Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online) E-Book

Christopher R. Hren

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 791

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Everything you need to crush chemistry with confidence Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies arms you with all the no-nonsense, how-to content you'll need to pass your chemistry class with flying colors. You'll find tons of practical examples and practice problems, and you'll get access to an online quiz for every chapter. Reinforce the concepts you learn in the classroom and beef up your understanding of all the chemistry topics covered in the standard curriculum. Prepping for the AP Chemistry exam? Dummies has your back, with plenty of review before test day. With clear definitions, concise explanations, and plenty of helpful information on everything from matter and molecules to moles and measurements, Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies is a one-stop resource for chem students of all valences. * Review all the topics covered in a full-year high school chemistry course or one semester of college chemistry * Understand atoms, molecules, and the periodic table of elements * Master chemical equations, solutions, and states of matter * Complete practice problems and end-of-chapter quizzes (online!) Chemistry All-In-One For Dummies is perfect for students who need help with coursework or want to cram extra hard to ace that chem test.

Leseprobe

Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies®

Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2022945633

ISBN 978-1-119-90831-9 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-90832-6 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-90833-3 (ebk)

Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies®

To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Introduction

About This Book

Foolish Assumptions

Icons Used in This Book

Beyond the Book

Where to Go from Here

Unit 1: Getting Started with Chemistry

Chapter 1: Looking at Numbers Scientifically

Using Exponential and Scientific Notation to Report Measurements

Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation

Using Scientific Notation to Add and Subtract

Distinguishing between Accuracy and Precision

Identifying Significant Figures

Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures

Qualitative and Quantitative Observations

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 1 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz

Chapter 2: Using and Converting Units

Familiarizing Yourself with Base Units and Metric System Prefixes

Looking at Density

Using Conversion Factors

Working with the Factor Label Method

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 2 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 2 Quiz

Chapter 3: The Basic Properties of Matter

Describing the States of Matter

Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures

Nice Properties You’ve Got There

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 3 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 3 Quiz

Chapter 4: Breaking Down Atoms into Their Subatomic Particles

The Atom: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

A Brief History of the Atom

Deciphering Chemical Symbols: Atomic and Mass Numbers

Keeping an Eye on Ions

Accounting for Isotopes Using Atomic Masses

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz

Unit 2: The Periodic Table

Chapter 5: Surveying the Periodic Table of the Elements

Organizing the Periodic Table

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 5 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 5 Quiz

Chapter 6: The Electron

Putting Electrons in Their Places: Electron Configurations

Quantifying Quantum Numbers

Valence Electrons

Measuring the Amount of Energy (or Light) an Excited Electron Emits

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 6 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 6 Quiz

Chapter 7: Periodic Trends

Nuclear Charge and Atomic Radius

Eyeing Trends in Ionization Energies

Attracting Electrons: Electronegativities

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 7 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 7 Quiz

Chapter 8: Doing Chemistry with Atomic Nuclei

Decaying Nuclei in Different Ways

Measuring Rates of Decay: Half-Lives

Making and Breaking Nuclei: Fusion and Fission

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 8 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 8 Quiz

Unit 3: Making and Breaking Bonds

Chapter 9: Building Bonds

Forming Ions

Pairing Charges with Ionic Bonds

Forming Sodium Chloride

Ionic Salts

Sharing Electrons with Covalent Bonds

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 9 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 9 Quiz

Chapter 10: The Shape of Molecules

Drawing the Structural Formulas of Molecules

Occupying and Overlapping Molecular Orbitals

Polarity: Sharing Electrons Unevenly

Shaping Molecules: VSEPR Theory and Hybridization

Wondering About Water and Intermolecular Forces

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz

Chapter 11: Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas

Labeling Ionic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas

Getting a Grip on Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Naming Covalent Compounds and Writing Their Formulas

Addressing Acids

Mixing the Rules for Naming and Formula Writing

Beyond the Basics: Naming Organic Carbon Chains

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 11 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 11 Quiz

Unit 4: Working with Reactions

Chapter 12: Understanding the Many Uses of the Mole

The Mole Conversion Factor: Avogadro’s Number

Doing Mass and Volume Mole Conversions

Determining Percent Composition

Calculating Empirical Formulas

Using Empirical Formulas to Find Molecular Formulas

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 12 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 12 Quiz

Chapter 13: Getting a Grip on Chemical Equations

Translating Chemistry into Equations and Symbols

Understanding How Reactions Occur

Balancing Chemical Equations

Recognizing Reactions and Predicting Products

Canceling Spectator Ions: Net Ionic Equations

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 13 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 13 Quiz

Chapter 14: Putting Stoichiometry to Work

Using Mole-Mole Conversions from Balanced Equations

Putting Moles at the Center: Conversions Involving Particles, Volumes, and Masses

Calculating Limiting Reactants

Counting Your Chickens after They’ve Hatched: Percent Yield Calculations

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 14 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 14 Quiz

Unit 5: Examining Changes in Energy

Chapter 15: Understanding States of Matter in Terms of Energy

Changing States of Matter

Figuring Out Phase Diagrams

Taking a Look at Energy and Temperature

Measuring Energy

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 15 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 15 Quiz

Chapter 16: Warming Up to Thermochemistry

Understanding the Basics of Thermodynamics

Working with Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry

Absorbing and Releasing Heat: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

Summing Heats with Hess’s Law

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 16 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 16 Quiz

Chapter 17: Obeying Gas Laws

Working with the Kinetic Molecular Theory

Measuring and Converting Pressure

Boyle’s Law: Playing with Pressure and Volume

Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero: Looking at Volume and Temperature

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Examining Pressure and Temperature

Combining Pressure, Temperature, and Volume into One Law

Dealing with Amounts: Avogadro’s Law and the Ideal Gas Law

Mixing It Up with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Diffusing and Effusing with Graham’s Law

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 17 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 17 Quiz

Unit 6: Studying Solutions

Chapter 18: Dissolving into Solutions

Seeing Different Forces at Work in Solubility

Concentrating on Molarity and Percent Solutions

Changing Concentrations by Making Dilutions

Altering Solubility with Temperature

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz

Chapter 19: Playing Hot and Cold: Colligative Properties

Portioning Particles: Molality and Mole Fractions

Too Hot to Handle: Elevating and Calculating Boiling Points

How Low Can You Go? Depressing and Calculating Freezing Points

Determining Molecular Masses with Boiling and Freezing Points

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 19 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 19 Quiz

Chapter 20: Working with Acids and Bases

Getting to Know Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases at the Atomic Level

Measuring Acidity and Basicity: p H, p OH, and K

W

Dissociating with Strong and Weak Acids

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 20 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 20 Quiz

Chapter 21: Achieving Neutrality with Titrations and Buffers

Using Indicators and Titration to Figure Out Molarity

Maintaining Your pH with Buffers

Measuring Salt Solubility with

K

sp

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 21 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 21 Quiz

Glossary

Index

About the Authors

Advertisement Page

Connect with Dummies

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

TABLE 2-1 SI (Metric) Prefixes

TABLE 2-2 SI Base Units

TABLE 2-3 Densities of Typical Solids and Liquids

TABLE 2-4 Conversion Factors

Chapter 4

TABLE 4-1 The Three Major Subatomic Particles

TABLE 4-2 The Elements

Chapter 6

TABLE 6-1 Electron Configurations for Members of IA (Alkali Metals)

TABLE 6-2 Electron Configurations for Members of IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals)

TABLE 6-3 Electron Configurations for Members of VIIA (Halogens)

TABLE 6-4 Electron Configurations for Members of VIIIA (Noble Gases)

TABLE 6-5 Summary of the Quantum Numbers

TABLE 6-6 Letter Designation of the Subshells

TABLE 6-7 Quantum Numbers for the First Two Energy Levels

Chapter 8

TABLE 8-1 Half-Life Decay of a Radioactive Isotope

TABLE 8-2 Common Radioisotopes, Half-Lives, and Decay Modes

Chapter 9

TABLE 9-1 Some Common Monatomic Cations

TABLE 9-2 Some Common Monoatomic Anions

TABLE 9-3 Some Common Metals with More Than One Oxidation State

Chapter 10

TABLE 10-1 Predicting Molecular Shape with the VSEPR Theory

Chapter 11

TABLE 11-1 Common Polyatomic Ions

TABLE 11-2 Common Prefixes for Binary Covalent Compounds

TABLE 11-3 Common Acids

TABLE 11-4 Carbon Prefixes

Chapter 13

TABLE 13-1 Symbols Commonly Used in Chemical Equations

TABLE 13-2 Activity Series

TABLE 13-3 Solubility of Selected Ionic Compounds

Chapter 16

TABLE 16-1 Specific and Molar Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25°C

Chapter 19

TABLE 19-1

M

Words Related to Concentration

TABLE 19-2 Common

K

b

Values

TABLE 19-3 Common

K

f

Values

Chapter 20

TABLE 20-1 Common Acids Found in the Home

TABLE 20-2 Common Bases Found in the Home

TABLE 20-3 Average pH Values of Some Common Substances

TABLE 20-4 Strong Acids and Bases

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2-1: Determining the volume of an irregular solid: Archimedes’ principle...

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3-1: Solid (a), liquid (b), and gaseous (c) states of matter.

FIGURE 3-2: Classification of matter.

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4-1: General representation of an element using isotope notation.

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5-1: The periodic table of the elements.

FIGURE 5-2: Groups on the periodic table.

FIGURE 5-3: The metals.

FIGURE 5-4: The nonmetals.

FIGURE 5-5: The metalloids.

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6-1: The periodic table with orbitals in place.

FIGURE 6-2: The Aufbau filling diagram.

FIGURE 6-3: Shapes of the s (a), p (b), and d (c) orbitals.

FIGURE 6-4: Number of valence electrons for each family on the periodic table.

FIGURE 6-5: Properties of waves.

FIGURE 6-6: The electromagnetic spectrum.

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7-1: General trend of atomic radius.

FIGURE 7-2: General trend of ionization energy.

FIGURE 7-3: Electronegativities of the elements.

Chapter 8

FIGURE 8-1: Decay of a radioactive isotope.

FIGURE 8-2: Chain reaction.

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9-1: Electron dot structures for elements in the first two rows of the ...

FIGURE 9-2: The transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine to form an ion...

FIGURE 9-3: Energy-level diagrams for sodium and chlorine.

FIGURE 9-4: The lattice structure of an ionic solid, sodium chloride.

FIGURE 9-5: The formation of a covalent bond in hydrogen.

FIGURE 9-6: The covalent bond formation of Br

2

.

FIGURE 9-7: Triple bond formation in N

2

.

FIGURE 9-8: Formation of carbon dioxide.

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10-1: Electron dot formula of H

2

O.

FIGURE 10-2: The Lewis formula for H

2

O.

FIGURE 10-3: Electron dot formula of C

2

H

4

O.

FIGURE 10-4: The Lewis formula for C

2

H

4

O.

FIGURE 10-5: Condensed structural formulas for C

2

H

4

O.

FIGURE 10-6: Two representations of resonance structures of ozone.

FIGURE 10-7: Formation of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals from the ...

FIGURE 10-8: Formation of pi and pi* molecular orbitals.

FIGURE 10-9: Formation of a sigma bond (σ) from two s orbitals and formation o...

FIGURE 10-10: Molecular orbital diagram for H

2

.

FIGURE 10-11: MO diagram for O

2

(valence shell electrons only).

FIGURE 10-12: Polar covalent bonding in HF and NH

3

.

FIGURE 10-13: Lewis structures of hydrogen and chlorine fluoride with electron...

FIGURE 10-14: The Lewis structure of chlorine fluoride shows partial charges.

FIGURE 10-15: Two possible Lewis structures of water with the partial positive...

FIGURE 10-16: Common molecular shapes.

FIGURE 10-17: Lewis formulas for H

2

O and NH

3

.

FIGURE 10-18: Hybridization involving the s, p, and d orbitals.

FIGURE 10-19: Hybridization in ethylene.

FIGURE 10-20: Polar covalent bonding in water.

FIGURE 10-21: Hydrogen bonding in water.

FIGURE 10-22: The structure of ice.

Chapter 11

FIGURE 11-1: Figuring the formula of magnesium bromide.

FIGURE 11-2: Figuring the formula of aluminum oxide.

FIGURE 11-3: Pentane’s carbon skeleton.

FIGURE 11-4: Pentane’s hydrocarbon structure.

Chapter 13

FIGURE 13-1: Exothermic reaction of

.

FIGURE 13-2: Endothermic reaction of

.

Chapter 14

FIGURE 14-1: Building mole-mole conversion factors from a balanced equation.

FIGURE 14-2: A problem-solving flowchart showing the use of mole-mole, mole-mas...

Chapter 15

FIGURE 15-1: A general phase diagram.

FIGURE 15-2: The phase diagrams for water, H

2

O, and carbon dioxide, CO

2

.

FIGURE 15-3: Comparison of the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature sca...

Chapter 16

FIGURE 16-1: A constant-pressure calorimeter made from coffee cups.

FIGURE 16-2: A constant-volume (bomb) calorimeter.

Chapter 17

FIGURE 17-1: A barometer.

FIGURE 17-2: The manometer.

FIGURE 17-3: Pressure-volume relationship of gases (Boyle’s law).

FIGURE 17-4: The temperature-volume relationship of gases (Charles’s law).

FIGURE 17-5: The pressure-temperature relationship of gases — Gay-Lussac’s law.

Chapter 18

FIGURE 18-1: Making a 1-molar KCl solution.

Chapter 19

FIGURE 19-1: Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of a soluti...

Chapter 20

FIGURE 20-1: The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases.

FIGURE 20-2: The Lewis structures of ammonia and boron trifluoride.

FIGURE 20-3: The pH scale.

Chapter 21

FIGURE 21-1 Titration of an acid with a base.

FIGURE 21-2 A typical titration curve.

FIGURE 21-3 The effect of adding acid and base on the ratio of products and re...

Guide

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Glossary

Index

About the Authors

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Introduction

Chemistry is at once practical and wondrous, humble and majestic. And for someone studying it for the first time, chemistry can be tricky and rather challenging in some spots.

That’s why we wrote this book. It is designed to be an all-encompassing companion for you as you journey through the wonderful yet sometimes confusing world of chemistry. It is going to help you work through anything you might need in your class or whatever you want to investigate further in the wide chemical world.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science (mostly by chemists), because in order to have a good understanding of biology or geology or even physics, you must have a good understanding of chemistry. We live and work in a world of chemistry, and after your journey is complete, hopefully you won’t find the word chemistry so frightening.

About This Book

This book is a one-stop chemistry shop. Each chapter explains key concepts covered in any high school or introductory college chemistry class, along with example problems and opportunities for practice. You’ll find the absolute basics that you need to succeed in a chemistry course, all the way up to some rather complicated material.

One thing that will stand out to you is all of the calculations throughout the book. Chemistry has a lot of math in it, and this book doesn’t shy away from that. The beginning chapters of this book, though, are going to help you make sure you are comfortable working through the calculations you’ll see throughout the rest of it, so make sure you don’t skip over those if you think you need a little review. Once you are past those you’re going to see every major chemistry topic covered that you’re likely to encounter:

Each new topic provides

Example problems with answers and solutions

Practice problems with answers and solutions

Each chapter provides

An end-of-chapter quiz with problems representing the topics covered

Solutions to those quiz questions

Online quizzes are also available for even more practice and confidence-building.

Foolish Assumptions

Because you’re interested in this book, we assume you probably fall into one of a few categories:

You’re a student taking a high school chemistry course or a student in college taking an introductory chemistry class and are just not even sure where to start.

You’re a parent of a student taking chemistry in high school and are trying to help your kid out with their chemistry but need some brushing up.

You’re just naturally curious about science and mathematics and you want to get a little more acquainted with chemistry.

We also assume that you can add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers without any real issue, but that you will still use a calculator for all this stuff. Calculators are there for a reason, and they are helpful, so please use them!

Icons Used in This Book

In this book, I use these five icons to signal what’s most important along the way:

Each example is an algebra question based on the discussion and explanation, followed by a step-by-step solution. Work through these examples, and then refer to them to help you solve the practice test problems at the end of the chapter.

This icon points out important information that you need to focus on. Make sure you understand this information fully before moving on. You can skim through these icons when reading a chapter to make sure you remember the highlights.

Tips are hints that can help speed you along when answering a question. See whether you find them useful when working on practice problems.

This icon flags common mistakes that students make if they’re not careful. Take note and proceed with caution!

When you see this icon, it’s time to put on your thinking cap and work out a few practice problems on your own. The answers and detailed solutions are available so you can feel confident about your progress.

Beyond the Book

In addition to what you’re reading right now, this book comes with a Cheat Sheet that provides quick access to some formulas, rules, and processes that are frequently used. To get this Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and type Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet in the Search box.

You’ll also have access to online quizzes related to each chapter. These quizzes provide a whole new set of problems for practice and confidence-building. To access the quizzes, follow these simple steps:

Register your book or ebook at Dummies.com to get your PIN.

Go to

www.dummies.com/go/getaccess

.

Select your product from the drop-down list on that page.

Follow the prompts to validate your product, and then check your email for a confirmation message that includes your PIN and instructions for logging in.

If you do not receive this email within two hours, please check your spam folder before contacting us through our Technical Support website at http://support.wiley.com or by phone at 877-762-2974.

Now you’re ready to go! You can come back to the practice material as often as you want — simply log on with the username and password you created during your initial login. No need to enter the access code a second time.

Your registration is good for one year from the day you activate your PIN.

Where to Go from Here

This book is organized so that you can safely move from whichever chapter you choose to start with and in whatever order you like. You can strengthen skills you feel less confident in or work on those that need some attention.

If you need some help with scientific notation, unit conversions, or otherwise feel you could use a little practice on the math side of things then we recommend strongly that you look over Chapters 1 and 2. Those are going to get you ready for all of the other material you’ll see throughout the book. After that Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are going to give you a solid grounding in matter, atoms, and the world-renowned periodic table. Those are probably where you’re going to be starting in almost any chemistry class you encounter, so those are likely going to be a great place to begin your journey.

Beyond that, check out whatever chapters you might need help with. Each chapter is designed to be self-sufficient and will walk you through whatever material you need to understand a particular topic. Do keep in mind, though, that different aspects of chemistry are very much interrelated. Even though a chapter might be set up to be self-contained, there are likely going to be things in that chapter you are assumed to understand from previous chapters. The concepts you learn in chemistry rarely go away; they pop up again and again when you’re learning new material so don’t hesitate to look back at whatever you might need to review.

You can use the table of contents at the beginning of the book and the index in the back to navigate your way to the topic that you need to brush up on. Regardless of your motivation or what technique you use to jump into the book, you won’t get lost because you can go in any direction from there.

Enjoy!

Unit 1

Getting Started with Chemistry

In This Unit …

Chapter 1: Looking at Numbers Scientifically

Using Exponential and Scientific Notation to Report Measurements

Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation

Using Scientific Notation to Add and Subtract

Distinguishing between Accuracy and Precision

Identifying Significant Figures

Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures

Qualitative and Quantitative Observations

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 1 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz

Chapter 2: Using and Converting Units

Familiarizing Yourself with Base Units and Metric System Prefixes

Looking at Density

Using Conversion Factors

Working with the Factor Label Method

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 2 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 2 Quiz

Chapter 3: The Basic Properties of Matter

Describing the States of Matter

Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures

Nice Properties You’ve Got There

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 3 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 3 Quiz

Chapter 4: Breaking Down Atoms into Their Subatomic Particles

The Atom: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

A Brief History of the Atom

Deciphering Chemical Symbols: Atomic and Mass Numbers

Keeping an Eye on Ions

Accounting for Isotopes Using Atomic Masses

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations

Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz

Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz