor (improperly called chemical sensor for the sake of simplicity) will mean a simple device intended to identify and measure a single chemical species in a more or less complex matrix. However, it is worth stressing that this definition is of variable geometry according to the measuring conditions and must always be used with caution.

1.1.2. Qualities of measuring sensors

In this section the characteristics that qualify the behavior of a sensor and determine whether it is a good or bad sensor will be discussed. Of course these judgments are not absolute and it is fundamental that the qualities of the sensor are valued considering the nature of the measured entity and the measurement conditions. It should be noted that some ambiguity does exist, caused by the frequent use of the same terms to qualify both the behavior of the sensor and the quality of the measurement delivered: here again, common sense helps in solving possible difficulties of terminology.

These qualities are defined in the same way for physical and chemical sensors. However, the latter present some specificities, which will be briefly addressed in this section and, for some of them, developed further in this chapter. The definitions given are adapted from the above-cited NF X 07-001 standard, which can be referred to for further details (the list given later does not claim to be exhaustive and concerns mainly the qualities to take into account chemical sensors in particular).